Ponera
| Ponera | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ponera sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Tribe: | Ponerini |
| Genus: | Ponera Latreille, 1804 |
| Type species | |
Latreille, 1802
| |
| Diversity[1] | |
| 66 species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, W.M., 1933 | |
Ponera is a genus of ponerine ants. The name is the Latinized form (Ponēra) of the Ancient Greek ponira (πονηρά, 'wicked, wretched').[2]
Description[]
Workers are very small to small in size (1–4 mm); queen are similar to workers but winged.[3] This genus is very similar to Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Pachycondyla.[4]
Biology[]
Ponera nests contain less than 100 workers in protected places on the ground, most often in the soil or in cracks, rotten wood, under bark or moss on rotten logs.[4]
Distribution[]
Ponera is known from the Holarctic, Samoa, New Guinea and Australia.[4]
Species[]
Illustration of
in Sicilian amber
- Terayama, 1986
- Taylor, 1967
- Taylor, 1967
- Perrault, 1993
- Xu, 2001
- Xu, 2001
- Terayama, 1996
- Taylor, 1967
- Taylor, 1967
- Terayama, 1986
- Emery, 1900
- (Latreille, 1802)
- Mann, 1921
- Xu, 2001
- † Meunier, 1923
- Wilson, 1957
- Ponera exotica Smith, 1962
- Zhou, 2001
- Wang & Zhao, 2009
- (Wheeler, 1933)
- Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012
- Wheeler, 1906
- Terayama, 1996
- Forel, 1913
- † Emery, 1891
- † Dlussky, 2009
- Taylor, 1967
- Xu, 2001
- Taylor, 1967
- † Dlussky, 2009
- Xu, 2001
- Xu, 2001
- Wheeler, 1935
- (Wheeler, 1933)
- Zhou, 2001
- Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley, 1866
- Xu, 2001
- Wilson, 1957
- Xu, 2001
- Terayama, 2009
- Spinola, 1851
- Wheeler, 1928
- Emery, 1900
- Terayama, 2009
- Bharti & Rilta, 2015
- Wheeler, 1928
- (Wheeler, 1933)
- Wilson, 1957
- Bernard, 1950
- Wilson, 1957
- Wilson, 1957
- Forel, 1913
- Terayama, 2009
- Terayama, 1996
- Terayama, 1996
- Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012
- (Emery, 1900)
- Leong, Guénard, Shiao & Lin, 2019
- Emery, 1895
- Pierce, Leong & Guénard, 2019
- † Dlussky, 2009
- Taylor, 1967
- Leong, Guénard, Shiao & Lin, 2019
- Xu, 2001
- Wilson, 1957
- Terayama, 2009
References[]
- ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Ponera". AntCat. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "ponerid". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ponera Latreille, 1804, Ants Down Under". CSIRO Australia. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
External links[]
Media related to Ponera at Wikimedia Commons
Categories:
- Ponerinae
- Ant genera
- Ponerinae stubs