Red–green–brown alliance

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The term red–green–brown alliance, originating in France, refers to the alliance of leftists (red), Islamists (green) and the far-right (brown).[1] The term has also been used to describe alleged alliances of industrial union-focused leftists (red), ecologically minded agrarians (green) and the far-right (brown).[2][3]

History[]

The French essayist Alexandre del Valle wrote of "une alliance idéologique ... rouge-brun-vert" ("a red–brown-green ... ideological alliance") in a 22 April 2002 article in the centre-right newspaper Le Figaro,[4] and wrote "Rouges-Bruns-Verts, l'étrange alliance", in a January 2004 article in the magazine Politique Internationale.[5] Del Valle's conceptual rendering of Islamist ideological trends appears to be based at least partially on earlier writings in which he had charged the United States and western Europe with favouring the "war machine" of "armed Islamism" via its funding of the Afghanistani mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War during the presidency of Ronald Reagan,[6] which helped future enemies of the West.[citation needed] In 2010, Del Valle published an essay in Italy titled "Rossi, Neri, Verdi: a convergenza degli Estremi opposti" (Red, Black, Green: The meeting of extreme opposites.)[7]

The later popularity of the red-green-brown theory and its various permutations derives mainly from a speech given by Roger Cukierman, president of the French Jewish organization CRIF, to a CRIF banquet on 25 January 2003, and given wide circulation by a 27/28 January 2003 article in Le Monde. Cukierman used the French term "alliance brun-vert-rouge" to describe the antisemitic alignment supposedly shared by "an extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the colour brown), "an extreme left [which is] anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, anti-American [and] anti-Zionist" (red), and followers of José Bové (green).

In the United States, a similar alliance of disparate groups occurred in opposition to the World Trade Organization in the alter-globalization movement, which joined trade unions, neo-Luddite environmentalists, and paleoconservative nationalists like Pat Buchanan in common cause.[3] Many were surprised by leftist Lenora Fulani's support for Pat Buchanan, which has been viewed as an example of a red–green–brown alliance.[8]

Similar terms[]

The term red–brown (movement/activists/political forces) (Russian: красно-коричневые, krasno-korichnevye) was originated in post-Soviet Russia to describe an alliance of far-left (communist) and far-right (nationalist, fascist, monarchist, religious) opposition to the liberal and pro-capitalist Russian government in the 1990s, opposing economic and social reforms (rapid transition to a market economy through "shock therapy", followed by a sharp increase in poverty and drop in living standards, removal of many restrictions on people's behaviour).[9] Such an alliance was first suggested by Aleksandr Dugin, founder of the National Bolshevik Party and the writer of the new Communist Party program .[10] As the leader of the opposition, Gennady Zyuganov oversaw the partnership of the Communist Party with Russian National Unity, a prominent neo-nazi party. After Zyuganov publicly proclaimed this new "red–brown alliance", there was a noted rise in antisemitism within the Communist Party,[11] particularly driven by the party official Albert Makashov, who openly called for the expulsion of Jewish people from Russia.[12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Judaken, J. (2013). Naming Race, Naming Racisms. Taylor & Francis. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-317-99156-4.
    - Sedgwick, M. (2004). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 258f. ISBN 978-0-19-974493-0.
    - Flood, C.; Hutchings, S.; Miazhevich, G.; Nickels, H. (2012). Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural. Muslim Minorities. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-23102-3.
  2. ^ Strauss, Mark (November 2003). "Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem". Foreign Policy. No. 139. pp. 58–67. doi:10.2307/3183738. ISSN 0015-7228. JSTOR 3183738.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Buchanan Troll Project". MetroWest Jewish News. 2 (4). Whippany, NJ, USA. 13 January 2000. ProQuest 364868971.
  4. ^ Del Valle, Alexandre; Knobel, Marc (27 April 2002). "Le Péril rouge en France ou la convergence des Totalitarismes" [The Red Peril in France: The convergence of totalitarianisms]. Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Also available from harissa.com.
  5. ^ A. Del Valle, "Rouges-Bruns-Verts : L'étrange alliance", Politique Internationale, no. 102 (January 2004), official translation. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  6. ^ Murawiec, Laurent (Spring 2000). "The wacky world of French intellectuals". Middle East Quarterly. Vol. 8. Middle East Forum. pp. 3–10.
  7. ^ A. Del Valle, "Verdi, rossi e neri: chi sono i nemici dell'Occidente e perché ci odiano così, L'Occidentale, 3 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  8. ^ Twersky, David (27 January 2000). "Buchanan's voice bodes ill for israel". Jewish Exponent. Vol. 207 no. 4. Philadelphia, USA: Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia. p. 36. ProQuest 227249240.
  9. ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. London: ME Sharpe. p. 192. ISBN 0765606348. OCLC 878994537.
  10. ^ Lee, Martin A. (2000). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism’s Resurgence from Hitler’s Spymasters to Today’s Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. New York: Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 0415925460. OCLC 1106702367.
  11. ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. London: ME Sharpe. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0765606348. OCLC 878994537.
  12. ^ Beirich, Heidi (2013). "Hate Across Waters". In Wodak, Ruth; Khosravinik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (eds.). Right-Wing Populism in Europe. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9781780933436. OCLC 847620454.

Further reading[]

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