Riemann–Lebesgue lemma

The Riemann–Lebesgue lemma states that if the integral of a function like the above is small, the integral will approach zero as the number of oscillations increases (this can be seen by considering the real part of the Fourier transform).

In mathematics, the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, named after Bernhard Riemann and Henri Lebesgue, states that the Fourier transform or Laplace transform of an L¹ function vanishes at infinity. It is of importance in harmonic analysis and asymptotic analysis.

Statement[]

If ƒ is L¹ integrable on R^d, that is to say, if the Lebesgue integral of |ƒ| is finite, then the Fourier transform of ƒ satisfies

${\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(z)\equiv \int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}f(x)\exp(-iz\cdot x)\,dx\rightarrow 0{\text{ as }}|z|\rightarrow \infty .}$

Proof[]

First suppose that ${\displaystyle f(x)=\chi _{(a,b)}(x)}$, the indicator function of an open interval.

Then:

${\displaystyle \int f(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx=\int _{a}^{b}e^{i\xi x}\,dx={\frac {e^{i\xi b}-e^{i\xi a}}{i\xi }}\rightarrow 0}$ as ${\displaystyle |\xi |\rightarrow \infty }$

By additivity of limits, the same holds for an arbitrary step function. That is, for any function ${\displaystyle f}$ of the form:

${\displaystyle f=\sum _{i=1}^{N}c_{i}\chi _{(a_{i},b_{i})},~~c_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ,~~a_{i}\leq b_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }$

We have that:

${\displaystyle \lim _{|\xi |\rightarrow \infty }\int f(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx=0}$

Finally, let ${\displaystyle f\in L^{1}}$be arbitrary.

Let ${\displaystyle \varepsilon \in \mathbb {R} >0}$ be fixed.

Since the step functions are dense in ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$, there exists a step function ${\displaystyle g}$ such that:

${\displaystyle \int \left\vert f(x)-g(x)\right\vert \,dx<\varepsilon }$

By our previous argument and the definition of a limit of a complex function, there exists ${\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }$ such that for all ${\displaystyle |\xi |>N}$:

${\displaystyle \left\vert \int g(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx\right\vert <\varepsilon }$

By additivity of integrals:

${\displaystyle \int f(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx=\int (f(x)-g(x))e^{i\xi x}\,dx+\int g(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx}$

By the triangle inequality for complex numbers, the [triangle inequality] for integrals, multiplicativity of the absolute value, and Euler's Formula:

${\displaystyle \left\vert \int f(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx\right\vert \leq \int \left\vert f(x)-g(x)\right\vert \,dx+\left\vert \int g(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx\right\vert }$

For all ${\displaystyle |\xi |>N}$, the right side is bounded by ${\displaystyle 2\varepsilon }$ by our previous arguments. Since ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ was arbitrary, this establishes:

${\displaystyle \lim _{|\xi |\rightarrow \infty }\int f(x)e^{i\xi x}\,dx=0}$

for all ${\displaystyle f\in L^{1}}$.

Other versions[]

The Riemann–Lebesgue lemma holds in a variety of other situations.

• If ƒ is L¹ integrable and supported on (0, ∞), then the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma also holds for the Laplace transform of ƒ. That is,

${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }f(t)e^{-tz}\,dt\to 0}$

as |z| → ∞ within the half-plane Re(z) ≥ 0.

• A version holds for Fourier series as well: if ƒ is an integrable function on an interval, then the Fourier coefficients of ƒ tend to 0 as ${\displaystyle n\to \pm \infty }$,

${\displaystyle {\hat {f}}_{n}\ \to \ 0.}$

This follows by extending ƒ by zero outside the interval, and then applying the version of the lemma on the entire real line.

• A similar statement is trivial for L² functions. To see this, note that the Fourier transform takes L² to L² and such functions have l² Fourier series.

• However, the lemma does not hold for arbitrary distributions. For example, the Dirac delta function distribution formally has a finite integral over the real line, but its Fourier transform is a constant (the exact value depends on the form of the transform used) and does not vanish at infinity.

Applications[]

The Riemann–Lebesgue lemma can be used to prove the validity of asymptotic approximations for integrals. Rigorous treatments of the method of steepest descent and the method of stationary phase, amongst others, are based on the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma.

Proof[]

We'll focus on the one-dimensional case, the proof in higher dimensions is similar. Suppose first that ƒ is a compactly supported smooth function. Then integration by parts yields

${\displaystyle \left|\int f(x)e^{-izx}\,dx\right|=\left|\int {\frac {1}{iz}}f'(x)e^{-izx}\,dx\right|\leq {\frac {1}{|z|}}\int |f'(x)|\,dx\rightarrow 0{\text{ as }}z\rightarrow \pm \infty .}$

If ƒ is an arbitrary integrable function, it may be approximated in the L¹ norm by a compactly supported smooth function g. Pick such a g so that ||ƒ − g||_L¹ < ε. Then

${\displaystyle \limsup _{z\rightarrow \pm \infty }|{\hat {f}}(z)|\leq \limsup _{z\to \pm \infty }\left|\int (f(x)-g(x))e^{-ixz}\,dx\right|+\limsup _{z\rightarrow \pm \infty }\left|\int g(x)e^{-ixz}\,dx\right|\leq \varepsilon +0=\varepsilon ,}$

and since this holds for any ε > 0, the theorem follows.

References[]

• Bochner S., Chandrasekharan K. (1949). Fourier Transforms. Princeton University Press.
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Riemann–Lebesgue Lemma". MathWorld.
• https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Euler%27s_Formula