Pottawatomie massacre
Pottawatomie massacre | |
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Part of Bleeding Kansas | |
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Location | Franklin County, Kansas |
Coordinates | 38°26′14″N 95°6′32″W / 38.43722°N 95.10889°WCoordinates: 38°26′14″N 95°6′32″W / 38.43722°N 95.10889°W |
Date | May 23–24, 1856 |
Target | Pro-slavery settlers |
Attack type | Slashing, shooting |
Deaths | 5 |
Perpetrator | John Brown Pottawatomie Rifles |
The Pottawatomie massacre occurred on the night of May 24–25, 1856, in the Kansas Territory. In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces on May 21, and the severe attack on May 22 on Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner for speaking out against slavery in Kansas ("The Crime Against Kansas"), John Brown and a band of extremist abolitionist settlers—some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles—made a violent reply. Just north of Pottawatomie Creek, in Franklin County, they killed five pro-slavery settlers, in front of their families. This soon became the most famous of the many violent episodes of the "Bleeding Kansas" period, during which a state-level civil war in the Kansas Territory was described as a "tragic prelude" to the American Civil War which soon followed. "Bleeding Kansas" involved conflicts between pro- and anti-slavery settlers over whether the Kansas Territory would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. It is also John Brown's most questionable act, both to his friends and his enemies. In the words of abolitionist Frederick Douglass, it was "a terrible remedy for a terrible malady."[1]: 371
Background[]
John Brown was particularly affected by the sacking of Lawrence, in which the Douglas County Sheriff Samuel Jones on May 2 led a posse that destroyed the presses and type of the Kansas Free State and the Herald of Freedom, Kansas's two abolitionist newspapers, the fortified Free State Hotel, and the house of Charles Robinson. He was the free-state militia commander-in-chief and leader of the "free state" government, established in opposition to the "bogus" pro-slavery territorial government, based in Lecompton.
A Douglas County grand jury had ordered the attack because the hotel "had been used as a fortress" and an "arsenal" the previous winter, and the "seditious" newspapers were indicted because "they had urged the people to resist the enactments passed" by the territorial governor.[2] The violence against abolitionists was accompanied by celebrations in the pro-slavery press, with writers such as Dr. John H Stringfellow of the Squatter Sovereign proclaiming that pro-slavery forces "are determined to repel this Northern invasion and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose."[3]: 162
Brown was outraged by both the violence of pro-slavery forces and by what he saw as a weak and cowardly response by the anti-slavery partisans and the Free State settlers, whom he described as "cowards, or worse".[3]: 163–166 In addition, two days before this massacre, Brown learned about the caning of abolitionist Charles Sumner by the pro-slavery Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress.[4][5][full citation needed]
Attack[]
![]() | This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2013) |
A Free State company under the command of John Brown, Jr., set out, and the Osawatomie company joined them. On the morning of May 22, 1856, they heard of the sack of Lawrence and the arrest of Deitzler, Brown, and Jenkins. However, they continued their march toward Lawrence, not knowing whether their assistance might still be needed, and encamped that night near the Ottawa Creek. They remained in the vicinity until the afternoon of May 23, at which time they decided to return home.
On May 23, John Sr. selected a party to go with him on a private expedition. John Jr. objected to their leaving his company, but seeing that his father was obdurate, acquiesced, telling him to "do nothing rash." The company consisted of John Brown, four of his sons—Frederick, Owen, Salmon, and Oliver—Thomas Weiner, and James Townsley (who claimed he was forced by Brown to participate in the incident), whom John had induced to carry the party in his wagon to their proposed field of operations.
Letter of Mahala Doyle to John Brown, November 20, 1859: "Altho vengence is not mine, I confess, that I do feel gratified to hear that you ware stopt in your fiendish career at Harper’s Ferry, with the loss of your two sons, you can now appreciate my distress, in Kansas, when you then and there entered my house at midnight and arrested my husband and two boys and took them out of the yard and in cold blood shot them dead in my hearing, you cant say you done it to free our slaves, we had none and never expected to own one, but has only made me a poor disconsolate widow with helpless children while I feel for your folly. I do hope & trust that you will meet your just reward."[6]
They encamped that night between two deep ravines on the edge of the timber, some distance to the right of the main traveled road. There they remained unobserved until the following evening of May 24. Some time after dark, the party left their place of hiding and proceeded on their "secret expedition". Late in the evening, they called at the house of James P. Doyle and ordered him and his two adult sons, William and Drury to go with them as prisoners. (Doyle's 16-year-old son, John, who was not a member of the pro-slavery Law and Order Party of Rhode Island, was spared after his mother pleaded for his life.) The three men were escorted by their captors out into the darkness, where Owen Brown and one of his brothers[which?] killed them with broadswords. John Brown, Sr. did not participate in the stabbing but fired a shot into the head of the fallen James Doyle to ensure he was dead.
Brown and his band then went to the house of Allen Wilkinson and ordered him out. He was slashed and stabbed to death by Henry Thompson and Theodore Winer, possibly with help from Brown's sons.[3]: 172–173 From there, they crossed the Pottawatomie, and some time after midnight, forced their way into the cabin of James Harris at swordpoint. Harris had three house guests: John S. Wightman, Jerome Glanville, and William Sherman, the brother of Henry Sherman ("Dutch Henry"), a militant pro-slavery activist. Glanville and Harris were taken outside for interrogation and asked whether they had threatened Free State settlers, aided Border Ruffians from Missouri, or participated in the sack of Lawrence. Satisfied with their answers, Brown's men let Glanville and Harris return to the cabin. William Sherman, however, was led to the edge of the creek and hacked to death with swords by Winer, Thompson, and Brown's sons.[3]: 177
Having learned at Harris's cabin that "Dutch Henry", their main target in the expedition, was away from home on the prairie, they ended the expedition and returned to the ravine where they had previously encamped. They rejoined the Osawatomie company on the night of May 25.[3][page needed]
In the two years prior to the massacre, there had been eight killings in Kansas Territory attributable to slavery politics, and none in the vicinity of the massacre. Brown killed five in a single night, and the massacre was the match to the powder keg that precipitated the bloodiest period in "Bleeding Kansas" history, a three-month period of retaliatory raids and battles in which 29 people died.[7]
Men killed during the massacre[]
- James Doyle and his sons William and Drury
- Allen Wilkinson
- William Sherman
Impact[]
The Potawattomie massacre was called by William G. Cutler, author of the History of the State of Kansas (1883), the "crowning horror" of the whole Bleeding Kansas period. "The news of the horrid affair spread rapidly over the Territory, carrying with it a thrill of horror, such as the people, used as they had become to deeds of murder, had not felt before. ...The news of the event had a deeper significance than appeared in the abstract atrocity of the act itself. ...It meant that the policy of extermination or abject submission, so blatantly promulgated by the Pro-slavery press, and proclaimed by Pro-slavery speakers, had been adopted by their enemies, and was about to be enforced with appalling earnestness. It meant that there was a power opposed to the Pro-slavery aggressors, as cruel and unrelenting as themselves. It meant henceforth, swift retaliation—robbery for robbery—murder for murder— that "he who taketh the sword shall perish by the sword."[8]
Kansas Senator John James Ingalls in 1884 quoted with approval the judgment of a Free State settler: "He was the only man who comprehended the situation, and saw the absolute necessity for some such blow, and had the nerve to strike it." This a result of the men killed being leaders in a conspiracy to "drive out, bum and kill; and that Potawatomie Creek was to be cleared of every man, woman and child who was for Kansas being a free State."[9]
Debate over Brown's role and motivation[]
John Brown (abolitionist) was evasive about his role in the massacre, but in Kansas Territory his role was no secret. A United States congressional committee investigating the troubles in Kansas Territory identified Brown as the chief perpetrator.[10] Nonetheless, following John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, there was widespread denial of Brown's involvement in the Eastern abolitionist press. Brown's first biographer, James Redpath, denied Brown's presence at the murders.
Defenders of Brown argue that the raid was in retaliation for their hanging of a free-state man, for the murder of Brown's brother, for the murder of one of Brown's sons and arrest of another, for the burning of the free-state settlement at Osawatomie, and for outrages upon Brown's wife and daughter, although critics dispute these events happened. The revisionist history around John Brown, much of it motivated by Lost Cause of the Confederacy ideology, has in turn been called into question.[11]
In response to those that argued the attack was motivated by the threats of violence by the pro-slavery targets of the attack, the governor of Kansas, Charles Robinson, stated:
When it is known that such threats were as plenty as blue-berries in June, on both sides, all over the Territory, and were regarded as of no more importance than the idle wind, this indictment will hardly justify midnight assassination of all pro-slavery men, whether making threats or not... Had all men been killed in Kansas who indulged in such threats, there would have been none left to bury the dead.[12]
However, Robinson also said:
They [the killings at Pottawatomie] had the effect of a clap of thunder from a clear sky. The slave men stood aghast. The officials were frightened at this new move on the part of the supposed subdued free men. This was a warfare they were not prepared to wage, as of the bona fide settlers there were four free men to one slave man.
According to Senator Ingalls:
I did not know of a settler of '56 but what regarded it as amongst the most fortunate events in the history of Kansas. It saved the lives of the Free-State men on the Creek, and those who did the act were looked upon as deliverers.[9]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Douglass, Frederick (1892). Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: Written by himself. His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time, including his Connection with the Anti-slavery Movement; His Labors in Great Britain as well as in His Own Country; His Experience in the Conduct of an Influential Newspaper; His Connection with the Underground Railroad; His Relations with John Brown and the Harper's Ferry Raid; His Recruiting the 54th and 55th Mass. Colored Regiments; His Interviews with Presidents Lincoln and Johnson; His Appointment by Gen. Grant to Accompany the Santo Domingo Commission—also to a Seat in the Council of the District of Columbia; His Appointment as United States Marshal by President Rutherford B. Hayes; also His Appointment to be Recorder of Deeds in Washington by President J. A. Garfield; with Many Other Interesting and Important Events of His Most Eventful Life; with An Introduction by Mr. George L. Ruffin, of Boston (New, revised ed.). Boston:
- ^ Malin, James C. (August 1953). "Judge Lecompte and the 'Sack of Lawrence', May 21, 1856 (Part I)". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 20 (7): 465–494. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Reynolds, David S. (2006). John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. Originally quoted in The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Vol. 8, 1857, p. 529. New York: Vintage Books.
- ^ (May 28, 1913), Letter to William Connelley, Ms., West Virginia Archives and History, Charleston, West Virginia, archived from the original on September 8, 2021, retrieved September 8, 2021
- ^ CSPAN 2 Book Festival 2011 McCullough
- ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/07590_FPS.pdf
- ^ Watts, Dale E. (Summer 1995). "How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas?" (PDF). Kansas History. 18 (2): 116–129. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ Cutler, William G. (1883). History of the State of Kansas, containing a full account of its growth from an uninhabited territory to a wealthy and important state, of its early settlements, its rapid increase in population and the marvelous development of its great natural resources. Also, a supplementary history and description of its counties, cities, towns and villages, their advantages, industries, manufactures and commerce, to which are added biographical sketches and portratis of prominent men and early settlers. More legibly here. Chicago: A.T. Andreas. p. 131.
- ^ a b Ingalls, J. J. (February 1884). "John Brown's Place in History". North American Review: 138–150.
- ^ Howard, William Alanson; Oliver, Mordecai (1856). Report of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Troubles in Kansas, with the Views of the Minority of Said Committee. Washington, D.C.: House of Representatives, 34th Congress, First session.
- ^ (April 27, 2012). "The Fool as Biographer". Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ^ Robinson, Charles (1892). The Kansas Conflict. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 274.
Further reading[]
- PBS Online. People & Events: Pottawatomie Massacre. "John Brown's Holy War." The American Experience. WGBH, 1999.
- (June 1935). [Posthumously published by his daughter]. "John Brown and Sons in Kansas Territory". Indiana Magazine of History. 31 (2): 142–150. JSTOR 27786731.
- (May 28, 1913), Letter to William Connelley, Ms., West Virginia Archives and History, Charleston, West Virginia, archived from the original on April 27, 2021
- Spring, Leverett W. (March 1900). "John Brown and the Destruction of Slavery". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Second. 14 [Vol. 34 of continuous numbering]: 2–13. JSTOR 25079848.
- Ingalls, J. J. (February 1884). Answers Utter (see next). "John Brown's Place in History". North American Review. 138 (327): 138–150. JSTOR 25118355.
- Utter, David N. (November 1883). "John Brown of Osawatomie". North American Review. 137 (324): 435–446. JSTOR 25118327.
- (January 21, 1880). "Pottawattomie. Some leaves of heretofore unpublished history. Events leading to the famous massacre. How death was declared on all Kansas abolitionists. The first arms for their protection sent by Akron people. May not the killings of pro-slavery men have been in self-defense? Fuller and more explicit statement by Jason, second son of John Brown". Summit County Beacon (Akron, Ohio). Also available here. p. 3.
- M.A.C., "an Akron lady" (January 21, 1880). "The Pottawatomie Story. Another way to tell it". Summit County Beacon (Akron, Ohio). p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
- Townsley, James (December 10, 1879). "The Potawatomie Tragedy—John Brown's Connection With It—Statement of James Townsley, an Eye-Witness". Lawrence Daily Journal (Lawrence, Kansas). p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
- Grant, Geo[rge] W.; Grant, H[enry] C. (December 5, 1879). "The Potawatomie tragedy—New and important testimony—What George and Henry Grant [s]ay about it". Lawrence Daily Journal (Lawrence, Kansas). p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
- Blood, James (December 4, 1879) [November 29, 1879]. "John Brown". (Leavenworth, Kansas). p. 2.
- Johnson, Andrew. What John Brown Did in Kansas (December 12, 1859): a speech to the United States House of Representatives, December 12, 1859. Originally published in The Congressional Globe, The Official Proceedings of Congress. Published by John C. Rives, Washington, D.C. Thirty-Sixth Congress, 1st Session, New Series. No. 7, Tuesday, December 13, 1859, pp. 105–06. Retrieved May 16, 2005.
- 1856 in Kansas Territory
- Massacres in the 1850s
- Bleeding Kansas
- John Brown (abolitionist)
- Massacres in the United States
- Deaths by stabbing in Kansas
- Mass murder in the United States
- Deaths by blade weapons
- May 1856 events
- Riots and civil disorder in Kansas
- John Brown and family in Kansas
- Racially motivated violence in the United States
- American proslavery activists