Rauvolfia

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Rauvolfia
Starr 030628-0122 Rauvolfia sandwicensis.jpg
Rauvolfia sandwicensis
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Tribe:
Subtribe: Rauvolfiinae
Benth. & Hook.f.
Genus: Rauvolfia
L.[1]
Type species
Rauvolfia tetraphylla
L., 1753[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Cyrtosiphonia Miq.
  • Dissolena Lour.
  • Heurckia Müll.Arg.
  • Ophioxylon L.
  • Podochrosia Baill.
Rauvolfia serpentina fruit

Rauvolfia (sometimes spelled Rauwolfia) is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, commonly known as devil peppers, in the family Apocynaceae. The genus is named to honor Leonhard Rauwolf. The genus can mainly be found in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and various oceanic islands.[3][4]

Spelling[]

The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants stipulates that the genus name was established by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 book Species Plantarum,[5][6] which cites his earlier description[7] which states in Botanical Latin that the name is dedicated "to Leonhard Rauwolf": "Leon. Rauvolfio". Although some subsequent authors hypercorrected the Classical Latin letter "v" to a modern "w", this is not accepted by the code of nomenclature.[8]

Chemical constituents[]

Rauvolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or sarpagandha, contains many indole alkaloids.[9]

Medicinal uses[]

Reserpine is an alkaloid first isolated from R. serpentina and was widely used as an antihypertensive drug[10]

Conservation[]

Rauvolfia serpentina is declining in the wild due to collection for its medicinal uses.[11] Consequently, it is listed in CITES Appendix II.[12] Rauvolfia vomitoria is a highly invasive species in Hawaiʻi, and is capable of establishing dense monotypic stands.

Species[]

Species include:[3]

  1. A.DC. - Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands
  2. Markgr. - Peru
  3. Rapini & I.Koch - Mato Grosso
  4. (Standl.) A.H.Gentry - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
  5. A.DC. - E Brazil
  6. (Baill.) Boiteau - New Caledonia
  7. Müll.Arg. - Cuba, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad & Tobago
  8. Rauvolfia caffra Sond., 1850 - Africa from Togo east to Tanzania, south to Cape Province
  9. I.Koch & Kin.-Gouv - Bahia + Espírito Santo in Brazil
  10. Markgr. - Madagascar
  11. Pierre ex Pit. - S Vietnam
  12. A.DC. - Cuba; naturalized in Yunnan
  13. Hook.f. - India
  14. K.Schum. - São Tomé
  15. I.Koch & Kin.-Gouv. - Rondônia, Mato Grosso
  16. Mart. ex A.DC. - E Brazil
  17. S.R.Sriniv. & Chithra - S India
  18. Pichon - Cambodia, S Vietnam
  19. Markgr. - Palau
  20. Granda & V.R.Fuentes - Cuba (R. ligustrina × R. viridis)
  21. Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands
  22. Hendrian - Sulawesi
  23. A.S.Rao - Colombia, Venezuela
  24. Leeuwenb. - Gabon, Republic of Congo
  25. Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. - from Mexico + Cuba south to Paraguay + NE Argentina
  26. Britton & P.Wilson - E Cuba
  27. Rusby - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
  28. K.Schum. ex Markgr. - Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, N Brazil, Peru
  29. Rauvolfia mannii Stapf, 1894 - tropical Africa from Ivory Coast to Tanzania, south to Malawi
  30. Markgr. - Brazil
  31. Markgr. - Venezuela
  32. Rauvolfia media Pichon, 1947 - Comoros, Madagascar
  33. Rauvolfia micrantha Hook.f., 1882 - SW India, S Thailand, Vietnam
  34. Hook.f. - Myanmar
  35. Markgr. - Maluku, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
  36. Stapf - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
  37. A.DC. - E Brazil
  38. E.A.Bruce - E Angola, Zambia, S Zaïre
  39. Jacq. - West Indies, Panama, S Mexico
  40. †Rauvolfia nukuhivensis (Fosberg & Sachet) Lorence & Butaud - French Polynesia but extinct
  41. A.DC. - Madagascar
  42. Hendrian - C Java
  43. Markgr. - Venezuela, Guyana
  44. Ducke - N Brazil, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana
  45. A.DC. - E Brazil
  46. Hook.f. - Myanmar
  47. Ducke - N Brazil, Peru
  48. Benth. - S Venezuela, N Brazil
  49. K.Schum. ex Markgr. - W Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
  50. I.Koch & Kin.-Gouv. - Minas Gerais
  51. Standl. - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
  52. Markgr. - Ecuador
  53. Merr. - Myanmar
  54. Markgr. - Maluku, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
  55. Rauvolfia sachetiae Fosberg, 1981 - Marquesas in French Polynesia
  56. Griseb. - Cuba
  57. Woodson - Colombia, Peru
  58. Rauvolfia sandwicensis A.DC., 1844 - Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiʻi)[13]
  59. Speg. - Bolivia, NW Argentina
  60. Müll.Arg. - Brazil, Paraguay, Misiones Province of Argentina
  61. (Müll.Arg.) Schltr. - New Caledonia
  62. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, 1877 - Indian Subcontinent, China, Southeast Asia
  63. Boiteau - New Caledonia
  64. Boiteau - New Caledonia
  65. Müll.Arg. - S Venezuela, Peru, N Brazil
  66. Woodson - Táchira in Venezuela
  67. Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack, 1820 - Guangdong, Thailand, Myanmar, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines
  68. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., 1753 - Also called ; from Mexico and West Indies to Peru; naturalized in China, Indian Subcontinent, Andaman Islands, Vietnam, Queensland
  69. Tsiang - Hainan in S China
  70. Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., 1895 - China, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines
  71. Lý - Vietnam
  72. Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. - West Indies, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela
  73. (K.Schum.) Stapf - Tanzania
  74. Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel., 1817 - tropical Africa from Senegal east to Sudan + Tanzania, south to Angola; naturalized in China, Bangladesh, Puerto Rico
  75. Müll.Arg. - Brazil, Paraguay
  76. Standl. - Costa Rica
formerly included[3]
  1. Rauvolfia celastrifolia Baker = Baill.
  2. Rauvolfia dentata Tafalla ex D.Don = D.Don
  3. Rauvolfia flexuosa Ruiz & Pav. = (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don
  4. Rauvolfia glabra Cav. = Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link
  5. Rauvolfia laevigata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq.
  6. Rauvolfia longifolia A.DC. = Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
  7. Rauvolfia macrophylla Ruiz & Pav. 1799 not Stapf 1894 = (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don
  8. Rauvolfia oppositifolia Spreng. 1822 not Sessé & Moc. 1888 = Tabernaemontana oppositifolia (Spreng.) Urb.
  9. Rauvolfia pubescens Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Spreng.
  10. Rauvolfia spinosa Cav. = (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don
  11. Rauvolfia stenophylla Donn.Sm. = Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
  12. Rauvolfia strempelioides Griseb. = (Griseb.) Benth. ex B.D.Jacks.
  13. Rauvolfia striata Poir. = Ochrosia borbonica J.F.Gmel.

References[]

  1. ^ "Rauvolfia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  2. ^ "Rauvolfia L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  3. ^ a b c d "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  4. ^ Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 157 萝芙木属 luo fu mu shu Rauvolfia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 208. 1753.
  5. ^ (McNeill et al. 2012, Article 38.1)
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753), "Rauvolfia tetraphylla", Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, vol. 1, Stockholm: Lars Salvius, p. 208
  7. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1737), "Rauvolfia g. pl. 179", Hortus Cliffortianus, Amsterdam, p. 75{{citation}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. ^ (McNeill et al. 2012, Articles 60 and 61, particularly 60.1)
  9. ^ SerpentinaDB
  10. ^ Lobay D (2016). "Rauwolfia in the Treatment of Hypertension". Integr Med (Encinitas). 14 (3): 40–46. PMC 4566472. PMID 26770146.
  11. ^ "India's wild medicinal plants threatened by over-exploitation". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008-11-24. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  12. ^ "Appendices I, II and III" (PDF). Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  13. ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Hao" (PDF). United States Forest Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link]

Bibliography[]

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