Red soil

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Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forest, having thin organic and organic-mineral layers black brown leached layer resting on an illuvium red layer. Red soils are generally derived from the weathering of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rock. They are named after their rich red colour, which is due to their high iron content. It can also vary from reddish brown to reddish yellow^[1] They are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to be cultivated because of its low water holding capacity.

Red soils are an important resource.^{[2][further explanation needed]}

Red soil in China[]

Red soil resources are estimated to cover 102 million hectare (1,020,000 sq.km) of land in tropical and subtropical regions of China. Primary distribution areas are Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan, etc.^[3]

Red soil in Greece[]

Red soils in Greece are important soil resources.^{[further explanation needed]} They fall into two groups: residual soil forming in place from parent rock, and soil forming in deep sedimentary deposits. The residual red soils in Greece tend to be less than a meter in depth and occur on sloping hillsides. Like other red soils in the Mediterranean, they tend to form in limestone. The red soils that form in deep sediments are widespread in the lowlands of Greece, occurring on gently sloping terrain.

Taxonomically, the Greek red soils belong to what in America would be Rhodoxeralfs (red alfisol), Palexeralfs (well aged alfisols), Xerochrepts (xeric inceptisol), and Orthents.^[4]

Red soil in India[]

Red soils denote the third largest soil group of India covering an area of about 350,000 sq.km (10.6% of India's area) over the Peninsula from Tamil Nadu in the south to Bundelkhand in the north and Rajmahal hills in the east to Katchch in the west. They surround the red soils on their south, east and north.^[5] It looks yellow in its hydrated form.

Distribution[]

These soils can be found around in large tracts of western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southern Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. It also extends to parts of Bihar and the northern eastern states. They also form a large part of the Chotanagpur Plateau in central India. ^[1] Scattered patches are also seen in (West Bengal), Mirzapur, Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh), Udaipur, Chittaurgarh, Dungarpur, Banswara and Bhilwara districts (Rajasthan). Red soil is mainly found in India's south.

Content[]

This soil in India, also known as the omnibus group, have been developed over Archaean granite, gneiss and other crystalline rocks, the sedimentaries of the Cuddapah and Vindhayan basins and mixed Dharwarian group of rocks. Its red colour is mainly due to ferric oxides occurring as thin coatings on the soil particles while the iron oxide occurs as haematite or as hydrous ferric oxide. When it occurs in the hydrate form as limonite the soil gets a yellow colour. Ordinarily the surface soils are red while the horizon below gets yellowish colour.

Characteristics[]

The texture of red soil varies from sand to clay, the majority being loam. Their other characteristics include porous and friable structure, absence of lime, kankar and free carbonates, and small quantity of soluble salts. Their chemical composition include non-soluble material 90.47%, iron 3.61%, aluminium 2.92%, organic matter 1.01%, magnesium 0.70%, lime 0.56%, carbon dioxide 0.30%, potash^{[clarification needed]} 0.24%, soda 0.12%, phosphorus 0.09% and nitrogen 0.08%. However, significant regional differences are observed in the chemical composition.

In general these soils are deficient in lime, magnesia, phosphates, nitrogen, humus and potash^{[clarification needed]}. Intense leaching is a menace to these soils. Generally, these soils are infertile due to their high acidity, however they become fertile with the proper use of irrigation and fertilisers.^[1] On the uplands, they are thin, poor and gravelly, sandy, or stony and porous, light-colored soils on which food crops like bajra can be grown. In contrast, on the lower plains and valleys they are rich, deep, dark colored fertile loam on which, under irrigation, can produce excellent crops like cotton, wheat, pulses, tobacco, jowar, linseed, millet, potatoes and fruits. These are also characterized by stunted forest growth and are suited to dry farming.

Morphology[]

Ray Chaudhary (1941)^{[citation needed]} has morphologically grouped Indian red soils into following two categories:

(a) Red Loam Soil: These soils have been formed by the decomposition of granite, gneiss charnocite and diorite rocks. It is cloddy, porous and deficient in concretionary materials. It is poorer in nitrogen, phosphorus and organic materials but rich in potash. Leaching is dominant.

These soils have thin layers and are less fertile. These soils are mainly found in Karnataka (Shimoga, Chikmaglur and Hassan districts), Andhra Pradesh (Rayalaseema), Telangana [Whole Telanana], eastern Tamil Nadu (especially the Tiruvannamalai and Cuddalore districts), Orissa, Jharkhand (Chotanagpur), Uttar Pradesh (Bundelkhand), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat and Chhindwara), Rajasthan (Banswara, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Kota and Ajmer districts), Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland.

(b) Sandy Red Soil: These soils have formed by the disintegration of granite, grani gneiss, quartzite and sandstone. These are 1 friable soil with high content of secondary concretions of sesquioxide clays.

Due to presence of haematite and limonite its colour ranges from red to yellow. These soils have been rightly leached occupying parts of former eastern Madhya Pradesh (excluding Chhattisgarh region), neighbouring hills of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu (Eastern Ghats and Sahyadris.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has divided red soils into four categories: red soils, red gravelly soils, red and yellow soils, and mixed red and black soils.

See also[]

• Ultisol, or red clay soil
• Latosol, or tropical red earth

References[]