Quarter (United States coin)

Quarter dollar

United States
Value	0.25 U.S. Dollar
Mass	6.25(Ag); 5.67 (Cu-Ni) g
Diameter	24.26 mm (0.955 in)
Thickness	1.75 mm (0.069 in)
Edge	119 reeds
Composition	(1932-1964) 90% Ag 10% Cu; (1965-present) 91.67% Cu 8.33% Ni
Years of minting	1796, 1804–1807, 1815–1828, 1831–1930, 1932, 1934-present
Obverse
Design	George Washington bust
Designer	John Flanagan (1932 version) from a 1786 bust by Houdon
Design date	1931
Reverse
Design	George Washington crossing the Delaware River
Designer	Benjamin Sowards
Design date	2021

The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-quarter of a dollar. It has a diameter of 0.955 inch (24.26 mm) and a thickness of 0.069 inch (1.75 mm). The coin sports the profile of George Washington on its obverse, and its reverse design has changed frequently. It has been produced on and off since 1796 and consistently since 1831.^[1]

The choice of a quarter-dollar as a denomination—as opposed to the 1⁄5 more common elsewhere—originated with the practice of dividing Spanish milled dollars into eight wedge-shaped segments, which gave rise to the name "piece of eight" for that coin.^[2] "Two bits" (that is, two eighths of a piece of eight) is a common nickname for a quarter.^{[citation needed]}

Design and composition[]

The reverse prior to the State Quarter Program

The current clad version is two layers of cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel, on a core of pure copper.^[3] The total composition of the coin is 8.33% nickel, with the remainder copper. It weighs 0.2000 avoirdupois oz, 1/80 of a pound, 0.1823 troy oz, (5.670 grams). The diameter is 0.955 inches (24.26 mm), and the width of 0.069 inches (1.75 mm). The coin has a 0.069-inch (1.75 mm) reeded (or milled) edge.^[4] Owing to the introduction of the clad quarter in 1965, it was occasionally called a "Johnson Sandwich" after Lyndon B. Johnson, the U.S. president at the time.^[5] As of 2011, it cost 11.14 cents to produce each coin.^[6] The U.S. Mint began producing silver quarters again in 1992 for inclusion in the annual Silver Proof set. Early quarters (before 1828) were slightly larger in diameter and thinner than the current coin.

The current regular issue coin is the Washington quarter, featuring George Washington on the obverse. The reverse featured an eagle prior to the 1999 50 State Quarters Program. The Washington quarter was designed by John Flanagan. It was initially issued as a circulating commemorative, but was made a regular issue coin in 1934.

In 1999, the 50 State quarters program of circulating commemorative quarters began. These have a modified Washington obverse and a different reverse for each state, ending the former Washington quarter's production completely.^[7] On January 23, 2007, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 392 extending the state quarter program one year to 2009, to include the District of Columbia and the five inhabited US territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill passed through the Senate and was signed into legislation by President George W. Bush as part of Pub.L. 110–161: the Consolidated Appropriations Act (text) (pdf), on December 27, 2007.^[8][9] The typeface used in the state quarter series varies a bit from one state to another, but is generally derived from Albertus.

On June 4, 2008, a bill titled America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008, H.R. 6184, was introduced to the House of Representatives. On December 23, 2008, President Bush signed the bill into law as Pub.L. 110–456 (text) (pdf). The America the Beautiful quarters program began in 2010 and ended in 2021, lasting 12 years.^[10]

Following the conclusion of the National Parks quarter series in 2021, Flanagan's original design was restored to the obverse, with the reverse a representation of Washington crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had the option of ordering a second round of 56 national parks quarters, but did not do so by the end of 2018 as required in the 2008 legislation. In October, 2019, the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) met to consider designs; with the final choice made by Mnuchin.^[11] On December 25, 2020, the Mint announced the successful design, by Benjamin Sowards as sculpted by Michael Gaudioso. The 2021 quarters with that design were released into circulation on April 5, 2021.^[12]

The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 (Pub.L. 116–330 (text) (pdf)) establishes three new series of quarters for the next decade. From 2022 to 2025, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring prominent American women, with a new obverse design of Washington. In 2026, there will be up to five designs representing the United States Semiquincentennial. From 2027 to 2030, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring youth sports. The obverse will also be redesigned in 2027, and even after 2030 is still to depict Washington.^[13] In April 2021, the CCAC and CFA recommended that Laura Fraser's 1931 design be used. On all these decisions, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen is to make the final choice.^[14]

Historic designs[]

Silver quarters

• Wright 1792
• Draped Bust 1796–1807
  • Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796^[15]
  • Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807^[16]
• Capped Bust 1815–1838
  • Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828^[17]
  • Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838^[18]
• Seated Liberty 1838–1891
  • Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865^[19]
  • Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891^[20]
• Barber 1892–1916^[21]
• Standing Liberty 1916–1930^[22]
  • Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917 (featured an image of Liberty with one of her breasts exposed^[23])
  • Standing Liberty (Type 2 or Type 2a) 1917–1924
  • Standing Liberty (Type 3 or Type 2b) 1925-1930
• Washington 1932–1964, 1992–1998 (proof only)^[24]
  • Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% silver-clad, not intended for circulation)
  • Washington 50 State 1999–2008 (proof only)
  • Washington District of Columbia and U.S. Territories 2009 (proof only)
  • Washington America the Beautiful 2010–2021 (proof only)

Copper-nickel clad copper quarters

Copper-nickel clad copper Washington quarter
Obverse: Portrait of George Washington, year and United States national motto (In God we trust).	Reverse: Bald eagle with wings spread and standing on a shaft of arrows with two olive sprays. Face-value, the motto "E pluribus unum" (Out of many, one) and country name.
Total 35,924,089,384 coins minted from 1965 to 1998.

• Washington 1965–1974, 1977–1998, 2021
  • Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976)
  • Washington 50 State 1999–2008
  • Washington District of Columbia and U.S. Territories 2009
  • Washington America the Beautiful 2010–2021
  • Washington Crossing the Delaware 2021
  • Washington (new portrait) Prominent American Women 2022–2025^[25]
  • Washington Semiquincentennial 2026^[25]
  • Washington (new portrait) Youth Sports 2027–2030^[25]

Numismatic quarters

• Isabella quarter 1893
• Gold Standing Liberty quarter 2016

Bullion quarters

• Washington America the Beautiful silver bullion 2010–2021

Silver series[]

The "silver series" of Washington quarters spans from 1932 to 1964; during many years in the series it will appear that certain mints did not mint Washington quarters for that year. No known examples of quarters were made in 1933, San Francisco abstained in 1934 and 1949, and stopped after 1955, until it resumed in 1968 by way of making proofs. Denver did not make quarters in 1938. Proof examples from 1936 to 1942 and 1950 to 1967 were struck at the Philadelphia Mint; in 1968 proof production was shifted to the San Francisco Mint.

Silver quarters weigh 6.25 grams and are composed of 90% silver, 10% copper, with a total silver weight of 0.1808479 troy ounce pure silver.^[26] They were issued from 1932 through 1964.

The current rarities for the Washington quarter "silver series" are:

Branch mintmarks are D = Denver, S = San Francisco. Coins without mintmarks are all made at the main Mint in Philadelphia. This listing is for business strikes, not proofs:

• 1932-D
• 1932-S
• 1934 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
• 1935-D
• 1936-D
• 1937 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
• 1937-S
• 1938-S
• 1939-S
• 1940-D
• 1942-D – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
• 1943 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
• 1943-S – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
• 1950-D/S Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-D, with underlying S mintmark)
• 1950-S/D Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-S, with underlying D mintmark)

The 1940-D, 1936-D and the 1935-D coins, as well as many others in the series, are considerably more valuable than other quarters. This is not due to their mintages, but rather because they are harder to find in high grades (a situation referred to as "condition rarity"). Many of these coins are worth only melt value in low grades. Other coins in the above list are expensive because of their extremely low mintages, such as the 1932 Denver and San Francisco issues. The overstruck mintmark issues are also scarce and expensive, especially in the higher grades; even so they may not have the same popularity as overdates found in pre-Washington quarter series.

The 1934 Philadelphia strike appears in two versions: one with a light motto [for "In God We Trust"], which is the same as that used on the 1932 strikings, and the other a heavy motto seen after the dies were reworked. Except in the highest grades, the difference in value between the two is minor.

The mint mark on the coin is located on the reverse beneath the wreath on which the eagle is perched, and will either carry the mint mark "D" for the Denver Mint, "S" for the San Francisco Mint, or be blank if minted at the Philadelphia Mint.

Copper-nickel clad copper series[]

The copper-nickel clad Washington quarter was first issued in 1965 and as part of the switch, the Denver mintmark was added in 1968, which did not reappear on any US coin denomination until 1968. During the early 1960s, the Federal government had been flooding the market with silver to keep the price down, and therefore keep US coins' intrinsic values from exceeding their face values. This was causing the level of silver in the US Reserves to reach dangerously low levels. Silver was estimated to only last another 3–5 years at the rate the Mint was manufacturing coins, so the US Congress authorized the Mint to research alternative materials for the silver denominations (dime, quarter dollar, half dollar, and dollar). The material chosen was a 75% copper/ 25% nickel cupronickel alloy (identical to that in the five-cent coin) clad to a core of "commercially pure" (99.5%) copper.^[27]

For the first three years of clad production, in lieu of proof sets, specimen sets were specially sold as "Special Mint Sets" minted at the San Francisco mint in 1965, 1966, and 1967 (Deep Cameo versions of these coins are highly valued because of their rarity).

Currently, there are few examples in the clad series that are valued as highly as the silver series but there are certain extraordinary dates or variations. The deep cameo versions of proofs from 1965 to 1971 and 1981 Type 2 are highly valued because of their scarcity, high grade examples of quarters from certain years of the 1980s (such as 1981–1987) because of scarcity in high grades due to high circulation and in 1982 and 1983 no mint sets were produced making it harder to find mint state examples, and any coin from 1981–1994 graded in MS67 is worth upwards of $1000.

The mint mark on the coin is currently located on the obverse at the bottom right hemisphere under the supposed date. In 1965–1967 cupro-nickel coins bore no mint mark; quarters minted in 1968–1979 were stamped with a "D" for the Denver mint, an "S" for the San Francisco mint (proof coins only), or blank for Philadelphia. Starting in 1980, the Philadelphia mint was allowed to add its mint mark to all coins except the one-cent piece. Twenty-five-cent pieces minted from 1980 onwards are stamped with "P" for the Philadelphia mint, "D" for the Denver mint, or "S" for San Francisco mint. Until 2012 the "S" mint mark was used only on proof coins, but beginning with the El Yunque (Puerto Rico) design in the America the Beautiful quarters program, the US Mint began selling (at a premium) uncirculated 40-coin rolls and 100-coin bags of quarters with the San Francisco mint mark. These coins were not included in the 2012 or later uncirculated sets or the three-coin ATB quarter sets (which consisted of an uncirculated "P" and "D" and proof "S" specimen) and no "S" mint-marked quarters are being released into circulation, so that mintages will be determined solely by direct demand for the "S" mint-marked coins.

In 2019, the West Point Mint released 2 million of each of the five designs that year with a "W" mint mark for general circulation, in a move intended to spur coin collecting.^[28] This was continued in 2020.^[29]

See also[]

• Other countries
  • 25 cent WWII (Dutch coin)
  • Quarter (Canadian coin)
• 50 State quarters (1999–2008)
• DC & US Territories quarters (2009)
• America the Beautiful quarters (2010-2021)
• America the Beautiful silver bullion coins, 5 troy ounce silver bullion coins based on America the Beautiful quarters
• United States bicentennial coinage (1975–1976)
• United States Mint coin production
• United States quarter mintage figures
• Washington quarter

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States quarters.

• Official specifications
• http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
• https://web.archive.org/web/20040813033020/http://acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm
• US Quarters by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.