Qazvin

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For other uses, see Qazvin (disambiguation).
Qazvin

قزوین

Minoodar, Razhia, Arsas
City
Left:Chahel Stoun Palace, Aminiha Hosseiniyeh, Anthropology Qajar Bath Musume, Tomb of Hamdollah Mostofi, Right:Shazdeh Hosein Shrine, Caravanserai of Sa'd al-Saltaneh, Qazvin Ghadim Gate, Qazvin Jameh Mosque, Al-Nabi Mosque of Qazvin (all items were from above to bottom)
Left:Chahel Stoun Palace, Aminiha Hosseiniyeh, Anthropology Qajar Bath Musume, Tomb of Hamdollah Mostofi, Right:Shazdeh Hosein Shrine, Caravanserai of Sa'd al-Saltaneh, Qazvin Ghadim Gate, Qazvin Jameh Mosque, Al-Nabi Mosque of Qazvin (all items were from above to bottom)
Official seal of Qazvin
Seal
Motto(s): 
Mirror of History & Natural of Iran
Qazvin is located in Iran
Qazvin
Qazvin
Coordinates: 36°16′N 50°00′E / 36.267°N 50.000°E / 36.267; 50.000Coordinates: 36°16′N 50°00′E / 36.267°N 50.000°E / 36.267; 50.000
Country Iran
ProvinceQazvin
CountyQazvin
BakhshCentral
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • MayorSiavash Taherkhani
Area
 • City64.132 km2 (24.762 sq mi)
Elevation
1,278 m (4,193 ft)
Population
 (2016 census)
 • Density9,030/km2 (23,400/sq mi)
 • Urban
402,748[1]
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IDST)
Area code(s)028
ClimateBSk
Websitewww.qazvin.ir

Qazvin (/kæzˈviːn/; Persian: قزوین‎, IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn] (About this soundlisten), also Romanized as Qazvīn, Caspin, Qazwin or Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. Qazvin was a[clarification needed] capital of the Safavid dynasty for over forty years (1555-1598) and nowadays is known as the calligraphy capital of Iran. It is famous for its Baghlava, carpet patterns, poets, political newspaper and Pahlavi influence on its accent. At the 2011 census, its population was 381,598.[2]

Located in 150 km (93 mi) northwest of Tehran, in the Qazvin Province, it is at an altitude of about 1,800 m (5,900 ft) above sea level. The climate is cold but dry, due to its position south of the rugged Alborz range called KTS Atabakiya.

History[]

Shah Tahmasp I (1524–1576) made Qazvin the capital of the Safavid empire.
Peighambariyeh, burial place of four Jewish saints: Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.

Zanjan was founded by Shapur I (r. 240–270), the second ruler of the Sasanian Empire. It was refounded by Shapur II (r. 309–379),[3] who established a coin mint there.[4] Under the Sasanians, Qazvin functioned as a frontier town against the neighbouring Daylamites, who made incursions into the place.[5]

The city was a capital of the Persian Empire under Safavids in 1548–1598.[6] It is a provincial capital today that has been an important cultural center throughout history.

Caravanserai-i-Shah, Qazvin by Eugène Flandin.

The earliest remains of prehistoric humans have been discovered in a cave called Qaleh Kurd where archaeologists discovered a Neanderthal tooth.[7] Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal urban agricultural settlements for at least nine millennia. Qazvin geographically connects Tehran, Isfahan, and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian seacoast and Asia Minor, hence its strategic location throughout the ages.

Qazvin has sometimes been of central importance at major moments of Iranian history. It was captured by invading Arabs (644 AD) and destroyed by Hulagu Khan (13th century). After the Ottoman capture of Tabriz, Shah Tahmasp (1524–1576) made Qazvin the capital of the Safavid empire (founded in 1501 AD), a status that Qazvin retained for half a century until Shah Abbas I moved the capital to Isfahan.[6]

In 1210 the city was damaged by the forces of Kingdom of Georgia sent by Tamar the Great, as per the retribution for destroying Georgian-controlled Ani by the Muslim forces that left 12,000 Christians dead.[8][9]

In the 19th century, Qazvin flourished as a center of trade because the only all-year accessible road from the Caspian Sea to the Highland started here and with enhanced traffic on the Caspian Sea the trade volume grew. Its bazaars were enlarged.[10] In the middle of the century the Babi movement had one of its centers here and the first massacre of Babis occurred in Qazvin in 1847.[11]

Salaam'Gaah Street in Qazvin city

In the second half of the 19th century Qazvin was one of the centers of Russian presence in northern Iran. A detachment of the Persian Cossack Brigade under Russian officers was stationed here. From 1893 this was the headquarters of the Russian Company for Road construction in Persia which connected Qazvin by roads to Tehran and Hamadan. The company built a hospital and the St. Nicolas Church.

In 1920 Qazvin was used as a base for the British Norperforce.[12] The 1921 Persian coup d'état that led to the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty was launched from Qazvin.

Qazvin has been one of the main pivots on which Persia's history has revolved and this is where its reputation as an impenetrable fortress originates. During the fall of the Safavids, Qazvin was the centre of Persians reunion for the liberation of Persian territories invaded by Ottoman, Russian, and Afghan forces in the west, north, and east, respectively. The deployed swordsmen from Qazvin not only retrieved Safavid boundaries, but also contributed to their expansion up to China (east), Nader Shah The Great, Daghestan (north) and Baghdad (west). Similarly, Qazvin hosted the base of Assassins and was the training centre of the Nehzat-e Jangal (The Jungle Movement) revolutionaries.

Qazvin became a state in 1996. On 15 July 2009 Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashed near Qazvin.[13] In Autumn 2015 portions of Qazvin were struck by a meteorite.[14]

People[]

The majority of the people of the city of Qazvin are Persians. The majority language is Persian with a Qazvini accent.[15] Azerbaijanis and Tats are the other ethnic groups of the city of Qazvin.[16] They speak Azerbaijani and Tati.[17] And most of the villages of Qazvin are Azerbaijani and speak Azerbaijani language.[18][19]

Climate[]

Qazvin has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).

hideClimate data for Qazvin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2) 		7.6
(45.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		21.0
(69.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.7
(45.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		13.9
(57.1)
Average low °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		6.8
(44.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.5
(1.75) 		40.8
(1.61) 		52.1
(2.05) 		41.0
(1.61) 		34.5
(1.36) 		5.9
(0.23) 		1.2
(0.05) 		1.9
(0.07) 		0.8
(0.03) 		21.7
(0.85) 		27.8
(1.09) 		44.0
(1.73) 		316.2
(12.43)
Average precipitation days 10.5 10.1 13.3 13.3 12.7 4.5 2.4 2.3 2.0 7.7 7.9 9.7 96.4
Source: World Meteorological Organisation

Main sights[]

Qazvin contains several archeological excavations. In the middle of the city lie the ruins of Meimoon Ghal'eh, one of several Sassanid edifices in the area.[citation needed]

Qazvin contains several buildings from the Safavid era, dating to the period in which it was capital of Persia. A well known of the surviving edifices is the Chehel sotoun, Qazvin,[20] today a museum in central Qazvin.

Entrance of Masjed al-Nabi, Qazvin, Iran.

After Islam, the popularity of mystics (tasawwuf), as well as the prominence of tradition (Hadith), religious jurisprudence (fiqh), and philosophy in Qazvin, led to the emergence of many mosques and religious schools. They include:

  • Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin
  • Heydarieh Mosque
  • Masjed Al-Nabi (Soltani Mosque): With an area of 14000 m2, this mosque is one of the most glorious mosques of antiquity, built in the Safavieh's monarchy era.
  • Sanjideh Mosque: Another mosque of Qazvin dating back to pre-Islamic Iran; a former fire temple. Its present-day form is attributed to the Seljukian era.
  • Panjeh Ali Mosque: A former place of worship for royal harem members in the Safavid period.
  • Peighambarieh School-Mosque: Founded 1644 according to inscription.
  • Peighambarieh Shrine: Where four Jewish saints who foretold the coming of Christ, are buried.[21][22][23]
  • Molla Verdikhani School-Mosque: Founded in 1648.
  • Salehieh Madrasa and Mosque: Founded in 1817 by Mulla Muhammad Salih Baraghani.
  • Sheikhol Islam School-Mosque: Renovated in 1903.
  • Eltefatieh School: Dating back to the Il-Khanid period.
  • Sardar School- Mosque: Made by two brothers Hossein Khan and Hassan Khan Sardar in 1815, as a fulfillment of their promise if they came back victorious from a battle against the Russians.
  • Shazdeh Hosein Shrine; a c.15C CE shrine to a c.9C CE Shiite saint.
  • Aminiha Hosseiniyeh
The Qajar-era Caravanserai of Sa'd al-Saltaneh.
The Russian Church of Qazvin today sits adjacent to the campus of Islamic Azad University of Qazvin.
Chehel sotoun.
Chehel sotoun.

About 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Qazvin are the tombs of two Saljuki era princes — Abu Saeed Bijar, son of Sa'd, and Abu Mansur Iltai, son of Takin — located in two separate towers known as the Kharraqan twin towers. Constructed in 1067 CE, these were the first monuments in Islamic architecture to include a non-conic two-layered dome. Both towers were severely damaged by a devastating earthquake in March 2003.

Sepah Street (خیابان سپه , pronounced "Cepah" referring to ancient Persian army and not the revolutionary guards pronounced "Sipaahe") is known as the first modern street in Iran. This street entirely is carpeted with carved gray stone and is surrounded by craftsmen gift shops (used to be bars or bygone liquorshops, called May'kadeh) and hosts historical places such as Qazvin's Ali Qapu gate, entrance of Jame' Atiq mosque and historical schools.

Qazvin has three buildings built by Russians in the late 19th/early 20th century. Among these is the current Mayor's office (former Ballet Hall) and a water reservoir. St. Nicholas church was built in 1904 by the Russian Company for Roads in Persia which had its headquarter here. The church was in use until being decommissioned in 1984 because the community of Russian emigres in Qazvin did not exist any more. The iconostasis and bell was removed to Tehran and the building handed over to the Iranian government which keeps it available to the public as a historic monument. In front of the church is a 1906 memorial to a Russian road engineer.[24]

Economy[]

Qajar Bathhouse
A memorial of the many Qazvinis who died during the revolution of Iran and during the Iran–Iraq War.

Qazvin today is a center of textile trade, including cotton, silk and velvet, in addition to leather. It is on the railroad line and the highway between Tehran and Tabriz. Qazvin has one of the largest power plants feeding electricity into Iran's national power grid, the Shahid Raja'i facility, which provides 7% of Iran's electrical power.

Colleges and universities[]

Qazvin has several institutes of higher education:

  • Imam Khomeini International University
  • Islamic Azad University of Qazvin[25]
  • Payam-e-Nur University of Qazvin
  • Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
  • Raja University[26]
  • Shahid Babaee Technical Institute[27]
  • Kar University[28]
  • Parsian Higher Education Institute
  • Dehkhoda University[29]
  • Ghazali University[30]
  • Mir-Emad Higher Education Institute
  • Darolfonoun University
  • Allameh Ghazvini University[31]

Modern towers[]

Some famous residential towers are: Punak (536 units), Aseman, Elahieh, Bademestan (440 units in 17 floors) and Tejarat tower with 28 floors.

Shopping complexes[]

  • City Star in Khayam Street
  • Ferdowsi in Ferdowsi Street
  • Iranian in Adl Street
  • Narvan in Ferdowsi Street
  • Noor in Felestin Street
  • Meh ro mah Bouali Street
  • Alghadir on South Khayam Street
  • Alavi on Taleghani Street

Bridges[]

  • Naderi
  • Molasadra
  • Ertebatat
  • Persian Gulf (Khalij Fars)
  • Abotorabi
  • Nasr
  • Motahari
  • Imam Ali
  • Rajaei

Famous hotels[]

  • Alborz
  • Safir
  • Mir Emad
  • Iranian
  • behrouzi historical house
  • Iran
  • Marmar
  • Razhia
  • Ghods(closed)
  • Grand Hotel, Qazvin
  • Noizar
  • Minno
  • Sina (new)

Major parks[]

  • Shohada
  • Dehkhoda
  • Beheshti
  • Fadak (Barajin)
  • Mellat
  • Al-Ghadir
  • Afarinesh
  • Molla Khalila

Hypermarkets[]

  • Proma Hypermarket (closed) HyperKeeper is new Brand .
  • Refah Chain Stores Co
  • Kourosh chain stores in several city blocks
  • Janbo chain stores
  • Ferdowsi supermarket in Adl sq.
  • Haft (7) Chain stores
  • Talaei’yeh Minoudar Supermarket
    • noor shopping mall hyper market * easy to access near city center

Transportation[]

  • Qazvin railway station
  • Qazvin Airport
  • Qazvin Eastern Bus terminal
  • Qazvin southwestern terminal (Takestan & Hamedan)

Sport[]

Qazvin is a well-known city because of its famous athletes. The city has highly focused on athletic teams along recent years. Techmash is a basketball team which entered Iranian Basketball Super League in 2013.

Notable people[]

Shazdeh Hosein Shrine
Interior of Shazdeh Hosein Shrine

Pre-modern time[]

  • Ibn Majah, author of the last of the six canonical hadith collections recognized by Sunni Muslims
  • Hamdollah Mostowfi: the great Il-Khanid historian and writer
  • Ubayd Zakani: famous 8th-century poet noted for his satire and obscene verses
  • Mir Emad Hassani: famous Nasta'liq calligrapher
  • : famous Shekaste Nasta'liq calligrapher
  • Mirza Mohammed Reza Qazvini: Persian envoy of Franco-Persian alliance

Modern time[]

  • Yousef Alikhani: contemporary fiction writer and researcher
  • : a well-known family that originates from Qazvin includes |Sheikh Ahmad Azizi] who is buried in Peighambariyeh shrine, known research and medical doctor , the former Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1997 to 2005 Mr. Ahmad Azizi, hadi Azizi and .
  • Ali Akbar Dehkhoda: prominent linguist and author of Iran's first modern Persian dictionary
  • : doctor
  • Jamal Karimi-Rad: former Minister of Justice (2005–2006).
  • Hadi Mirmiran: architect
  • Shirin Neshat: Famous contemporary Iranian artist
  • Mojabi family: a prominent family that originates from Qazvin including Javad Mojabi and Zohreh Mojabi
  • : famous faqih (religious jurist) and commentator of the Qur'an in the Safavid period (d. 1678)
  • Aref Qazvini: poet, lyricist, and musician
  • : The late Mirza Hassan Sheikh al-Islam, son of Mirza Masoud Sheikh al-Islam, leader of the liberals and constitutionalists of Qazvin
  • : killed in 1846. The third religious leader after Imam Ali who was murdered during prayer.
  • Kázim-i-Samandar: a famous follower of Baháʼu'lláh, The Prophet-Founder of the Bahá’í Faith
  • Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian: Famous contemporary Iranian artist
  • Táhirih: influential poet and theologian of the Bábí Faith
  • Nasser Takmil Homayoun: contemporary historian
  • Nasser Yeganeh: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1975–79)
  • : politician in early 1980s
  • Abbas Babaei: Brigadier General in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
  • Alireza Jahanbakhsh: professional footballer who plays for Eredivisie club Feyenoord and the Iranian national team.
  • Varoujan Hakhbandian: Armenian-Iranian composer

Buried in Qazvin[]

  • Uwais Qarni: celebrity of early Islam, thought to have been killed here while fighting against an army of Deilamian origin[citation needed]
  • Ahmad Ghazali: famous Iranian sufi who died in 1126 CE and was buried beside Shahzadeh Hossein
  • : great scholar of the fifth century
  • : Shiite saint
  • Abbas Babaei

Twin towns – sister cities[]

Mesjed Koucheek, Qazvin, in 1921; nowadays Shazdeh Hosein Shrine
  • Portugal Évora, Portugal (2016)
  • Lebanon Baalbek, Lebanon (2015)
  • Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (2011)
  • Turkey Denizli, Turkey (2012)
  • Malaysia Shah Alam, Malaysia (2011)

See also[]

  • Caspians
  • List of famous ab anbars of Qazvin
  • Qazwini (disambiguation), a personal name meaning "from Qazwin"

References[]

  1. ^ https://www.amar.org.ir/english
  2. ^ Qazvin / قزوين (Iran): Province & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts
  3. ^ Lambton & Hillenbrand 2002, p. 857.
  4. ^ Badiyi 2020, p. 211.
  5. ^ Lambton & Hillenbrand 2002, p. 858.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Iran (5th ed., 2008), by Andrew Burke and Mark Elliott, p. 28 Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 978-1-74104-293-1
  7. ^ https://irdb.nii.ac.jp/en/01249/0002908121 QALEH KURD CAVE: A MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC SITE ON THE WESTERN BORDERS OF THE IRANIAN CENTRAL PLATEAU
  8. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO. p. 196. ISBN 978-1598843361.
  9. ^ L. Baker, Patricia; Smith, Hilary; Oleynik, Maria (2014). Iran. London, United Kingdom: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 158. ISBN 978-1841624020.
  10. ^ "Qazvin" in Historic Cities of the Islamic World, p. 435
  11. ^ Baha'i History of Qazvin
  12. ^ Haldane, J. Aylmer L. Sir (2005), The insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920, London: The Imperial War Museum in association with The Battery Press, ISBN 1904897169, OCLC 60688896, OL 22727753M, 1904897169
  13. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M EP-CPG Qazvin". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  14. ^ Large meteorite impacts Iran causing serious damage to Qazvin, numerous towns affected
  15. ^ The official Media from Qazvin- February 10-2010 Archived November 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Tats of Iran and Caucasus, Ali Abdoli, 2010.
  17. ^ Qazvin
  18. ^ Qazvin Governorate
  19. ^ iranicaonline: On the Qazvīn plain, most of the villages are Turkish
  20. ^ "Architecture of water supply to Chehel Sotoun studied". ISNA. 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  21. ^ "Arash Nooraghayee". Archived from the original on 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  22. ^ iranian.com: Nima Kasraie, Qazvin water reservoirs
  23. ^ Peighambarieh Mausoleum in Qazvin: Burial place of Israeli prophets
  24. ^ РУССКАЯ ПРАВОСЛАВНАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ В ПЕРСИИ – ИРАНЕ (1597–2001 гг.) Игумен Александр (Заркешев) Санкт-Петербург 2002 – Russian Orthodox Church in Persia-Iran 1597–2001, by abbot Alexander Zarkeshev, St Peterburg 2002, pp 70f and 110 Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine; the church is sometimes referred to as "Kantur" church from the name of the area where it stands
  25. ^ qiau.ac.ir
  26. ^ "Raja University". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  27. ^ afshbq.ac.ir Archived December 12, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ kar.ac.ir
  29. ^ adi.ac.ir
  30. ^ ghazali.ac.ir
  31. ^ allamehghazvini.ac.ir

Sources[]

  • Badiyi, Bahram (2020). "Cities and Mint Centers Founded by the Sasanians". Ancient Iranian Numismatics: 203–233.
  • Lambton, A.K.S. & Hillenbrand, R. (2002). "Zand̲j̲ān". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 446–447. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.

External links[]

Preceded by
Tabriz 		Capital of Iran (Persia)
1555–1598 		Succeeded by
Isfahan
Preceded by
Tabriz 		Capital of Safavid dynasty
1555–1598 		Succeeded by
Isfahan
Retrieved from ""