Republic of the Rif
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Confederal Tribes of the Rif Tagduda en Arif ⴰⵔⵉⴼ | |||||||||
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1921–1926 | |||||||||
Flag
Coat of arms
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Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of the Rif | |||||||||
Capital | Ajdir | ||||||||
Common languages | Riffian Berber Tamazight | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Government | Confederation | ||||||||
President | |||||||||
• 1921–1926 | Abd el-Krim | ||||||||
Vice President | |||||||||
• 1923–1926 | |||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 18 September 1921 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 27 May 1926 | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | 7.5 million | ||||||||
Currency | (RIFF) | ||||||||
Time zone | UTC+1 | ||||||||
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Today part of |
History of Morocco |
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Morocco portal |
The Republic of the Rif (Berber: Tagduda en Arrif, Arabic: جمهورية الريف Jumhūriyya ar-Rīf), officially The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif, also recorded as the Riff, was a short-lived republic in northern Morocco that existed between 1921 and 1926. It was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif revolted and declared their independence from Spanish occupation as well as from the Moroccan Alawite sultan, Yusef.[1][2][3]
History[]
In 1921, Riffians under the leadership of Abd el-Krim crushed a Spanish offensive under General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual and soon after declared an independent republic on 18 September 1921. [4] The republic was formally constituted in 1923 with Abd el-Krim as Head of state and Ben Hajj Hatmi as Prime Minister.[5]
Abd el-Krim defeated the Spanish many times and drove them back to a few coastal outposts. He wanted to create a stable state for the Berbers to shield them from the long years of fighting. Abd el-Krim sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris to try to establish diplomatic relations with Europe.[citation needed]
In late 1925, the French and Spanish created a joint task force of half a million men supported by tanks and aircraft.[6] From 1923 onwards, the Spanish used German-designed chemical weapons.[7] The Republic of the Rif was dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces on 27 May 1926, after the long and bloody battles of the Rif War in which German-designed chemical weapons were used against the Berber populations by Spanish and French occupation forces but many Rif guerrillas continued to fight until 1927.[8]
See also[]
- Rif War (1920)
- Chemical weapons in the Rif War
References[]
- ^ Day, Richard B.; Gaido, Daniel (2011-11-25). Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I. BRILL. p. 549. ISBN 978-9004201569. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2016-02-19). Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity. Cornell University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9781501704246. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ Hall, John G.; Publishing, Chelsea House (2002). North Africa. Infobase Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9780791057469. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion (Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 96
- ^ "Morocco - The Spanish Zone". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
- ^ Slavin, David H. (Jan 1991), "The French Left and the Rif War, 1924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism", Journal of Contemporary History, 26 (1): 5–32, doi:10.1177/002200949102600101, JSTOR 260628, S2CID 162339547
- ^ Rudibert Kunz: "Con ayuda del más dañino de todos los gases" – Der Gaskrieg gegen die Rif-Kabylen in Spanisch-Marokko in Irmtrud Wojak/Susanne Meinl (eds.): Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt/Main 2004, pp. 153–191 (here: 169–185).
- ^ "Abd el-Krim - Adb el-Krim during the Rif War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
- 1921 establishments in Africa
- 1926 disestablishments
- 1920s in Morocco
- Rif
- Former countries in Africa
- Former republics
- Republicanism in Morocco
- Berber history
- Separatism in Morocco
- Former unrecognized countries
- States and territories established in 1921
- States and territories disestablished in 1926
- Morocco–Spain relations
- Former polities of the interwar period
- Former countries