Potamotrygon

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Potamotrygon
Potamotrygon adventure aquarium.jpg
Potamotrygon motoro
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Myliobatiformes
Family: Potamotrygonidae
Genus: Potamotrygon
Garman, 1877
Type species
Trygon hystrix
J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841

Potamotrygon is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America,[1] and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade.[2]

Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and their stings are dangerous to humans.[2] It is said that the natives of South America fear the stingray more than they do the piranha.[3]

Potamotrygon vary considerably in color, pattern and size, with the maximum disc width ranging from 31 cm (1 ft) in P. wallacei to 1.5 m (5 ft) in P. brachyura.[4][5]

In the aquarium[]

Though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from Potamotrygon. They are best kept with a deep, sandy substrate, in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are carnivorous bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions.[2] Many species of stingray have been bred in captivity and males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other Chondrichthyans.

Species[]

There are currently more than 30 recognized extant (living) species in this genus:[1]

  • & , 2017 (Branco river stingray)[6]
  • , 2016 (Itaituba river stingray or Tapajós river stingray)[7]
  • & , 2013 (Amanda's river stingray)[8]
  • & , 2017 (Upper Amazon raspy river stingray)[6]
  • , & , 2008 (Boeseman's river stingray)[9]
  • Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880) (Short-tailed river stingray)
  • (Vaillant, 1880) (Thorny river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon falkneri & , 1963 (Large-spot river stingray)
  • & , 2017 (Garman's river stingray)[6]
  • Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855) (Big-tooth river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon histrix (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1834) (Porcupine river stingray)
  • Garman, 1913 (Rough-back river stingray)
  • , 2016 (Pearl river stingray)[7]
  • Potamotrygon leopoldi & , 1970 (White-blotched river stingray)
  • , & , 2014 (Zé Lima river stingray)[10]
  • Potamotrygon magdalenae (A. H. A. Duméril, 1865) (Magdalena river stingray)
  • , 2006 (Marina's river stingray)
  • Silva & Loboda, 2019[11]
  • Potamotrygon motoro (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Ocellate river stingray)
  • (, 1912) (Red-blotched river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) (Smooth-back river stingray)
  • & , 2013 (Pantanal river stingray)[8]
  • Potamotrygon rex , 2016 (Great river stingray)[12]
  • , 1958 (Flower ray or rosette river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon schuhmacheri , 1964 (Parana river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 (Raspy river stingray)
  • Garman, 1913 (Parnaiba river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon tatianae & , 2011 (Tatiana's river stingray)
  • Potamotrygon tigrina , & , 2011 (Tiger river stingray)[13]
  • , & , 2016 (Cururu ray)[4]
  • & , 1970 (Maracaibo river stingray)

Extinct (fossil) species[]

Three species are extinct and only known from Tertiary fossil remains:[14]

  • †
  • †
  • †

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Potamotrygon in FishBase. September 2019 version.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dawes, J. (2001). Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. New York: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 1-55297-544-4.
  3. ^ Axelrod, H.R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-543-1.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon. Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.
  5. ^ Oddone, M.C., G. Velasco & G. Rincon (2008). Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America. International Journal of Ichthyology 14 (2): 69-76.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2017): Systematic revision of the "Potamotrygon scobina" Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography. Zootaxa, 4310 (1): 1–63.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays. Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013): Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.
  9. ^ Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008): Potamotrygon boesemani (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.
  10. ^ Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014): Potamotrygon limai, sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.
  11. ^ Silva, J.P.C.B.; T.S. Loboda (2019). "Potamotrygon marquesi, a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 95 (2). doi:10.1111/jfb.14050.
  12. ^ Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Potamotrygon rex, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855). Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.
  13. ^ Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011): Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.
  14. ^ Chabain, Jules; Pierre-Olivier Antoine; Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra; Laurent Marivaux; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Sylvain Adnet (2017). Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50: 389–400. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.003
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