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Proseminar in Homophile Studies

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The Proseminar in Homophile Studies was one of the first courses in the United States about homosexuality. It was taught in the fall semester of 1970 by at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln by professor Louis Crompton and others. The class was interdisciplinary, and used elements of the social sciences and the humanities.

The course was controversial, and criticism was leveled at it before the semester began. It drew intense political scrutiny, but attempts to restrict it and similar classes failed in the state legislature. Offered for only one semester, related classes were later devised about homosexuality by Crompton, his associates, and other faculty, including one on lesbian novelists. James Cole, one of the instructors for the course, later won recognition for defending the course to the legislature; he said that academic freedom remained in jeopardy 20 years later. Following the 50 year anniversary of the course, it is being commemorated in 2021 and 2022 by the university.

Background[]

Crompton's shoulders and head facing forward
Crompton in 1983

In November 1969, a month after the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) task force on homosexuality recommended that there be increased educational attention to gay issues, professor Louis Crompton proposed a course on the subject. This class proposal was dispatched to the chairman of curricular affairs at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, entitled the "Proseminar in Homophile Studies". Crompton later stated that this course was "in line" with the NIMH's recommendations.[1] Professionally a scholar on critic George Bernard Shaw,[2] Crompton was a gay activist and a high-ranking member of two gay advocacy organizations in 1970.[A][3]

Crompton was listed as an instructor, alongside James Cole, the director of the training program for clinical psychology, and Louis Martin, a psychiatrist at the school health center who regularly saw homosexual patients.[4] It was enrolled in the psychology, anthropology, sociology, and English departments.[5]

In July 1970, after the departments approved the course, the university's board of regents met to consider it. Several closed-session meetings were soon held, and they said these pertained to "procedure involved in the homophile course".[6] According to Lincoln Star writer Milan Wall, the closed sessions were entertained at the request of Regent Dick Herman. Herman questioned Crompton's objectivity in the course, since he viewed homosexuality as natural.[6] After these meetings, the regents asked that the psychology department take control of the class;[B] after consideration, university administration transferred it, and Cole became its coordinator.[7]

Course[]

Taught by Crompton, Cole, and Martin, the Proseminar in Homophile Studies was offered in the fall semester of 1970.[8] There were 13 lecturers invited to teach the course, including other institutions' professors and retired police officers.[9] There were 34 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled, mostly studying anthropology and sociology; half of them were women.[10] By the time the class was offered, it was one of the first in the United States to be about homosexuality.[11]

Both Crompton and the dean of faculties at the university, Peter Magrath, explained that the aim of the course was to understand homosexuality through interdisciplinary study.[12] Crompton wrote in the syllabus, the class sought to "see the homosexual not simply as a textbook or clinical case" but rather as a political minority.[13] The class engaged in several subject areas, including law, psychology, politics, sociology, and theology; Crompton had studied the theological facets of homosexuality in Berkeley, California, through the summer of 1970.[14] It also used literature, such as the novels and plays of black, white, and Chicano gay authors, among them James Baldwin, Mart Crowley, and John Rechy.[15]

Political reactions[]

Although the class may not have been well-known to the public, the course was controversial among politicians for its treatment of homosexuality.[16] Neither candidate for governor in that year's election had defended it; incumbent Republican Norbert Tiemann said he opposed the class, and Democratic challenger J. James Exon said it was unnecessary.[17]

Senator Terry Carpenter of Scottsbluff was among those strongly opposed to the course.[18] On October 28 and 29, Carpenter invited 35 witnesses—including regent candidates and Crompton—to attend a legislative hearing on "why the University feels it necessary to have a course about homosexuals". The hearing covered other sexuality-related issues.[19] It was just a week before that year's election, and according to the university's student newspaper, was for the personal political gain of Carpenter.[20] The goal, they said, was to embarrass the two regents due for re-election, and to settle a grudge he had previously acquired with the board.[20] Among those in attendance was regent B.N. Greenberg, who had approved the course and was running.[21] He said that the course was meant to help eradicate homosexuality by changing same-sex attraction, not to promote it; this testimony was supported by four other regents.[21] In contrast, Magrath compared reactions to the course to those of World War I-era Nebraska, which had forbade teaching languages other than English in public schools.[5] In writing, six members of the NIMH task force made statements of support for the course.[5]

On the final day of hearings, Carpenter indicated he would attempt to end the course and introduce legislation to both abolish faculty tenure without legislative approval[22] and prohibit any teaching of homosexuality or any other "aberrant sexual behavior" in state colleges, other than the medical school.[23] In response to this latter bill, Cole testified that the course was "perhaps the most serious underdiscussed problem in the United States." He also said that homosexuality was an interdisciplinary issue, not only suitable for the medical school.[24]

Aftermath[]

The course was only offered for one semester,[25] replaced by broader studies of sexual behavior.[26] By the fall of 1971, one began to form: Cole submitted a course proposal—Human Sexuality and Society—which was expected to be offered the next year.[27] Two courses related to the proseminar were later offered: One in 1975 about sex roles in literature, and one in 1977 about lesbian novelists.[C][28] This latter class was largely uncontroversial, though some students criticized it for a perceived anti-male bias.[29] Once the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare noticed the course, they suggested other universities base their homosexuality-related curricula on it.[30]

Two years after the proseminar ended, Crompton offered the first gay studies seminar held at the Modern Languages Association.[D][31] Magrath, whose career in university administration had advanced considerably in Nebraska, had left the state for Minnesota in 1974 after he was not considered for chancellor. This move may have been because of his support for the course, as the Lincoln Star wrote at the time.[32] In 1989, Cole earned an academic freedom award for his defense of the course. The chairman of its nominating committee said that Cole's testimony helped avoid one of the strongest threats to academic liberty at the university in several years. Cole responded: "Today, the potential for orthodoxy and for academic blackmail ... are no less real than they were 20 years ago."[33]

Carpenter's tenure bill failed, being voted-down in committee and losing a procedural vote to bring it to the whole legislature. Its margin was 16 in favor and 25 against (16–25).[34] Similarly, the measure to ban homosexuality from being taught failed, 15–27.[35] Two other bills by Carpenter, one to abolish the student newspaper and one to modify regents' powers to appropriate funding, also failed, though a rewritten tenure bill passed: the regents were now allowed to institute it.[33]

Throughout 2021 and 2022, the university plans to hold a series of events to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the course. These include public readings of original course materials, visits from cartoonist Alison Bechdel and novelist Garth Greenwell, an exhibit of archival materials, and a keynote address by Jack Halberstam, a queer theorist.[36]

Notes[]

  1. ^ He was president of the and chair of the religious committee for the North American Conference of Homophile Organizations.
  2. ^ Before, the class was under the control of no department.
  3. ^ The 1977 class was offered by Julia Penelope.
  4. ^ It was titled "Research in Gay Literature".

References[]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Guido; Smitherman 1970, p. 2; Wall 1970a, p. 6.
  2. ^ Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11; Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star 1978, p. 11H; Wall 1970a, p. 1.
  3. ^ Cox 1971, p. A12; Defrain 1968, p. 1; Ekvall 1969, p. 31; Jenkins 1968, p. 36; Wall 1970a, p. 1.
  4. ^ Ackerman 1969, p. 5; Wetterer 1973, p. 7b.
  5. ^ a b c Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11.
  6. ^ a b Wall 1970a, p. 1.
  7. ^ Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star 1970a, p. 2B; Wall 1970b, p. 1.
  8. ^ Guido; Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11; Wall 1970a, p. 1.
  9. ^ Guido; Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11.
  10. ^ Guido; UNL 2021.
  11. ^ Dunn 2012, pp. 1–2; Guido; McNaron 1997, pp. 167–168.
  12. ^ Crompton 1970, p. 1; Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11.
  13. ^ Crompton 1970, p. 1.
  14. ^ Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970, p. 6; Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11.
  15. ^ Crompton 1970, p. 6; Ernest 2021, p. 353; Herring 2015, p. 2.
  16. ^ Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star 1970b, p. 3B.
  17. ^ Daily Nebraskan 1970, p. 6; Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star 1970b, p. 3B.
  18. ^ Nelson 1971, p. 4.
  19. ^ Herman 1970a, p. 2B.
  20. ^ a b Fremont Tribune 1970, p. 4.
  21. ^ a b Herman 1970b, p. 8.
  22. ^ Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970a, p. 8.
  23. ^ Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1970b, p. 11; Nelson 1971, p. 1.
  24. ^ Cole 1971a.
  25. ^ Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal 1971, p. 3.
  26. ^ Daily Nebraskan 1971a, p. 1; Daily Nebraskan 1971b, p. 1; Wall 1971, p. 1.
  27. ^ Cole 1971b, p. 2.
  28. ^ Mohr 1977, p. 7.
  29. ^ Mohr 1977, p. 7; Walkowiak 1979, p. 5; Walla 1977, p. 4.
  30. ^ Koehler 1998, p. 75.
  31. ^ Tetreault 2010.
  32. ^ Lincoln Star 1974, p. 4.
  33. ^ a b Alliance Daily Times–Herald 1989, p. 3.
  34. ^ Alliance Daily Times–Herald 1971, p. 1.
  35. ^ Lincoln Star 1971, p. 1.
  36. ^ UNL 2021.

Bibliography[]

With named authors[]

  • Ackerman, Joanell (5 May 1969). "Homosexuals lack help, understanding". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Cole, James K. (23 February 1971a). Comment on LB 443 (Speech).
  • Cole, James (15 October 1971b). "Letters to the Nebraskan". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Cox, Claire (31 July 1971). "Homosexual problems confront churches". San Bernadino County Sun. Copley News Service.
  • Crompton, Louis. "Pro-seminar in homophile studies syllabus" (Fall 1970). Louis Crompton papers, Box: RG 12-10-55, File: F6. Lincoln, NE: Archives & Special Collections, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries.
  • Defrain, John (5 October 1968). "'Rights' sought for nation's homosexuals". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal.
  • Dunn, Conor (2 October 2012). "Tetreault devotes 20 years to LGBTQA at UNL". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Ekvall, Thomas (10 January 1969). "Panel created to study police-negro relations". Lincoln Star.
  • Ernest, Samuel (26 February 2021). "John Rechy's sodomites". Literature and Theology. 35 (3): 328–354. doi:10.1093/litthe/frab002.
  • Guido, Sam. "Proseminar in homophile studies". Nebraska U. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Archives. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  • Herman, Dick (18 October 1970a). "Sex law to be studied". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star.
  • Herman, Dick (29 October 1970b). "Help eradicate homosexuality is aim of NU course—Greenberg". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star.
  • Herring, Scott (2015). The Cambridge companion to American gay and lesbian literature. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107110250.
  • Jenkins, Bess (28 February 1968). "Homosexual 'expressing preference'". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal.
  • Koehler, Elizabeth M. (1998). "Healy v. James and campus gay groups: The expansion of associated freedoms on campus". Free Speech Yearbook. 38: 72–85.
  • McNaron, Toni A. H. (1997). Poisoned ivy: Lesbian and gay academics confronting homophobia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 9781566394888.
  • Mohr, Sandy (13 December 1977). "Lesbian novelists class causes little turmoil". Lincoln Journal.
  • Nelson, Bob (27 January 1971). "Displeasure about schools indicated by 3 new bills". Lincoln Evening Journal.
  • Smitherman, Bill (26 March 1970). "Homophile course offered". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Tetreault, Pat (2010). "1970s – Forty years of history in the heartland: UNL and Lincoln, Nebraska". Out History. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  • Walkowiak, Diane K. (1 October 1979). "Vote causes dismay". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Wall, Milan (10 July 1970a). "After two executive sessions... Regents to continue discussion about course on homosexuality". Lincoln Star.
  • Wall, Milan (11 July 1970b). "Regents urge homosexuality course be moved to psychology department". Lincoln Star.
  • Wall, Milan (16 February 1971). "NU dropping homophile class for broader study... of human sexual behavior". Lincoln Star.
  • Walla, James G. (21 October 1977). "Lesbian class". Daily Nebraskan.
  • Wetterer, Liane (9 February 1973). "Sodomy and the winds of change". Daily Nebraskan.

Without[]

  • "Terry loses tenure battle at NU, 16–25". Alliance Daily Times–Herald. AP. 27 January 1971.
  • "UNL professor honored for defending seminar on homosexuality, 18 years ago". Alliance Daily Times–Herald. AP. 16 November 1989.
  • "Tiemann–Exon debate". Daily Nebraskan. 22 October 1970.
  • "Varner forms committee to study human sexuality curriculum needs". Daily Nebraskan. 17 February 1971.
  • "Unicameral defeats ban on 'aberrant sex courses'". Daily Nebraskan. 23 April 1971.
  • "Terry out of order". Fremont Tribune. 30 October 1970.
  • "Homophile course was okayed by departments". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal. 10 July 1970.
  • "Terry: I will try to stop homophile course at NU". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal. AP. 31 October 1970.
  • "Magrath tells purpose of NU homophile class". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal. 5 November 1970.
  • "NU homophile studies course being expanded". Lincoln Evening Journal & Nebraska State Journal. 16 February 1971.
  • "State senators reject ban on abberant sex courses". Lincoln Star. 23 April 1971.
  • "Magrath to Minnesota". Lincoln Star. 18 April 1974.
  • "Budget, enrollment, parking dominate regents meeting". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star. 9 August 1970.
  • "Tiemann opposes studies". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star. 4 October 1970.
  • "Book club picks NU prof's work". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star. 29 October 1978.
  • "50 years of LGBTQ studies at UNL". University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of English. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
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