Red Dawn

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This article is about the 1984 film. For the 2012 remake, see Red Dawn (2012 film). For other uses, see Red Dawn (disambiguation).

Red Dawn
Red dawn.jpg
Original theatrical poster by John Alvin
Directed byJohn Milius
Screenplay by
Story byKevin Reynolds
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRic Waite
Edited byThom Noble
Music byBasil Poledouris
Production
companies
Distributed byMGM/UA Entertainment Company
Release date
  • August 10, 1984 (1984-08-10)
Running time
114 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
Languages
  • English
  • Spanish
  • Russian
Budget$17 million[2]
Box office$38 million[1]

Red Dawn is a 1984 American action film directed by John Milius, with a screenplay by Kevin Reynolds and Milius. It stars Patrick Swayze, Charlie Sheen, C. Thomas Howell, Lea Thompson, Jennifer Grey, Ben Johnson, Harry Dean Stanton, Ron O'Neal, William Smith, and Powers Boothe. It was the first film to be released in the U.S. with a PG-13 rating[3] (under the modified rating system introduced on July 1, 1984).

The film depicts a United States that has been invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies.[4] However, the onset of World War III is in the background and not fully elaborated. The story follows a group of American high school students who resist the occupation with guerrilla warfare, naming themselves the "Wolverines", after their high school mascot. Despite mixed reviews from critics, the film became a commercial success, grossing $38 million against the budget of $17 million.

Plot[]

In an alternate 1980s, the United States is strategically isolated after NATO is disbanded. At the same time, the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies aggressively expand. In addition, the Ukrainian wheat harvest fails while a socialist coup d'état occurs in Mexico.

In September, in the town of Calumet, Colorado, a local high school teacher pauses upon seeing Soviet troops parachuting from An-12 transport aircraft. He walks outside to question them and they open fire. Pandemonium follows as students flee amid heavy gunfire. Jed Eckert, who had dropped his brother Matt off at the high school, returns to pick him and several of their friends up, narrowly escaping the chaos.

In downtown Calumet, Cuban, Nicaraguan, and Soviet troops are trying to impose order after a hasty occupation. Cuban Colonel Bella instructs the KGB to go to a local sporting goods store and obtain the records of the store's gun sales.

Brothers Jed and Matt Eckert, along with their friends Robert Morris, Danny, Daryl Bates, and Arturo "Aardvark" Mondragon, flee into the wilderness after hastily equipping themselves at the sporting goods store. On the way to the mountains, they run into a Soviet roadblock, but are saved by an attacking U.S. Army UH-1 helicopter gunship. After several weeks in the forest, they sneakily return and learn that Jed and Matt's father is being held in a "re-education camp". They visit the site, speaking to him through the fence, learning that their mother is dead; Mr. Eckert reminds them he had purposely raised them in a strenuous manner, ordering them to avenge them.

The kids visit the Masons, behind enemy lines in "occupied America". Robert's father was executed because of the inventory the kids had taken from his store. The Masons ask Jed and Matt to take care of their granddaughters, Toni and Erica. After killing Soviet soldiers in the woods, the youths begin a resistance against the occupation forces, calling themselves "Wolverines" like the school mascot. The forces initially use reprisal tactics, executing groups of civilians following every Wolverine attack. During one of these mass executions, the fathers of Jed, Matt, and Aardvark are killed. Daryl's father, Mayor Bates, tries to save the lives of the captured citizens by collaborating, but with little success. Despite reprisal tactics, the occupation forces get nowhere.

The Wolverines meet American F-15 fighter pilot Lt. Col. Andrew Tanner (Powers Boothe), shot down by Cuban MiG-21s. He informs them of the current state of the war: several American cities, including D.C., were destroyed by nuclear strikes, Strategic Air Command was crippled by Cuban saboteurs, and paratroopers were dropped from airliners to seize key positions in preparation for assaults via Mexico and Alaska. Most of the southern United States and Northwestern Canada are occupied by the Soviets, but American counterattacks have halted Soviet advances along the Rockies and the Mississippi, and the lines have stabilized. Remaining U.S. allies, the United Kingdom and China, are crippled. Nuclear fallout concerns on both sides refrain further use of nuclear weapons.

Tanner assists the Wolverines in organizing raids. This draws the attention of a Soviet general, who orders reprisals against the civilian population. The Wolverines' actions, and the reprisals lead to the high command on both sides of the war to know the name "Wolverines", and the Soviet generals publicly state that the area "may not be pacified for much longer". Soon after, visiting the front line, Tanner and Aardvark are killed in the crossfire of a tank battle. Daryl is caught by the Soviets after being turned in by his father. Using threats of torture, KGB officers force him to swallow a tracking device, and release him to rejoin the guerrillas. A Spetsnaz unit is sent into the mountains carrying portable radio triangulation equipment, but are ambushed by the Wolverines. The group traces the source of the signal to Daryl, who confesses, pleading for mercy. He is executed by a hardened Robert after Jed executes a Spetsnaz operative as the others cannot kill their friend.

The remaining Wolverines are ambushed by Mi-24 helicopter gunships, and Toni and Robert are killed. Jed and Matt attack the Soviet headquarters in Calumet to distract the troops while Danny and Erica escape. The plan works, but both Jed and Matt are mortally wounded. Colonel Bella finds the brothers, but feeling the already too-great loss of the war, the colonel is unable to kill them, so he motions them on. The brothers reach a bench in the park where they spent time as kids, holding each other as they die. Meanwhile, Danny and Erica trek through the Rocky Mountain Wilderness, reaching the frontier of Free America.

In the closing scene, a plaque is seen with Partisan Rock in the background. It is fenced off and an American flag flies nearby. The plaque reads:

... In the early days of World War III, guerrillas – mostly children – placed the names of their lost upon this rock. They fought here alone and gave up their lives, so "that this nation shall not perish from the earth."

Cast[]

Production[]

Ten Soldiers[]

Originally called Ten Soldiers, it was written by Kevin Reynolds. It was set in the near future as a combined force of Russians and Cubans launched an invasion of the Southwestern U.S.. Ten children take to the hills when their small town is captured, turning into a skilled and lethal guerrilla band.[5]

Producer Barry Beckerman read the script, and, in the words of Peter Bart, "thought it had the potential to become a tough, taut, ‘art’ picture made on a modest budget that could possibly break out to find a wider audience."[6] He got his father Sidney Beckerman to help him pay a $5,000 option. Reynolds wanted to direct but the Beckermans wanted someone more established. Walter Hill briefly considered the script before turning it down, as did several other directors.[6]

The Beckermans pitched the project to David Begelman when he was at MGM and were turned down. They tried again at that studio when it was being run by Frank Yablans. Senior vice-president for production Peter Bart, who remembers it as a "sharply written anti-war movie ... a sort of Lord of the Flies",[7] took the project to Yablans.

The script's chances of being filmed increased when Kevin Reynolds became mentored by Steven Spielberg who helped him make Fandango.[6] MGM bought the script.

John Milius[]

Bart recalls that things changed when "the chieftains at MGM got a better idea. Instead of making a poignant little antiwar movie, why not make a teen Rambo and turn the project over to John Milius, a genial and rotund filmmaker who loved war movies. The idea was especially popular with a member of the MGM board of directors, General Alexander Haig, the former Nixon chief of staff, who yearned to supervise the film personally and develop a movie career."[7]

Bart says most of MGM's executives, except for Yablans, were opposed to Milius directing. Bart claims he made a last minute attempt to get Reynolds to direct the film and went to see Spielberg. However, by this stage Fandango was in rough cut, and Bart sensed that Spielberg was disappointed in the film and would not speak up for Reynolds.[8]

Milius was signed to direct at a fee of $1.25 million, plus a gun of his choice.[9]

Milius set about rewriting the script. He and Haig devised a backstory in which the circumstances of the invasion would take place; this was reportedly based on Hitler's proposed plans to invade the U.S. during World War II.[10] Haig took Milius under his wing, bringing him to the Hudson Institute, the conservative think tank founded by Herman Kahn, to develop a plausible scenario. Milius saw the story as a Third World liberation struggle in reverse; Haig introduced Nicaragua and suggested that, with the collapse of NATO, a left-wing Mexican regime would participate in the Soviet invasion, effectively splitting the U.S. in half.[11] Bart says, "Even Milius was taken aback by Haig's approach to the project. 'This is going to end up as a jingoistic, flag-waving movie,' Milius fretted. As a result, the budget of this once $6 million movie almost tripled."[7]

Other changes included a shift in focus from conflict within the group to conflict between the teens and their oppressors, and the acceleration of the ages of some of the characters from early teens to high school age and beyond.[12] There was also the addition of a sequence where some children visit a camp to find their parents have been brainwashed.[13]

Milius later said, "I see this as an anti-war movie in the sense that if both sides could see this, maybe it wouldn't have to happen. I think it would be good for Americans to see what a war would be like. The film isn't even that violent – the war shows none of the horrors that could happen in World War III. In fact, everything that happened in the movie happened in World War II."[2]

Bart says Yablans pushed through filming faster than Milius wanted because MGM needed a movie over the summer. Milius wanted more time to plan, including devising futuristic weaponry and to not shoot over winter, but had to accede.[14]

The Pentagon withdrew its cooperation from the film.[15]

Casting[]

Milius wanted Robert Blake to play the US pilot but Frank Yablans overruled him. Powers Boothe was selected instead.[16]

Filming[]

The movie was filmed in and around the city of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Many of the buildings and structures which appear in the film, including a historic Fred Harvey Company hotel adjacent to the train depot, the train yard, and a building near downtown, which was repainted with the name of "Calumet, Colorado", referencing the town in Michigan, are still there today.[when?] An old Safeway grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie.[17]

Before starting work on the movie, the cast underwent an intensive eight-week military training course. During that time, production crews designed and built special combat vehicles in Newhall, California. Soldier of Fortune reported that the movie's T-72 tank was such a precise replica that "while it was being carted around Los Angeles, two CIA intelligence officers followed it to the studio and wanted to know where it had come from".

Powers Boothe later claimed that "Milius cut out the emotional life of its characters. Originally, my character was anti-war, as well as a rightist. I was supposed to be the voice of reason in that movie. But certain cuts negated my character."[18]

Lea Thompson said the original cut featured a love scene between her and Powers Boothe but it "was cut out after some previews because of the age difference. And that was the main reason I took the movie—it was such a terrific scene."[19]

Some of the weaponry devised for the film did not work. Futuristic helicopters created for the film did not have FAA approval to fly over people.[20]

The budget increased from $11 million to $15 million.[20] It eventually came in at $19 million.[21]

Music[]

The film's score was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris; it was the first soundtrack album to be released (on LP and compact disc) by Intrada Records. The label issued the complete score in 2007.[citation needed]

Reception[]

Box office[]

Red Dawn was the 20th highest-grossing film of 1984, opening on August 10, 1984 in 1,822 theatres and taking in $8,230,381 on its first weekend. Its box office gross is $38,376,497.[1][21]

Critical reaction[]

Red Dawn received mixed reviews, receiving a "Rotten" 46% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "An appealing ensemble of young stars will have some audiences rooting for the Wolverines, but Red Dawn's self-seriousness can never conceal the silliness of its alarmist concept."[22]

Colin Greenland reviewed Red Dawn for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Red Dawn [...] is a self-congratulatory little B-picture, the sort America does so well. Set in the early months of World War Three, it's a loving chronicle of juvenile heroism in Russian-occupied Colorado. Schoolkids caught behind enemy lines become crack guerillas overnight. slaughter nobly, die even more so. Nice scenery, shame about the movie. ."[23]

The New York Times reviewer said, "To any sniveling lily-livers who suppose that John Milius ... has already reached the pinnacle of movie-making machismo, a warning: Mr. Milius's Red Dawn is more rip-roaring than anything he has done before. Here is Mr. Milius at his most alarming, delivering a rootin'-tootin' scenario for World War III."[24]

MGM apologized to Alaska war veterans for the film's advertising, which claimed that no foreign troops had ever landed on U.S. soil, overlooking the Aleutian Islands campaign of World War II, where Japanese soldiers occupied the Aleutian Islands, part of Alaska.[25]

At the time it was released, Red Dawn was considered the most violent film by the Guinness Book of Records and the National Coalition on Television Violence, with a rate of 134 acts of violence per hour, or 2.23 per minute.[26] The 2007 DVD Special Edition includes an on-screen "Carnage Counter" in a nod to this.[27]

A few days after the NCTV survey came out, 35 protestors picketed the MGM/UA building in opposition to the film.[28] John Milius said:

What these people really don't like is that the movie shows violence being perpetrated against Russian and Cuban invaders, which is what the demonstration was all about. My question is, where were all these demonstrators when the Russians shot down that airliner? Were they cheering? And what about the people being gassed and yellow-rained in Afghanistan? ... There's really no pleasure in outraging these people. I suppose next some extreme right-wing organization will give me an award, which is equally ridiculous.[25]

Soon afterward, the Gun Owners of America announced that they were honoring Milius for "dramatically depicting the importance in our time of the Second Amendment."[29]

Later reputation[]

National Review Online has named the film No. 15 in its list of the "Best Conservative Movies."[30] Adam Arseneau at the website DVD Verdict opined that the film "often feels like a Republican wet dream manifested into a surrealistic Orwellian nightmare".[27]

According to Jesse Walker of Reason,

The film outraged liberal critics, but further to the left it had some supporters. In a witty and perceptive piece for The Nation, Andrew Kopkind called it "the most convincing story about popular resistance to imperial oppression since the inimitable Battle of Algiers", adding that he'd "take the Wolverines from Colorado over a small circle of friends from Harvard Square in any revolutionary situation I can imagine."[31]

Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard argued that the film was "not so much pro-war as it is anti-state." Rothbard gave the film a generally positive review, while expressing some reservations with the story:

One big problem with the picture is that there is no sense that successful guerrilla war feeds on itself; in real life the ranks of the guerrillas would start to swell, and this would defeat the search-and-destroy concept. In Red Dawn, on the other hand, there are only the same half-dozen teenagers, and the inevitable attrition makes the struggle seem hopeless when it need not be. Another problem is that there is no character development through action, so that, except for the leader, all the high school kids seem indistinguishable. As a result, there is no impulse to mourn as each one falls by the wayside.[32]

Home media[]

Red Dawn has been variously released across a variety of formats.

  • In 1985, Red Dawn released on VHS.[33] It was also released at the same time on PAL and Betamax.
  • Also in 1985, Red Dawn released on LaserDisc .[34] The film was released several times on this format, with the latest in April 1994.[35]
  • In 1998, Red Dawn released on DVD.[36]
  • In 2007, a two-disc DVD Collector's Edition was released. Unusual among the "extras" are interviews of residents recalling the filming of the movie.[37]
  • In 2015, a DVD release featured Red Dawn with the 2012 remake.[38] Another release the same year excluded the remake.[39]
  • In 2017, the Collector's Edition was released on Blu-ray.[40]

References in the film[]

The movie being shown to American prisoners at the re-education camp is Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky (1938).[41]

Much of the story is set in the Arapaho National Forest, and a group of Soviet soldiers refer to the Colorado War, which was fought there between the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes and the U.S. government.[42]

Operation Red Dawn[]

Main article: Operation Red Dawn

The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was named Operation Red Dawn and its targets were dubbed "Wolverine 1" and "Wolverine 2". Army Captain Geoffrey McMurray, who named the mission, said the naming "was so fitting because it was a patriotic, pro-American movie." Milius approved of the naming, saying "I was deeply flattered and honored. It's nice to have a lasting legacy."[43]

Cultural influence[]

Red Dawn has been referenced by and influenced a number of other mediums including music, books, film, and video games.

Books, film and television[]

  • Numerous references occur in the movie Hot Tub Time Machine,[44][45] including the movie playing in the Ski Patrol station and being watched by Blaine, who considers it one of the best movies of all time.[46]
  • "Grey Dawn" is a South Park episode which parodies Red Dawn where the old people of the town, fed up with how they are treated, take over the quiet Colorado town.[47][48][49]
  • The 2017 American military drama series SEAL Team episode "Rolling Dark" contains numerous references to Red Dawn, such as a scene where one of the SEALs raises his weapon and yells "Wolverines!" to his Russian pursuers, a reference to a scene from the film. The SEAL then states "don't tell me y'all never seen Red Dawn before."[50]
  • Fans of the 2020 novel Assault by Fire, by Rip Rawlings[51] discovered hidden Easter Eggs in the book, including references to Red Dawn and reported them on social media.

Music[]

Video games[]

Red Dawn has influenced a number of video games.

  • Freedom Fighters is a 2003 video game that takes place during a Soviet invasion of New York. This game is based heavily on Red Dawn in terms of characters, costumes and design, and the last mission closely resembles one of the final scenes when the Wolverines attack the Soviet base.[53]
  • The plot of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 includes an invasion of the United States by an ultra-nationalist Russia, where members of the United States Army's 75th Ranger Regiment have to repel the attack. The achievement "Red Dawn" is awarded for completing the American "Wolverines!" and "Exodus" missions in Veteran difficulty. "Wolverines!" itself is a reference to the movie.[54]
  • Homefront, a video game by Red Dawn writer John Milius about a North Korean invasion of America, borrows heavily from the movie.[55][56] One notable easter egg relating to the film is a large billboard at a school sport stadium which reads "Go Wolverines!!!". In turn, the plot of the 2012 remake of Red Dawn borrows heavily from Homefront, including the use of a united Korean threat, the use of rural and suburban settings for the primary action, and partisan warfare.[57]
  • The video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City features in-game radio commercials referring to Red Dawn as a documentary.
  • DLC for the video game Fallout: New Vegas includes “WOLVERINES!” spray painted on a wall in an abandoned high school as an Easter egg. This is only available if the player character has the “Wild Wasteland” trait.

Red Dawn Emails[]

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a string of emails by Trump administration officials detailing concerns about the government's response to COVID-19 were dubbed the "Red Dawn emails" in reference to the film.[58]

Remake[]

Main article: Red Dawn (2012 film)

A remake of Red Dawn directed by Dan Bradley was released in 2012. The film takes place in the 2010s, with North Korea invading the United States. Milius did not like the remake, and criticized it as "terrible" after reading an original script where the villains were Chinese:

"There was a strange feeling to the whole thing. They were fans of the movie so they put in stuff they thought was neat. It's all about neat action scenes, and has nothing to do with story. ... There's only one example in 4,000 years of Chinese territorial adventurism, and that was in 1979, when they invaded Vietnam, and to put it mildly they got their [butts] handed to them ... Why would China want us? They sell us stuff. We're a market. I would have done it about Mexico."[59]

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Goldstein, Patrick (August 16, 1984). "'RED DAWN' IS MILIUS' KIND OF MOVIE: JOHN MILIUS". Los Angeles Times. p. i1.
  3. ^ Parker, Ryan (May 23, 2017). "How 'The Temple of Doom' Changed the MPAA Ratings System". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018.
  4. ^ Richard E. Sincere, Jr. (October 1984). "Schoolkids Battle Red Army in Red Dawn". Journal of Civil Defense. The American Civil Defense Association: 17.
  5. ^ Bart p 109–110
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bart p 110
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bart, Peter (September 28, 2009). "First Look: Famous Firings a Tough Ax to Follow". Variety. p. 2.
  8. ^ Bart p 111
  9. ^ Bart p 112
  10. ^ Bart p 112–113
  11. ^ Hoberman, J. (November 2012). "The North Koreans Are Coming!". Film Comment (48.6 ed.). pp. 52–54, 56.
  12. ^ Shaw, Tony (2007). Hollywood's Cold War. Edinburgh University Press. p. 270. ISBN 9780748630738. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  13. ^ Bart p 113
  14. ^ Bart p 114
  15. ^ Bart p 133
  16. ^ Bart p 135
  17. ^ "Red Dawn Movie Filming Locations". The 80s Movies Rewind. Fast-rewind.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  18. ^ Baltake, Joe (July 18, 1985). "ACTOR FINDS SUCCESS IN THE WILDS". Philadelphia Daily News. p. 51.
  19. ^ Mann, Roderick (February 28, 1987). "THOMPSON'S AGE OF DISCONTENT". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Bart p 134
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Bart p 228
  22. ^ "Red Dawn". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  23. ^ Greenland, Colin (December 1984). "Fantasy Media". Imagine (review). TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. (21): 55.
  24. ^ Maslin, Janet. "FILM: 'RED DAWN,' ON WORLD WAR III". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b London, Michael (September 19, 1984). "FILM CLIPS: DeLOREAN REJECTS 1ST BID FOR FILM BIOGRAPHY FILM CLIPS: DeLOREAN". Los Angeles Times. p. i1.
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  30. ^ Miller, John (February 23, 2009). "The Best Conservative Movies". National Review. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  31. ^ Walker, Jesse (January 28, 2008). "The Ghost of Rambo". Reason. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  32. ^ Murray Rothbard (July–August 1984). "Red Dawn". Libertarian Forum. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  33. ^ Red dawn. March 9, 1985. OCLC 11765327.
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  49. ^ Music in Television: Channels of Listening. Routledge. 2011. p. 162. ISBN 9781136826368.
  50. ^ "Script for SEAL Team Season 1, Episode 9 "Rolling Dark"". Springfield! Springfield!. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  51. ^ "Home". Rip Rawlings. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
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  54. ^ "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Achievement Guide". Xboxachievements.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  55. ^ "News: Video game set to take place in Montrose (Montrose, Colorado)". Montrosepress.com. January 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  56. ^ "Homefront: Red Dawn's ugly baby". Nypost.com. March 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  57. ^ Narcisse, Evan. "The New Red Dawn Movie Channels a Little Bit of Homefront". Kotaku.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  58. ^ Lipton, Eric (April 11, 2020). "The 'Red Dawn' Emails: 8 Key Exchanges on the Faltering Response to the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  59. ^ "Original 'Red Dawn' director takes aim at the remake". Los Angeles Times. March 26, 2010. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2017.

Notes[]

  • Bart, Peter (1990). Fade out: The Calamitous Final Days at MGM. Morrow.

External links[]

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