Proto-Kam–Sui language
| Proto-Kam–Sui | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Kam–Sui languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Kam–Sui is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.
Reconstructions[]
A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood (1988).[1]
Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which was done without taking the Kra languages into account.[2]
A new reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui is currently being undertaken by Peter K. Norquest.[3]
History[]
Liang & Zhang (1996)[4] consider western Guangdong to be the original homeland of Proto-Kam–Sui. According to Liang & Zhang (1996:25-29), based on evidence from Chinese written historical records, Kam-Sui languages were originally spoken in western Guangdong, but Kam-Sui peoples later started to migrate out of Guangdong during the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty (from the years 600-800). Sui and Maonan migrations were completed by the Song Dynasty, around the years 1000-1100, while the Lakkia migrated to their current location in Guangxi from Huaiji County and Fengkai County, Guangdong during the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (years 1300-1400).[4]
Lexicon[]
Thurgood's (1988: 209-218) reconstructed Proto-Kam–Sui forms are listed below.
- *hwaːt7 'angry'
- *hnaːn5 'angry'
- *taːp7 'to answer'
- *mwit8 'ant'
- *laːk8 'arm'
- *k-xiːn1 'arm'
- *khjaːk7 'armpit'
- *taŋ1 'arrive, reach'
- *cha5 'ascend'
- *phwuːk7 'ashes'
- *phlaːu5 'ashes'
- *pa3 'aunt'
- *hlaːi1 'back(bone)'
- *lun2 'back, behind'
- *hwaːi6 'bad, cruel'
- *thruk7 'bamboo strip'
- *xwan1 'bamboo'
- *pwaŋ5 'bank, shore'
- *khrau5 'to bark'
- *ɗuŋ3 'basket, winnowing'
- *ʔaːp7 'bathe'
- *ʔmuːi1 'bear'
- *m-luːt8 'beard'
- *hȵiŋ1 'bedbug'
- *mit8 'bee'
- *daːŋ2 'bee'
- *ʔdlu1 'bee, wasp'
- *te3 'below'
- *mluk8 'bird'
- *krip7 'bite; chew'
- *kam1 'bitter'
- *ʔnam1 'black'
- *ɓuːt7 'blind'
- *phlaːt7 'blood'
- *hwaːt7 'blow (wind)'
- *dzup8 'to blow'
- *thrun1 'body'
- *tlaːk7 'bone'
- *cam3 'bow, bend'
- *duːi4 'bowl, cup'
- *ʔŋa5 'branch'
- *ciŋ5 'branch'
- *praːk7 'break, tear'
- **kraːŋ1 'bright'
- *ɣwaːi4 'brother, older'
- *dzuːk8 'to bundle'
- *hmuk7 'bury'
- *trai3 'to buy'
- *kaːt7 'cabbage'
- *laːp8 'candle'
- *ʔma5 'carry on back'
- *kjap7 'catch, grasp'
- *kaːm1 'cave'
- *khryap7 'centipede'
- *tak7 'chest (body)'
- *hmaːk7 'to chew'
- *hnaːi5 'to chew'
- *kaːi5 'chicken'
- *hŋlaːŋ5 'young chicken'
- *hmaːk7 'to chop'
- *pram3 'to chop'
- *khlap7 'close (eyes)'
- *m-xwa3 'cloud'
- *hnu1 'cold'
- *paŋ1 'collapse'
- *hma1 'come; return'
- *kjaːp7' 'to connect'
- *duŋ2 'copper'
- *ȵai6' 'count'
- *hraːŋ5 'a cover'
- *khruːi1 'cowry (money), shell(fish)'
- *hlaːi5 'to crawl'
- *da6 'cross, pass'
- *ka1 'a crow'
- *kat7 'to cut'
- *kaːt7 'to cut'
- *hŋwan1 'day'
- *ɗak7 'deaf'
- *ʔyam1 'deep'
- *hluːi5 'descend'
- *laːi4 'devil, ghost'
- *pjai1 'to die'
- *di6 'dirt, earth'
- *ɓja5 'disgusted'
- *k-hma1 'dog'
- *tu1 'door'
- *gwau2 'dove'
- *tak7 'draw water'
- *te3 'draw water'
- *pwjan1 'dream'
- *trwap7 'to drink'
- *tuk7 'drop, fall'
- *tuk7 'drop, fall'
- *dip8 'dull'
- *mpraːŋ1 'ear of grain'
- *khra1 'ear'
- *khjam1 'early'
- *caːn1 'eat'
- *krai5 'egg'
- *pjaːt7 'eight'
- *phe1 'end, tip'
- *ʔȵam5 'evening'
- *hlik7 'exchange'
- *ke4 'excrement'
- *mpiŋ1 'expensive'
- *ɗap7 'extinguish'
- *thla1 'eye'
- *ʔna3 'face, in front'
- *lai4 'to fall'
- *klaːi1 'far'
- *tut7 'fart'
- *gjaːŋ4 'feed, raise'
- *traːi5 'dry field'
- *ʔra5 'paddy field'
- *ʔdlyap7? 'fingernail'
- *pwai1 'fire'
- *kuːn5 'first'
- *mlit8 'fish (loach)'
- *mprai3 'fish'
- *pa1 'fish'
- *mum6 'fish'
- *ŋu4 'five'
- *k-hmat7 'flea'
- *naːn4 'flesh, meat'
- *nuk7'' 'flower'
- *muk8 'fog'
- *praːk7 'forehead'
- *ɗuŋ1 'forest'
- *laːm2 'to forget'
- *kup7 'field frog'
- *k-wai3 'small frog'
- *tiːk7 'full'
- *ɗai3 'to get, gain'
- *ʔȵaːk7 'gills'
- *khjaːi1 'to give'
- *ʔuːk7 'to go out, out'
- *paːi1 'to go, walk'
- *mwaːŋ1 'god, ghost'
- *ɗaːi1 'good'
- *gju4 'granary'
- *khlaːn1 'grandchild'
- *thrak7 'grasshopper'
- *pram1 'hair, head'
- *k-mja1 'hand'
- **kra3 'hard'
- *pram1 'to hatch'
- *ʔnaŋ1 'to have'
- *me2 'to have'
- *kru3 'head'
- *dai2 'to hit'
- *ʔŋam1 'to hold in mouth'
- *ʔuːm3 'hold (child)'
- *ȵam1 'to hold'
- *hŋuːm3 'to hold'
- *m-kwaːu1 'horn'
- *ma4 'horse'
- *hraːn1 'house'
- *ɓjaːk7 'hungry'
- *ʔre1 'husband'
- *mpaːk7 'insane'
- *ȵak8 'to insert'
- *tshaːp7 'to insert'
- *khjaːi3 'intestine'
- *khlit7 'iron'
- *daːp8 'to kick'
- *gruk8 'to kneel'
- *miːt8 'knife'
- *mbra4 'knife, sword'
- *khwe1 'late'
- *kru1 'to laugh'
- *khlut7 'lazy'
- *laːn4 'lazy'
- *pwa5 'leaf'
- *ʔniŋ3 'to lean'
- *mpliŋ1 'leech'
- *kla1 'left over'
- *kwa1 'leg'
- *tiːn1 'leg, foot'
- *lja2? 'lick'
- *ljaːm5? 'lick'
- *ɓau1 'light, to float'
- *ʔdlaːp7 'lightning'
- *maŋ4 'to like'
- *tap7 'liver'
- *ʔraːi3 'long'
- *kraːk7 'loom'
- *tuk7 'to lose, misplace'
- *nan1'' 'louse'
- *mprai1 'louse, chicken'
- *mprum1 'to love (child)'
- *thram5 'low'
- **ʔnuːn1 'maggot'
- *mpaːn1 'male (person)'
- *ʔme1 'mark'
- *hle1 'mark'
- *mpraːŋ1 'mat (straw)'
- *ŋe2 'meal, early'
- *mbrau2 'meal, late'
- *gja2 'medicine, to cure'
- *ta5 'middle'
- *muːn6 'monkey'
- *nüaːn1'' 'moon, month'
- *hjit7 'morning'
- *paːk7 'mouth'
- *muːk8 'mucus'
- *khlum5 'mud, dirt'
- *naːm5 'mud, dirt'
- *hŋla1 'mushroom'
- *taːk7 'to nail'
- *ɓlwa1 'navel'
- *phlai5 'near'
- *ke1 'net (to cast)'
- *hmai5 'new'
- *ʔnaŋ1 'nose, face'
- *man2 'oil'
- *kaːu5 'old (things)'
- *ke5 'old (vegetables)'
- *ɓjaːn3 'otter, beaver'
- *chaːt7 'otter, beaver'
- *ʔŋluːk7 'outside'
- *phwa3 'palm (hand)'
- *lin6 'pangolin'
- *laːk8 'person, child'
- *kjaːk7 'pestle'
- *cup7 'to pick up'
- *ɓit7 'to pick (flowers)'
- *laːi6 'to pick, select'
- *k-hmu5 'pig'
- *ʔdlaːi5 'wild pig'
- *dap8 'to pile'
- *ʔlaːu1 'pillar'
- *liːn2 'pipe, water'
- *ljum2 'to plant'
- *mpra1 'to plant'
- *ʔdram1 'to transplant'
- *pwak7 'pod, sheath'
- *hŋlaːn1 'shoulder pole'
- *ʔmiːn3 'porcupine, wild pig'
- *ʔdlaːk7 'to pull'
- *zuk8 'pus'
- *kat7 'to put'
- *naːŋ1 'raft, bamboo'
- *xwin1 'to rain'
- *hnu3 'rat, mouse'
- *ɗip7 'raw, live'
- *duk8 'to read'
- *hwa1 'right side'
- *zuk8 'ripe, cooked'
- *hma3 'to rise (river)'
- *ʔnja1 'river'
- *pra1 'rock, cliff'
- *kjaːŋ1 'root'
- *ʔlaːk7 'rope'
- *laːn6 'to rot'
- *naːu6 'rotten'
- **krin5 'scales'
- *khjaːn5 'to scare'
- *tak7 'to scoop'
- *ʔlun1 'to see'
- *ɗai3 'to see'
- *pwan1 'seed'
- *kla3 'rice seedling'
- *kwe1 'to sell'
- *ʔŋra1 'sesame'
- *tau1 'shadow'
- *ŋaːu2 'to shake'
- *m-hliːn5? 'shallow'
- *hraːi5 'be sharp'
- *gwan2 'to sharpen'
- *khjam1 'sharpened, pointed'
- *ɗau5 'spiral shell'
- *thrin3 'short'
- *pjau5 'shuttle'
- *nu4 'younger sibling'
- *ʔram1 'to sink'
- *dzuːi6 'to sit'
- *ljuk8 'six'
- *hŋra1 'skin'
- *ʔrwum1? 'skinny, lean'
- *ɓun1 'sky'
- *nuːn2 'to sleep'
- *nun4 'to smell'
- *dzuːi2 'snake'
- *ʔnuːi1 'snow'
- *hma5 'soak, pickle'
- *maːt8 'socks'
- *ʔma3 'soft'
- *khjum3 'sour'
- *tljaːi3? 'sparrow'
- *m-hljaːn5 'spicy (hot)'
- *pha5 'to split'
- *hmaːk7 'to split'
- *ŋa2 'sprout, a'
- *khlak7 'stake, post'
- *ʔdraːu1 'star'
- *hmlut7 'star'
- *ŋjaːu6 'to stay, live'
- *hljak7 'to steal'
- *luŋ2 'stomach'
- *mpwaːŋ1 'straw'
- *kruːi3 'stream'
- *kjak7 'to stuff'
- *hwit7' 'to stuff'
- *ʔuːi3 'sugar cane'
- *ʔiːn5 'a swallow'
- *phjit7? 'to sweep'
- *khwaːn1 'sweet'
- *khjut7 'tail'
- *ʔaːu1 'to take'
- *ɓraːk7 'taro'
- *ʔna1 'thick'
- *ʔnak7 'thick, viscous'
- *ɓwaːŋ1 'thin'
- *naːi6 'this'
- *tiːn3 'thunder'
- *lai6 'thunder'
- *pra3 'thunder, lightning'
- *mum4 'tiger'
- *khwe3 'tired'
- *ʔni5 'tired'
- *ma2 'tongue'
- *pjwan1 'tooth'
- *hȵa5 'trace, dregs'
- *mai4 'tree, wood'
- *kjaːt7 'to twist'
- *hra1 'two'
- *ta1 'uncle'
- *kam3 'upside down'
- *juŋ6 'to use'
- *ʔma1 'vegetable'
- *hruːi1 'vestige'
- *ɓaːn3 'village'
- *trwak7 'to vomit'
- *kra3 'to wait'
- *chaːm3 'to walk, crawl'
- *aːu1 'to want'
- *ʔlak7 'to wash clothes'
- *zuːk 'to wash hands'
- *ȵam3 'water'
- *traːu1 'we (incl.)'
- *tan3 'to wear'
- *tam3 'to weave'
- *kjaːn1 'to weave, plait'
- *ne1'' 'to weed'
- *ʔȵe3 'to weep, cry'
- *ɓun5 'well, spring'
- *ɓu5 'well, spring'
- *thlam1 'well, pond, pool'
- *ʔrak7 'wet'
- *hlwum1 'wind'
- *khlaːu3 'rice wine'
- *pwa5 'wing'
- *ɓjaːk7 'woman, girl'
- *trit7 '(fire)wood'
- *dzan4 'worm'
- *tuːk7 'to wrap, bundle'
- *ɓjuːt7? 'to wring towel'
- *kjaːt7 'to write'
- *man2 'yam'
- *mpe1 'year'
- *ɓjaːk7 'woman, girl'
- *trit7 '(fire)wood'
- *dzan4 'worm'
- *tuːk7 'to wrap, bundle'
- *ɓjuːt7? 'to wring towel'
- *kjaːt7 'to write'
- *man2 'yam'
- *mpe1 'year'
Comparison with Proto-Tai[]
Some Proto-Kam-Sui lexical items are cognate with Proto-Tai but differ in proto-tone.[5]
| Gloss | Proto-Kam-Sui | Proto-Tai |
|---|---|---|
| ‘pig’ | *qʰ-muːh | *m̥uː |
| ‘rat’ | *hnɔːʔ | *n̥uː |
| ‘long’ | *ʔraːjʔ | *rɯj |
Reconstructions are those of Norquest (2021).[5]
Footnotes[]
- ^ Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ Peiros, Ilia, 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia", Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ^ Reconstructing Language Change and Variation. Award #0236674, National Science Foundation.
- ^ a b Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996. Dongtai yuzu gailun 侗台语族概论 / An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 9787500416814
- ^ a b Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013.
References[]
- Ostapirat, Weera. (2006). Alternation of tonal series and the reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui. In D.-A. Ho et al. (Eds.), Linguistics Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages (pp. 1077-1121). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
External links[]
- Reconstruction of Proto Kam-Sui by Peter K. Norquest, hosted at the SEAlang library
Categories:
- Kam–Sui languages
- Proto-languages