Richard Gwyn (martyr)

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For the secondary schools, see St Richard Gwyn Roman Catholic High School (disambiguation).
For other people named Richard Gwyn, see Richard Gwyn (disambiguation).

Saint

Richard Gwyn
Richard Gwyn.jpg
Detail of a painting of Richard Gwyn in Wrexham Cathedral
Bornca. 1537
Montgomeryshire, Wales
Died15 October 1584(1584-10-15) (aged 47)
Wrexham, Wales
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Canonized25 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI
Feast17 October

Richard Gwyn (ca. 1537 – 15 October 1584), also known by his anglicised name, Richard White, was a Welsh school teacher and Bard who wrote both Christian and Satirical poetry. A Roman Catholic during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Gwyn was martyred by being hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason at Wrexham in 1584. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. His feast day is celebrated on 17 October.

Early life[]

While little is known of Richard Gwyn's early life, it is known that he was born about 1537 in Llanidloes, Montgomeryshire, Wales and, reportedly, "belonged to an old family long settled there."[1]

At the age of 20 he matriculated at Oxford University, "where he made no great abode",[2] and did not complete a degree. He then went to Cambridge University, "where he lived on the charity of the College",[3] and its then Master, the Roman Catholic Dr. George Bullock.[4] During his time at Cambridge, Gwyn began using the alias "Richard White", "as being the English equivalent of his name".[5]In the early part of the reign of Elizabeth I, Bullock was forced to resign the mastership in July 1559 and Gwyn was forced to leave the college.[6]

After leaving the University, Gwyn returned to Wales and was forced by need and poverty, "to became a teacher before he could perfectly lay the foundation to be a learner."[7] Gwyn served successively as schoolmaster in the Wrexham area villages of Gresford, , and Overton-on-Dee[8] while continuing his studies of the liberal arts, theology, and history.[9] Gwyn was reportedly fascinated by the Welsh folklore and Bardic poetry of the area.[10] According an anonymous contemporary account, "As for his knowledge of the Welsh tongue, he was inferior to none in his country, whereto he hath left to posterity some precedent in writing, eternal monuments of his wit, zeal, virtue, and learning."[11]

Gwyn married Catherine, a young woman from Overton-on-Dee. They had six children, three of whom survived him.[4][12]

Despite repeated threats of both fines and imprisonment, Gwyn made every effort to avoid attending Anglican Sunday Services and taking the Oath of Supremacy. As a Recusant in a small village, Gwyn's adherence to the old faith was common knowledge. Gwyn also made no effort to hide his opinions and openly exhorted his neighbors who had conformed to return to the Catholic Church.[13]

At the time, Bishops of the Established Church were under considerable pressure from Queen Elizabeth I to be arrest Recusants, especially schoolmasters, who exercised great influence.[14] Furthermore, in his book The Other Face: Catholic Life under Elizabeth I, historian Philip Caraman quotes from a 1575 "Report on Wales" that reveals that Richard Gwyn was far from the only Welsh Bard who remained a Catholic. Many other Welsh Catholic Pencarddau ("Chief Bards") were acting on behalf of Catholics within the Welsh nobility and were helping to spread the news about secret Catholic Masses and religious pilgrimages.[15]

For these reasons, Dr. William Downham, a former Roman Catholic priest of the Augustinian Brothers of Penitence who had conformed to Anglicanism and been appointed as the Queen's Bishop of Chester, ordered Gwyn to be arrested and brought before him. The Bishop and local statesman Roger Puleston[16] put considerable pressure upon Gwyn, who reluctantly agreed, out of fear for the welfare of his family, to attend Anglican services the following Sunday. The next Sunday, however, as Gwyn left St. Mary the Virgin Church in Overton-on-Dee following the Anglican service there, he was assaulted and pecked all the way back to his home by a flock of crows and kites. Soon after, Gwyn became so gravely ill that his life was despaired of. Gwyn promised God that if his life were spared, he would return to the Catholic Faith[17] and never again violate his conscience by attending services at a Protestant church.[18] Soon after, the seminary priests began arriving in North Wales from Catholic Europe. Gwyn made his Confession and returned to the religion of his childhood.[19]

Incensed by Gwyn's return to Catholicism, Bishop Downham made Gwyn's life so unbearable that the schoolmaster and his family fled Overton on foot. After finding a new home inside a deserted barn in Erbistock, Gwyn set up the Welsh equivalent to an Irish hedge school for the children of local Catholic families.[20] In time, however, Gwyn was forced to flee from Erbistock as well to avoid arrest.[21]

On a Wednesday night early in 1579, Richard Gwyn was arrested by the Vicar of Wrexham, Rev. Hugh Soulley a former Roman Catholic priest who had conformed to Anglicanism and married,[22] during a visit to the city's Cattle Market. Gwyn was confined to Wrexham Jail, where he was offered his liberty if he would conform to the Established Church. When he refused, Gwyn was told that he would appear before the magistrates the following day. That very night, Gwyn escaped and remained a fugitive for a year and a half.[4][23]

Imprisonment[]

Recapture[]

After eighteen months on the run, Gwyn was on the way one afternoon in July 1580 into Wrexham in order to deliver a secret message that a priest was urgently needed.[24] During his journey, Gwyn was recognized on the public highway by David Edwards, a wealthy Puritan cloth merchant.[25] Even though English law at the time did not permit what is now called a citizen's arrest, Edwards ordered Gwyn to stop. When the latter refused, Edwards drew his dagger and attacked Gwyn, who defended himself with his staff and struck the Puritan such a severe blow on the head that Edwards was thrown to the ground. Gwyn thought at first that he had killed Edwards and stood in silent horror until the Puritan began showing signs of life. Gwyn then took to his heels. Edwards followed in pursuit and cried, "Stop thief! Stop thief!" The Puritan's servants were cutting hay nearby and, hearing their master's cries, they surrounded Gwyn and seized him.[26] David Edwards brought Gwyn into his own house, and kept there in heavy bolts and chains while the magistrates were summoned. After the magistrates took charge of him, Gwyn was taken to Wrexham prison and lodged in an underground dungeon known as "The Black Chamber"[27] (Middle Welsh: Siambrddu).[28]

After laying on the cold ground in the Black Chamber for two days, Gwyn was brought before the Justice of the Peace, Robert Puleston, who ordered that Gwyn be sent to Ruthin Castle and, "very straitly guarded as being vehemently suspected of high treason." For this reason, Gwyn spent his first three months in Ruthin Castle wearing, "strong handbolts on his arms, and a huge pair of bolts on both heels, which were so placed that he could not lie on his side, but, whenever he would sleep, must needs lie on his back or his belly."[29] At the Michaelmas Assizes in 1580, Gwyn was offered his freedom if he would agree to attend Anglican services and to give up the names of the Catholic parents in Erbistock whose children he had taught. Gwyn refused and was returned to Ruthin Castle.[30] By this time, however, Gwyn's jailer, "understanding that he had merely a prisoner for religion to deal with, remitted some part of his former rigour towards him."[31]

Around Christmas 1580, all the prisoners at Ruthin Castle were transferred to Wrexham Jail, where the new jailer greeted Gwyn, "with a great pair of shackles, which was compelled to wear both night and day all the year following."[32]

When brought before the next Assizes, Gwyn again refused to conform.[33]

"Brawling in Church"[]

When the May Assizes were held at Wrexham in 1581, the Chief Justice of Chester, Sir George Bromley, ordered that Gwyn be "taken to church" by force. Gwyn was carried upon the shoulders of six men into St. Giles' Church in Wrexham. Gwyn was carried around the font and laid in heavy shackles before the pulpit to hear the sermon of an Anglican clergyman named Thomas Jones. However, Gwyn, "so stirred his legs that with the noise of his irons the preacher's voice could not be heard."[34] Sir George Bromley ordered that, as punishment, Gwyn was to be placed in the stocks between 10:00am and 8:00pm and sermonized the whole time by Anglican ministers. One Anglican clergyman, who had a very large red nose, attempted to debate with Gwyn concerning the Keys of the Church, which the minister alleged were given just as much to him as to St. Peter the Apostle. "There is this difference", Gwyn replied, "namely, that whereas Peter received the Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven, the keys you received were obviously those of the beer cellar."[35]

At 8:00 pm, Gwyn was finally released from the stocks and limped back to his cell, followed the whole way by the jeering laughter of David Edwards, the Puritan cloth merchant who had arrested him.[36]

At his next court appearance, Gwyn learned he had been indicted and would be tried for the additional charge of "brawling during divine service." However, as James Garm, the clerk of court, began to read the indictment before the jury, he found himself unable to continue doing so and handed it to someone else. When Sir George asked Garm what was the matter, the clerk replied, "I do not know what has happened to my eyes, but I cannot see." Bromley replied, "Speak softly lest the Papists make a miracle of that." Richard Gwyn was found guilty by the jury and fined one hundred marks[37] (£140).[38]

In September 1581, Gwyn was moved to Denbigh Castle and was again brought before Sir George Bromley. Gwyn was fined £280 for refusing to attend Anglican Sunday Services under the penal statute setting the fine for that offense at £20 per month.[39] This fine was in addition to Gwyn's previous fine of £140 for "brawling during divine service".[38] Gwyn replied that he had some funds and could make some payment toward his fines. When Bromley asked what amount he could pay, Gwyn answered, "Six-pence". Outraged, Bromley ordered that Gwyn be returned to prison with extra irons.[40]

Three Recusants[]

At that same assizes, Gwyn was soon joined at Denbigh Castle by two other Catholic prisoners, John Hughes and Robert Morris. In the spring of 1582, they were returned to Wrexham and brought before the Assizes. Instead of being charged or tried with an offence, the judge had ordered that the three Recusants were to hear a sermon by an Anglican clergyman, whose name does not survive, but who is described as a Zwinglian and as the illegitimate son of a Roman Catholic priest. "Their complaint to the judges proving vain",[41] all three prisoners started to heckle the minister (one in Welsh, the second in Latin, and the third in English) until the whole exercise had to be abandoned.[42]

At the same assizes, a complaint was filed against the Sheriff, Edward Hughes of the Holt, for showing allegedly excessive leniency towards the three Recusant prisoners. In response, a committee of four overseers was appointed, which included both Rev. Hugh Soulley and David Edwards, "in order to see to it that no one had access to the prisoners except their wives, and that no relief was given them."[43]

From his position on the committee, Puritan cloth merchant David Edwards continued his persecution of Richard Gwyn. On one occasion, as Gwyn was standing in irons and holding his infant child at the door of Wrexham Jail, Edwards crossed the road and threw Gwyn backward onto the stones. It is said that Edwards left the imprint of the nails on his boots upon Gwyn's face and severely endangered the infant's life.[44]

On another occasion, Edwards instructed his wife and daughter to testify before Judge Jevan Lloyd of Yale that they had seen Richard Gwyn outside Wrexham Jail. The jailor, however, M. Coytmor, was able to prove in court that the man they had seen outside the Jail was Judge Lloyd, rather than Richard Gwyn.[45]

When the Michaelmas Assizes were held at Holt in 1582, Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris were indicted and tried for high treason based on the allegedly perjured testimony of Lewis Gronow of Meriadoc and Rev. Robert Clarke, the new Vicar of Wrexham. The case for the prosecution, however, seems to have broken down. Also, that following Christmas, the new Sheriff, Jevan Lloyd of Yale, relieved the committee of overseers of their offices and loaded Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris down with heavy irons.[46]

Torture[]

In May, 1583, an order was given for the removal of Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris to the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales and the Marches along with the Roman Catholic priest Fr. John Bennett and the layman Harry Pugh.The following November, all five suffered torture at Bewdley and Bridgnorth, by being, "laid to the manacles (a kind of torture at the Council, not inferior to the rack at the Tower of London)."[47]

At about seven or eight in the morning on November 27, 1583, Gwyn was interrogated by Richard Atkyns, the Attorney-General of Wales and the Marches, at the latter's own home. In particular, Atkyns demanded to know Gwyn's opinion of the 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, in which Pope Pius V had declared Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated and deposed for both heresy and religious persecution of the Catholic Church in England and Wales as well as in Ireland. Gwyn replied, "Notwithstanding that Bull (the which I never saw), I believe and confirm that she is our lawful Queen."[48]

Atkyns, however, was unmoved and, from nine o'clock in the morning until dinner time that very day, Gwyn was tortured by being put to the manacles. According to a contemporary account, Gwyn "bestowed all the time of his torments in continual prayer, by craving of God for his tormentors mercy and forgiveness, and for himself safe deliverance from their malice by the merits of Jesus Christ His Passion; and this he did with a loud voice."[49]

It is written, however, that Gwyn's interrogators, "seemed to be tormented with his words, as if they were possessed".[50] Sir George Bromley responded in a rage, "There is no more pity to be had on thee than a mad dog! Wretches like you should all be hanged!"[51]

Gwyn replied, "I pray you put me to death... and therein you shall do me greater pleasure than to kill me continually with torments."[52]

Gwyn then fell to praying in silence and made no further answer to the demands of the interrogators, until at dinnertime, the interrogators finally took Gwyn down and left him alone with the manacles. Immediately after dinner, Gwyn was visited by the Councillors of Wales and the Marches; Sir George Bromley, Henry Townsend, Fabian Phillips, , and Simon Thelwall. They were accompanied by deputy solicitor Thomas Evans and Thomas Sherer, the Keeper of the Judicial Seal of Montgomery and Examiner before the Council of the Marches. After a brief examination, the Councillors departed and Sherer continued the interrogation accompanied by threats of further torture. Although Gwyn remained in the same room with the manacles for two hours afterwards and fully expected to be laid to them a second time, "God protected him from any further cruelty at that time."[53]

Soon afterwards, Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris were returned to Wrexham Jail, where the 1584 spring assizes were allowed to proceed without any further efforts to prosecute them.[54]

Trial and execution[]

Trial[]

Richard Gwyn, John Hughes and Robert Morris were arraigned for high treason at Wrexham on Friday October 9, 1584. They appeared before a panel of judges headed by the Chief Justice of Chester, Sir George Bromley, and including Simon Thelwall, Piers Owen, Dr. Ellis Price, Roger Puleston, Jevan Lloyd of the Yale, and Owen Brereton. Upon coming before the court, Gwyn made the Sign of the Cross, "for which he was mocked and derided by a young man named Francis Bromley, a relative of the Chief Justice."[55]

Witnesses gave evidence that they retained their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church, including that Gwyn composed "certain rhymes of his own making against married priests and ministers" and "[T]hat he had heard him complain of this world; and secondly, that it would not last long, thirdly, that he hoped to see a better world [this was construed as imagining the Queen's death]; and, fourthly, that he confessed the Pope's supremacy." The three also stood accused of trying to make converts.

Despite their defences and objections to the dubious practices of the court Gwyn and Hughes were found guilty. Again Gwyn's life was offered to him on condition that he take the Oath of Supremacy and accept the Queen's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, which he refused to do. Gwyn's wife consoled and encouraged him to the last.[56] During sentencing, Hughes was reprieved and Gwyn condemned to death by hanging, drawing and quartering. His sentence was carried out in the Beast Market at Wrexham on 15 October 1584.

Just before Gwyn was hanged he turned to the crowd and said, "I have been a jesting fellow, and if I have offended any that way, or by my songs, I beseech them for God's sake to forgive me."[57] The hangman pulled on his leg irons hoping to put him out of his pain. When he appeared dead they cut him down, but he revived and remained conscious through the disembowelling, until his head was severed. His last words, in Welsh, were reportedly "Iesu, trugarha wrthyf" ("Jesus, have mercy on me").

Following Richard Gwyn's execution, his severed head and one of his quarters were spiked upon Denbigh Castle. The other three quarters were similarly displayed at Wrexham, Ruthin Castle, and Holt Castle.[58]

Legacy, relics and feast day[]

In 1588, a detailed account of Richard Gwyn's martyrdom written by John Bridgewater in Renaissance Latin was published at Trier, in the book Concertatio Ecclesiae Anglicanae.[59]

Following Catholic Emancipation in 1829, a contemporary manuscript resurfaced which provides a detailed description of Richard Gwyn's life and martyrdom in Elizabethan English. The manuscript, which is held in the archives of St. Beuno's College in Tremeirchion, Denbighshire, Wales, was published for the first time in The Rambler in 1860. This Elizabethan English account has been found far more reliable than Bridgewater's account in Latin, particularly for the dates of Richard Gwyn's trial.[60]

During the early 20th-century, six works of Welsh poetry in strict meter by St. Richard Gwyn, were found by Catholic Record Society member John Hobson Matthews in one of the Llanover Manuscripts. The manuscript is signed by the hand of the famous Welsh Cavalier poet Captain Gwilym Puw and dated 1670. All six poems were literally translated into English from Middle Welsh by Hobson Matthews with the assistance of David Lloyd Thomas and bilingually published for the first time, side by side, by Fr. John Hungerford Pollen in 1908.[61]

Relics of Richard Gwyn are to be found in the Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, seat of the Bishop of Wrexham and also in the Catholic Church of in his native town of Llanidloes.

In addition, St Richard Gwyn Roman Catholic High School, Flintshire was renamed as St Richard Gwyn, having originally been named Blessed Richard Gwyn RC High School in 1954. There is also the St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Barry, Wales.

References[]

  1. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 127.
  2. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 127.
  3. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 127.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Carradice, Phil. "Saint Richard Gwyn, Welsh Catholic martyr", BBC Wales
  5. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 127.
  6. ^ Cooper, Thompson (1886). "Bullock, George" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  7. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 127.
  8. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Pages 127-128.
  9. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 128.
  10. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, page 142.
  11. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 128.
  12. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, page 142.
  13. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 142-143.
  14. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  15. ^ Philip Caraman, The Other Face: Catholic Life under Elizabeth I, Longman, Green and Co Ltd. Page 53.
  16. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 128.
  17. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 128-129.
  18. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  19. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 129.
  20. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  21. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 129.
  22. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 129.
  23. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  24. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 129.
  25. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  26. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Pages 129-130.
  27. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143.
  28. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 130.
  29. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 130.
  30. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143-144.
  31. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 130.
  32. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 131.
  33. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 143-144.
  34. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 131.
  35. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 131.
  36. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 131.
  37. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 131-132.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b "Saint Richard Gwyn", Diocese of Wrexham
  39. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 132.
  40. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, page 144.
  41. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 132-133.
  42. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, page 144.
  43. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 133.
  44. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 133.
  45. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 133.
  46. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Pages 133-134.
  47. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 134.
  48. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 134.
  49. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 134.
  50. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 135.
  51. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 145.
  52. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008), The Lives and Times of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535-1680, pages 145.
  53. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 135.
  54. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 135.
  55. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Pages 135-136.
  56. ^ Burton, Edwin. 'The Venerable Richard White', Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 15, p. 612 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912)Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  57. ^ Edwin Hubert Burton and John Hungerford Pollen, Lives of the English Martyrs, Longmans, Green and Co., 1914, 143.
  58. ^ Edited by Edwin H. Burton & J.H. Pollen, S.J. (1914), Lives of the English Martyrs: Second Series; The Martyrs Declared Venerable. Volume I: 1583-1588. Page 144.
  59. ^ Collected and Edited by John Hungerford Pollen, S.J. (1908), Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs. Volume I: 1584-1603. Page 90.
  60. ^ Collected and Edited by John Hungerford Pollen, S.J. (1908), Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs. Volume I: 1584-1603. Page 90.
  61. ^ Collected and Edited by John Hungerford Pollen, S.J. (1908), Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs. Volume I: 1584-1603. Pages 90-99.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Venerable Richard White". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

  • The Angelus'', October 1978, Volume I, Number 10; "Saint Richard Gwyn" by Malcolm Brennan
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