Radula marginata

Radula marginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Marchantiophyta
Class:	Jungermanniopsida
Order:	Porellales
Family:	Radulaceae
Genus:	Radula
Species:	R. marginata
Binomial name
	Radula marginata; (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees

Radula marginata, or wairuakohu', is a species of plant in genus Radula,^[1] a genus of liverworts. It is endemic to New Zealand.^[2]^[3] It has been found to contain cannabinoids.^[4]^[5]

Cannabinoids[]

Users smoking the plant have experienced different effects.^[6]^{[citation needed]} The cannabinoid is not THC, the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis, but it is of similar molecular structure.^[4] The liverwort contains perrottetinene and perrottetinenic acid.^[4] The quantity of cannabinoid present is much less than in cannabis. Perrottetinene has been shown to be a moderately potent CB₁ agonist leading to mild psychoactive effects in mice.^[7]

Legal status[]

The liverwort grows as a common weed.^{[citation needed]} Owning, growing and distributing the liverwort is legal.

Radula marginata may have been used in rongoā (Māori herbal medicine), but there is no firm evidence of this.

References[]

^ Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jürg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews. 18 (3): 953–965. doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8. S2CID 199517648.
^ http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550163
^ http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550057
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata" (PDF). Chem Pharm Bull. 50 (10): 1390. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1390.
^ Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 537. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00537. PMC 5954354. PMID 29868043.
^ http://www.tripme.co.nz/forums/showthread.php?t=1943
^ Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.2166C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2166. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6200358. PMID 30397641.

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[1] Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jürg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews. 18 (3): 953–965. doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8. S2CID 199517648.

[2] ttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550163

[3] ttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550057

[toyota-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata" (PDF). Chem Pharm Bull. 50 (10): 1390. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1390.

[5] Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 537. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00537. PMC 5954354. PMID 29868043.

[6] ttp://www.tripme.co.nz/forums/showthread.php?t=1943

[7] Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.2166C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2166. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6200358. PMID 30397641.

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