Page semi-protected

Roswell incident

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Roswell incident
RoswellDailyRecordJuly8,1947.jpg
July 8, 1947, issue of the Roswell Daily Record, announcing the "capture" of a "flying saucer"
Date1947
LocationLincoln County, New Mexico, United States
Coordinates33°58.1′N 105°14.6′W / 33.9683°N 105.2433°W / 33.9683; -105.2433Coordinates: 33°58.1′N 105°14.6′W / 33.9683°N 105.2433°W / 33.9683; -105.2433

The Roswell incident is the 1947 crash of a United States Army Air Forces balloon at a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico, and the subsequent conspiracy theories claiming that the crash involved a flying saucer, and that the truth had been covered up by the United States government.[1][2] On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc" from a ranch near Roswell. The Army quickly retracted the statement and said instead that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.[1]

The Roswell incident did not surface again until the late 1970s, when a retired lieutenant colonel, in an interview with a researcher of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), alleged that the weather balloon account had been a cover-story. Ufologists began promoting a variety of increasingly elaborate conspiracy theories, claiming that one or more alien spacecraft had crash-landed and that the extraterrestrial occupants had been recovered by the military, which then engaged in a cover-up.

In 1994, the United States Air Force published a report identifying the crashed object as a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. A second Air Force report, published in 1997, concluded that stories of "aliens bodies" probably stemmed from test dummies being dropped from high altitude.

Conspiracy theories about the event nevertheless persist, and the Roswell incident continues to be of interest in popular media. The incident has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".[3]

Events of July 1947

The Roswell incident occurred amid the flying saucer craze of 1947.[4] On June 26, media nationwide had reported civilian pilot Kenneth Arnold's story of seeing what he labelled "Flying Saucers". Historians would later chronicle over 800 "copycat" sightings that were reported after the Arnold story was published.[5]

Debris discovered

The sequence of events was triggered in late June or early July 1947, when William "Mac" Brazel, a ranch foreman, noticed clusters of debris on the Foster ranch, which was about 30 miles (50 km) outside of Roswell. Initial press coverage suggested Brazel first noticed the material in early July, though later reports suggested a June date for the discovery of debris.[6]

Discovery reported to authorities (July 6)

A 1946 patch of the 509th Bomb Group.

On or around July 6, Brazel reported the discovery to Sheriff George Wilcox in Roswell.[6] Wilcox, in turn, called RAAF intelligence officer Major Jesse Marcel, who assembled a detail to visit the Foster ranch. Around 4 PM that afternoon, Brazel left Roswell, followed by Marcel, Lt Colonel Sheridan Cavitt and Master Sergeant Bill Rickett.[7]

The following morning, presumably July 7, the Army Air Force detail inspected the debris on the Foster ranch and transported some or all of it back to Roswell.[8]

Public announcement of a recovered "flying disc" (July 8)

The Sacramento Bee article detailing the RAAF statements

On July 8, 1947, RAAF public information officer Walter Haut issued a press release stating that personnel from the field's 509th Operations Group had recovered a "flying disc", which had landed on a ranch near Roswell. The report was immediately picked up by numerous news outlets:[9]

The many rumors regarding the flying disc became a reality yesterday when the intelligence office of the 509th Bomb group of the Eighth Air Force, Roswell Army Air Field, was fortunate enough to gain possession of a disc through the cooperation of one of the local ranchers and the sheriff's office of Chaves County.

The flying object landed on a ranch near Roswell sometime last week. Not having phone facilities, the rancher stored the disc until such time as he was able to contact the sheriff's office, who in turn notified Maj. Jesse A. Marcel of the 509th Bomb Group Intelligence Office.

Action was immediately taken and the disc was picked up at the rancher's home. It was inspected at the Roswell Army Air Field and subsequently loaned by Major Marcel to higher headquarters.[10][11]

Researcher Kendrick Frazier notes: "The idea of alien spacecraft hadn’t gained hold yet. At best the concern was that if they were physical craft at all, they might be Soviet or even holdover Nazi aircraft."[12]

Weather balloon vs. nuclear test monitoring balloon (July 9)

Colonel William H. Blanchard, commanding officer of the 509th, contacted General Roger M. Ramey of the Eighth Air Force in Fort Worth, Texas, and Ramey ordered the object be flown to Fort Worth Army Air Field. At the base, Warrant Officer Irving Newton confirmed Ramey's preliminary opinion, identifying the object as being a weather balloon and its "kite",[13] a nickname for a radar reflector used to track the balloons from the ground.

A telex sent to a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) office from the Fort Worth, Texas, office quoted a Major from the Eighth Air Force (also based in Fort Worth at Carswell Air Force Base) on July 8, 1947, as saying that "The disc is hexagonal in shape and was suspended from a ballon [sic] by cable, which ballon [sic] was approximately twenty feet (6 m) in diameter. Major Curtan further advices advises [sic] that the object found resembles a high altitude weather balloon with a radar reflector, but that telephonic conversation between their office and Wright field had not [UNINTELLIGIBLE] borne out this belief."[14]

On July 11, 1947, airmen at Fort Worth Army Air Field demonstrate for assembled press.

On July 9, the press reported that General Ramey had stated that a weather balloon was recovered by the RAAF personnel. A press conference was held, featuring debris (foil, rubber and wood) said to be from the crashed object, which matched the weather balloon description. Historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the intended effect was achieved: "the story died the next day".[15]

As described in the July 9, 1947, edition of the Roswell Daily Record:

The balloon which held it up, if that was how it worked, must have been 12 feet [3.5 m] long, [Brazel] felt, measuring the distance by the size of the room in which he sat. The rubber was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards [180 m] in diameter. When the debris was gathered up, the tinfoil, paper, tape, and sticks made a bundle about three feet [1 m] long and 7 or 8 inches [18 or 20 cm] thick, while the rubber made a bundle about 18 or 20 inches [45 or 50 cm] long and about 8 inches [20 cm] thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would have weighed maybe five pounds [2 kg]. There was no sign of any metal in the area which might have been used for an engine, and no sign of any propellers of any kind, although at least one paper fin had been glued onto some of the tinfoil. There were no words to be found anywhere on the instrument, although there were letters on some of the parts. Considerable Scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had been used in the construction. No strings or wires were to be found but there were some eyelets in the paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may have been used.[16]

On July 9, Brazel told the Roswell Daily Record that the debris consisted of "large area of bright wreckage made up of rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough paper and sticks."[17] He paid little attention to it but returned later with his wife and daughter to gather up some of the debris.[17] Some accounts have described Brazel as having gathered some of the material earlier, rolling it together and stashing it under some brush.[13]

On July 9, Marcel explained: "[We] spent a couple of hours Monday afternoon [July 7] looking for any more parts of the weather device", said Marcel. "We found a few more patches of tinfoil and rubber."[8] That day it was reported that Brazel had reported the debris after hearing reports about "flying discs" and wondering if that was what he had picked up, then going to see Sheriff Wilcox where he "whispered kinda confidential like" that he may have found a flying disc.[17]

Subsequent publications and conspiracy claims

At Fort Worth Army Air Field, Major Jesse A. Marcel posing with debris on July 8, 1947.

After the initial newspaper reports of 1947, the Roswell incident faded from public attention for more than 30 years,[18] when interest re-emerged in the late 1970s. The Roswell incident was featured in films, TV shows, and books. Amid increasingly complex conspiracy theories, multiple hoaxes and legends about "alien bodies" were incorporated into the Roswell mythos. The trend culminated in 1995's purported footage of an "Alien Autopsy", which filmmakers later revealed to be a hoax (though they preferred the term "reconstruction").

Renewed interest (1978)

In February 1978, UFO researcher Stanton Friedman interviewed Jesse Marcel, the only person known to have accompanied the Roswell debris from where it was recovered to Fort Worth where reporters saw material that was claimed to be part of the recovered object.

In November 1979, Marcel's first filmed interview was featured in a documentary titled "UFO's Are Real", co-written by Friedman.[19] The film had a limited release but was later syndicated for broadcasting. On February 28, 1980, sensationalist tabloid the National Enquirer brought large-scale attention to the Marcel story.[20] On September 20, 1980, the TV series In Search of... aired an interview where Marcel described his participation in the 1947 press conference:

"They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed – told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently."[19][21]

The accounts given by Friedman and others in the following years elevated Roswell from a forgotten incident to perhaps the most famous UFO case of all time.[3] Marcel gave a final interview to HBO's America Undercover which aired in August 1985.[22] In all his statements, Marcel consistently denied the presence of bodies.[23] Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Stanton T. Friedman, William Moore, Karl T. Pflock, and the team of Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt interviewed several hundred people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947.[24] Their conclusions were that at least one alien spacecraft crashed near Roswell and a government cover-up of the incident had taken place.[3]

The Roswell Incident (1980)

The 1980 publication of The Roswell Incident included more witnesses to debris marked the first time stories of "alien bodies" were associated with Roswell.[25]

In October 1980, Marcel's story was featured in the book The Roswell Incident by Charles Berlitz and William Moore. The authors had previously written popular books on such fringe topics as the Philadelphia Experiment and on the Bermuda Triangle.[1] Though he was uncredited, Friedman carried out some research for the book.[26]

The book's narrative holds that an alien craft was flying over the New Mexico desert observing US nuclear weapons activity, but crashed after being hit by lightning, killing the aliens on board; a government cover-up duly followed.[1] Historian Kathy Olmsted writes that book's narrative has come to be known as "version 1" of the Roswell myth. Berlitz and Moore's narrative was dominant until the late 1980s when other authors, attracted by the commercial potential of writing about Roswell, started producing rival accounts.[27]

Debris and cover-up

The Roswell Incident featured accounts of debris described by Marcel as "nothing made on this earth."[28] Additional accounts by Bill Brazel,[29] son of rancher Mac Brazel, neighbor Floyd Proctor[30] and Walt Whitman Jr.,[31] son of newsman W. E. Whitman who had interviewed Mac Brazel, suggested the material Marcel recovered had super-strength not associated with a weather balloon.

The book introduced the contention that debris which was recovered by Marcel at the Foster ranch, visible in photographs showing Marcel posing with the debris, was substituted for debris from a weather device as part of a cover-up.[32][33] The book also claimed that the debris recovered from the ranch was not permitted a close inspection by the press. The efforts by the military were described as being intended to discredit and "counteract the growing hysteria towards flying saucers".[34] Two accounts of witness intimidation were included in the book, including the incarceration of Mac Brazel.[35][36]

The authors claimed to have interviewed over 90 witnesses, though the testimony of only 25 appears in the book. Only seven of these people claimed to have seen the debris. Of these, five claimed to have handled it.[37]

First mention of alien bodies

Roswell incident is located in New Mexico
Corona debris (1947)
Corona debris
(1947)
Barnett Legend (1980)
Barnett Legend (1980)
Aztec Hoax (1948)
Aztec Hoax (1948)
Roswell Army Air Field (1947)
Roswell Army Air Field
(1947)
In 1947, officers from Roswell Army Air Field investigated a debris field near Corona. By the 1980s, popular accounts conflated the debris investigation with two separate myths of humanoid bodies over 300 miles away from Roswell.[38]

The Roswell Incident (1980) was the first book to introduce the controversial second-hand stories of civil engineer Grady "Barney" Barnett and a group of archaeology students from an unidentified university encountering wreckage and "alien bodies" while on the Plains of San Agustin before being escorted away by the Army.[25] The second-hand Barnett stories were described by ufologists as the "one aspect of the account that seemed to conflict with the basic story about the retrieval of highly unusual debris from a sheep ranch outside Corona, New Mexico, in July 1947".[39]

Many alleged first-hand accounts of the Roswell incident actually contain information from the Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident,[40] a hoaxed flying saucer crash which gained national notoriety after being promoted by journalist Frank Scully in his articles and a 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers. The hoax included stories of humanoid bodies and metals with unusual properties.[41][40][42]

UFO Crash at Roswell (1991)

Brig. General Roger Ramey, left, and Col. Thomas J. DuBose pose with debris.

In 1991, Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt published UFO Crash at Roswell. They added testimony from 100 new witnesses,[27] including those who reported an elaborate military cordon and debris recovery operation at the Foster ranch. The book included the new claims of a "gouge ... that extended four or five hundred feet [120 or 150 m]" at the ranch.[43]

Randle and Schmitt reported Gen. Arthur Exon had been directly aware of debris and bodies, but Exon disputed his depiction, saying his comments had been based exclusively on second-hand rumors.[44] The 1991 book sold 160,000 copies and served as the basis for the 1994 television film Roswell.[45][46] Also in 1991, retired USAF Brigadier General Thomas DuBose, who had posed with debris for press photographs in 1947, publicly acknowledged the weather balloon cover story, corroborating Marcel's previous admissions.[47][48][49]

The Barnett "alien body" accounts were mentioned in the 1991 book, though the dates and locations were changed from the accounts found in 1980's The Roswell Incident. In this new account, Brazel was described as leading the Army to a second crash site on the ranch, at which point the Army personnel were supposedly "horrified to find civilians [including Barnett] there already."[50]

Mortician's purported eyewitness account

Gray alien body at Glenn Dennis's UFO museum in Roswell

UFO Crash at Roswell (1991) prominently featured the stories of mortician Glenn Dennis. On September 20, 1989, an episode of Unsolved Mysteries had included second-hand stories of "Barney" Barnett seeing alien bodies captured by the Army. Mortician Dennis had called the show's hotline claiming to have knowledge of the events. Dennis claimed to have received "four or five calls" from Air Base with questions about body preservation and inquiries about small or hermetically-sealed caskets; he further claimed that a local nurse told him she had witnessed an "alien autopsy". Dennis's stories of Roswell alien autopsies were the first account to allege alien corpses at the Roswell Army Air Base.[3] Pflock observed that Dennis's story "sounds like a B-grade thriller conceived by Oliver Stone."[51]

In September 1991, Dennis co-founded a UFO museum in Roswell along with former RAAF public affairs officer Walter Haut and Max Littell, a real estate salesman.[52] Dennis appeared in multiple documentaries repeating his story.[53][54]

Randle deemed Glenn Dennis one of the "least credible" Roswell witnesses. Randle said Dennis was not credible "for changing the name of the nurse once we had proved she didn't exist."[55] Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning concurs that Dennis cannot be regarded as a reliable witness, considering that he had seemingly waited over 40 years before he started recounting a series of unconnected events. Such events, Dunnings argues, were then arbitrarily joined together to form what has become the most popular narrative of the alleged alien crash.[56] Some prominent UFOlogists including Karl T. Pflock,[57] Kent Jeffrey,[57] and William L. Moore[57] have become convinced that there were no aliens or alien spacecraft involved in the Roswell crash.

Alien body exhibit at Glenn Dennis's UFO Museum in Roswell

Competing accounts and schism (1992)

In 1992, Stanton Friedman released Crash at Corona, co-authored with Don Berliner.[46] The book introduced new "witnesses" and added to the narrative by doubling the number of flying saucers to two, and the number of aliens to eight – two of which were said to have survived and been taken into custody by the government.[46] In 1994, Randle and Schmitt authored another book, The Truth about the UFO Crash at Roswell which included a claim that alien bodies were taken by cargo plane to be viewed by Dwight D. Eisenhower.[46]

The existence of so many differing accounts led to a schism among ufologists about the events at Roswell.[58] The Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS) and the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), two leading UFO societies, disagreed in their views of the various scenarios presented by Randle–Schmitt and Friedman–Berliner; several conferences were held to try to resolve the differences. One issue under discussion was where Barnett was when he saw the alien craft he was said to have encountered. A 1992 UFO conference attempted to achieve a consensus among the various scenarios portrayed in Crash at Corona and UFO Crash at Roswell; however, the publication of The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell "resolved" the Barnett problem by simply ignoring Barnett and citing a new location for the alien craft recovery, including a new group of archaeologists not connected to the ones the Barnett story cited.[58]

Air Force response (1994–1997)

In 1997, the US Government released a report concluding that the Roswell Incident stemmed from a Project MOGUL balloon and anthropomorphic test dummies.

After United States congressional inquiries, the General Accounting Office launched an inquiry and directed the Office of the United States Secretary of the Air Force to conduct an internal investigation. The result was summarized in two reports. The first, released in 1994, concluded that the material recovered in 1947 was likely debris from Project Mogul, a military surveillance program employing high-altitude balloons (and classified portion of an unclassified New York University project by atmospheric researchers[59]). The second report, released in 1997, concluded that reports of recovered alien bodies were likely a combination of innocently transformed memories of accidents involving military casualties with memories of the recovery of anthropomorphic dummies in military programs such as the 1950s Operation High Dive, mixed with hoaxes perpetrated by various witnesses and UFO proponents. The psychological effects of time compression and confusion about when events occurred explained the discrepancy with the years in question.[60][61][1]

By the 1990s, a scholarly consensus emerged concluding that the military decided to conceal the true purpose of the crashed device—nuclear test monitoring—and instead inform the public that the crash was of a weather balloon.[1] The balloon had been launched from Alamogordo Army Air Field a month earlier. It carried a radar reflector and classified Project Mogul sensors for experimental monitoring of Soviet nuclear testing.[62]

The Air Force reports were dismissed by UFO proponents as being either disinformation or simply implausible, though skeptical researchers such as Philip J. Klass[63] and Robert Todd, who had been expressing doubts regarding accounts of aliens for several years, used the reports as the basis for skeptical responses to claims by UFO proponents. After the release of the Air Force reports, several books, such as Kal Korff's The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You To Know (1997), built on the evidence presented in the reports to conclude "there is no credible evidence that the remains of an extraterrestrial spacecraft was [sic] involved."[24]

Alien autopsy footage (1995)

Main article: Alien autopsy
VHS cover of Alien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction

In 1995, film footage purporting to show an alien autopsy and claimed to have been taken by a US military official shortly after the Roswell incident was released by Ray Santilli, a London-based video entrepreneur. The footage caused an international sensation when it aired on television networks around the world.[63] Santilli admitted in 2006 that the film was mostly a reconstruction, but continued to claim it was based on genuine footage now lost, and some original frames that had supposedly survived. A fictionalized version of the creation of the footage and its release was retold in the comedy film Alien Autopsy (2006).[64][65]

The Day After Roswell (1997)

In 1997, former Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso reported in his autobiographical book The Day After Roswell that the Roswell Crash did happen and that when he was assigned to Fort Riley (Kansas) in July 1947, a Sergeant showed him purportedly-nonhuman bodies that were from an "air crash".[66] Corso further claimed that years later, he helped oversee a project to reverse engineer recovered crash debris. Philip Klass analyzed his claims line by line and exposed many inconsistencies and factual errors.[67] Corso's story was noted for its similarities to the film "Terminator 2" which had been released six years prior; In that film, civilians secretly attempt to reverse-engineer extraordinary technology of unknown origin.[68]

In 1991, Glenn Dennis and Walter Haute opened a UFO museum in Roswell.

Haut document (2007)

In 2007 Donald Schmitt and Tom Carey published the book Witness to Roswell, which prominently featured a document said to be a sworn affidavit by Walter Haut, who had written the first Army press release about the Roswell crash in 1947.[69] The document, alleged to have been left by Haut and opened only after his death in 2005, includes a description of the 1947 crash debris having been discussed by high-ranking staff and how Haut had seen alien bodies.[69][70] The claims, however, drew an unimpressed response even from ufologists: Dennis Balthaser said that the document was not written by Haut, and that by 2000 Haut's mental state was such he could not recall basic details about his past, making the detail contained in the affidavit seem dubious.[69] Physicist and skeptic Dave Thomas commented: "Is Roswell still the 'best' UFO incident? If it is, UFO proponents should be very, very worried."[69]

On October 26, 2007, Bill Richardson (who at the time was a candidate for the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President) was asked about releasing government files on Roswell. Richardson responded that when he was a Congressman, he attempted to get information on behalf of his New Mexico constituents, but was told by both the Department of Defense and Los Alamos Labs that the information was classified. "That ticked me off", he said, "the government doesn't tell the truth as much as it should on a lot of issues." He promised to work on opening the files if he were elected president.[71]

Stalin-Mengele conspiracy theory (2011)

Joseph Stalin in 1943.

In 2011, American journalist Annie Jacobsen's Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base featured a claim that Josef Mengele, a German SS officer and a doctor in Auschwitz, was recruited by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to produce "grotesque, child-size aviators" to be remotely piloted and landed in America in order to cause hysteria similar to Orson Welles' The War of the Worlds (1938).[72]

The book was criticized for extensive errors by scientists from the Federation of American Scientists.[73] Historian Richard Rhodes, writing in The Washington Post, also criticized the book's sensationalistic reporting of "old news" and its "error-ridden" reporting. He wrote: "All of [her main source's] claims appear in one or another of the various publicly available Roswell/UFO/Area 51 books and documents churned out by believers, charlatans and scholars over the past 60 years. In attributing the stories she reports to an unnamed engineer and Manhattan Project veteran while seemingly failing to conduct even minimal research into the man’s sources, Jacobsen shows herself at a minimum extraordinarily gullible or journalistically incompetent."[74]

Continued debunking (2017–2020)

In September 2017, UK newspaper The Guardian reported on Kodachrome slides which some had claimed showed a dead space alien.[75] First presented at a BeWitness event in Mexico, organised by Jaime Maussan and attended by almost 7,000 people, days afterwards it was revealed that the slides were in fact of a mummified Native American child discovered in 1896 and which had been on display at the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum in Mesa Verde, Colorado, for many decades.[75]

In February 2020, an Air Force historian revealed a recently-declassified report of a circa-1951 incident in which two Roswell personnel donned poorly fitting radioactive suits, complete with oxygen masks, while retrieving a weather balloon after an atomic test. On one occasion, they encountered a lone woman in the desert, who fainted when she saw them. The personnel could have appeared, to someone unaccustomed to then-modern gear, to be alien.[76]

Evidence

Although there is no evidence that a UFO crashed at Roswell, believers firmly hold to the belief that one did, and that the truth has been concealed as a result of a government conspiracy.[77] B. D. Gildenberg has called the Roswell incident "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".[3]

Pflock said, "[T]he case for Roswell is a classic example of the triumph of quantity over quality. The advocates of the crashed-saucer tale ... simply shovel everything that seems to support their view into the box marked 'Evidence' and say, 'See? Look at all this stuff. We must be right.' Never mind the contradictions. Never mind the lack of independent supporting fact. Never mind the blatant absurdities."[78] Korff suggests there are clear incentives for some people to promote the idea of aliens at Roswell, and that many researchers were not doing competent work: "[The] UFO field is comprised of people who are willing to take advantage of the gullibility of others, especially the paying public. Let's not pull any punches here: The Roswell UFO myth has been very good business for UFO groups, publishers, for Hollywood, the town of Roswell, the media, and UFOlogy ... [The] number of researchers who employ science and its disciplined methodology is appallingly small."[79]

B. D. Gildenberg wrote there were as many as 11 reported alien recovery sites[3] and these recoveries bore only a marginal resemblance to the event as initially reported in 1947, or as recounted later by the initial witnesses. Some of these new accounts could have been confused accounts of the several known recoveries of injured and dead servicemen from four military plane crashes that occurred in the area from 1948 to 1950.[80] Other accounts could have been based on memories of recoveries of test dummies, as suggested by the Air Force in their reports. Charles Ziegler argued that the Roswell story has all the hallmarks of a traditional folk narrative. He identified six distinct narratives, and a process of transmission via storytellers with a core story that was created from various witness accounts and was then shaped and molded by those who carry on the UFO community's tradition. Other "witnesses" were then sought out to expand the core narrative, with those giving accounts not in line with the core beliefs being repudiated or simply omitted by the "gatekeepers".[81][82] Others then retold the narrative in its new form. This whole process would repeat over time.

Problems with witness accounts

Though hundreds of people were interviewed by various researchers, only a few of these people claimed to have seen debris or aliens. Most witnesses were just repeating the claims of others. Pflock notes that of these 300-plus individuals reportedly interviewed for UFO Crash at Roswell (1991) , only 41 can be "considered genuine first- or second-hand witnesses" and only 23 can be "reasonably thought to have seen physical evidence, debris". Of these, only seven have asserted anything suggestive of otherworldly origins for the debris.[83]

In The Roswell Incident, Marcel stated, "Actually, this material may have looked like tinfoil and balsa wood, but the resemblance ended there ... They took one picture of me on the floor holding up some of the less-interesting metallic debris ... The stuff in that one photo was pieces of the actual stuff we found. It was not a staged photo."[84] Timothy Printy points out that the material Marcel positively identified as being part of what he recovered is material that skeptics and UFO advocates agree is debris from a balloon device.[14] After that fact was pointed out to him, Marcel changed his story to say that that material was not what he recovered.[14] Skeptics like Robert Todd argued that Marcel had a history of embellishment and exaggeration, such as claiming to have been a pilot and having received five Air Medals for shooting down enemy planes, claims that were all found to be false, and skeptics feel that his evolving Roswell story was simply another instance of this tendency to fabricate.[85]

Problems with alien body witnesses

As for the accounts from those who claimed to have seen aliens, critics identified problems ranging from the reliability of second-hand accounts to credibility problems with witnesses making demonstrably false claims, or multiple, contradictory accounts, to dubious death-bed confessions or accounts from elderly and easily confused witnesses.[86][87][88] Pflock noted that only four people with supposed firsthand knowledge of alien bodies were interviewed by Roswell authors.[89] All reports of bodies came about a minimum of 31 years after the fact.[3]

Greys and False Memory Syndrome

See also: Barney and Betty Hill § Similarity to The Outer Limits
A classic "Grey Alien" as depicted at Dennis & Haute's museum in Roswell

In popular lore, "grays are said to be the creatures whose flying saucer crashed near Roswell in 1947. Various claims have the grays' bodies found among the wreckage while others assert that some survived". However, no mention of alien bodies related to the Roswell incident occurs until 1980.[25]

In the interval between 1947 and 1980, the idea of Grey aliens had entered the public consciousness beginning with the Betty and Barney Hill incident. In December 1963, Betty Hill and her husband Barney sought out a psychiatrist after Betty experienced recurring nightmares. On February 10, 1964, the ABC Network broadcast an episode of the science fiction television show The Outer Limits that featured an extraterrestrial with large, wrap-around eyes. Twelve days later, during a hypnosis session, Barney Hill told his psychiatrist a story about a being with wrap-around eyes.[90] Modern psychiatric consensus is that Hill experienced false memory syndrome, in which therapy methods such as hypnosis lead to confabulations.[91]

On October 20, 1975, the NBC network aired a made-for-TV movie inspired by the Hills starring James Earl Jones. Depictions of Grey aliens would go on to appear in a number of books, films, and television shows, such as the 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind.[92] Greys would later be incorporated into the Roswell legend.[93]

Presidential comments

In a 2012 visit to Roswell, Obama joked "I come in peace", while in December 2020, Obama joked with Stephen Colbert: "It used to be that UFOs and Roswell was the biggest conspiracy. And now that seems so tame, the idea that the government might have an alien spaceship."[94][95][96]

In a 2014 interview, former President Bill Clinton reported that his administration had investigated the incident, saying "When the Roswell thing came up, I knew we’d get gazillions of letters. So I had all the Roswell papers reviewed, everything".[97]

When asked during a 2015 interview with GQ magazine about whether he had looked at top-secret classified information, President Barack Obama replied, "I gotta tell you, it's a little disappointing. People always ask me about Roswell and the aliens and UFOs, and it turns out the stuff going on that's top secret isn't nearly as exciting as you expect. In this day and age, it's not as top secret as you'd think."[98] In June 2020, then-President Donald Trump, when asked if he would consider releasing more information about the Roswell incident, said "I won’t talk to you about what I know about it, but it’s very interesting."[99]

Roswell as myth

A June 1997 CNN/Time poll revealed that the majority of people interviewed believed that aliens had indeed visited Earth, and that aliens had landed at Roswell, but that all the relevant information was being kept secret by the US government.[100] According to anthropologists Susan Harding and Kathleen Stewart, the Roswell Story was a prime example of how a discourse moved from the fringes to the mainstream according to the prevailing zeitgeist: public preoccupation in the 1980s with "conspiracy, cover-up and repression" aligned well with the Roswell narratives as told in the "sensational books" which were being published.[101] Additionally, skeptics and some social anthropologists[102] saw the increasingly elaborate accounts of alien crash landings and government cover-ups as evidence of a myth being constructed.

Prominent skeptics Joe Nickell and co-author James McGaha identified a myth-making process, which they called the "Roswellian syndrome".[103] In this syndrome, a myth is proposed to have five distinct stages of development: incident, debunking, submergence, mythologizing, and reemergence and media bandwagon effect. The authors predicted that the Roswellian syndrome would "play out again and again",[103] in other UFO and conspiracy-theory stories.

In popular fiction

  • In the 1980 film Hangar 18, an alien ship crashes in the desert of the US Southwest. Debris and bodies are recovered, but their existence is covered up by the government.[104][105] Filmmaker James L. Conway summarized the film as "a modern-day dramatization of the Roswell incident".[105]
  • The 1993–2002 TV series The X-Files included the Roswell Incident as a recurring motif, most prominently in "My Struggle".[106] The 1996 episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" satirized the Santelli Alien Autopsy film.[107]
  • In the 1995 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Little Green Men", protagonists from the 24th century travel back in time and cause the Roswell incident.[108]
  • In the 1996 film Independence Day, an alien invasion prompts the revelation of a Roswell crash and cover-up extending even to the President of the United States.[109]
  • The 1996–97 series Dark Skies featured a shadowy conspiracy to cover up the Roswell Incident. The show's tagline was "History as we know it is a lie."[110]
  • The 1996 comic series Roswell, Little Green Man was inspired by the story of the Roswell Incident.
  • The 1998-2001 TV series Seven Days features time-travel technology developed after a crash at Roswell.
  • The 1999 made-for-TV movie Roswell: The Aliens Attack features survivors of Roswell bent on destroying the Earth.
  • The 1999–2002 TV series Roswell aired based on the Roswell High series of books.
  • In the 2001 Futurama episode "Roswell That Ends Well", protagonists from the 31st century travel back in time and cause the Roswell incident.[111]
  • The 2002 miniseries Taken depicts the aftermath of the Roswell Incident.
  • The 2006 comedy Alien Autopsy revolves around the 1990s-creation of the Santilli film.[112]
  • The 2006–08 online graphic novel Roswell, Texas references the Roswell Incident.
  • The 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull sees the protagonist on a quest for an alien body from the Roswell Incident.
  • The 2011 film Paul tells the story of Roswell tourists who rescue a grey alien.

See also

  • Kecksburg UFO incident
  • List of conspiracy theories
  • List of reported UFO sightings
  • Nazi UFOs
  • UFO conspiracy theory
  • Storm Area 51

References

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Olmsted 2009, p. 184: Olmsted writes "When one of these balloons smashed into the sands of the New Mexico ranch, the military decided to hide the project's real purpose." The official Air Force report (Weaver & McAndrew 1995) had concluded (p. 9) "... the material recovered near Roswell was consistent with a balloon device and most likely from one of the MOGUL balloons that had not been previously recovered."
  2. ^ Frazier 2017: "Flight 4 was launched June 4, 1947, from Alamogordo Army Air Field and tracked flying northeast toward Corona. It was within 17 miles [27 km] of the Brazel ranch when contact was lost."
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gildenberg 2003
  4. ^ Bloecher, Ted (April 29, 1967). Report on the UFO Wave of 1947 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Grossman, Wendy M.; French, Christopher C. (September 19, 2017). Why Statues Weep: The Best of the "Skeptic". Routledge. ISBN 9781134962525 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b [unreliable source?]"United Press Teletype Messages". Roswell Proof. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  7. ^ Weaver, Colonel Richard L.; McAndrew, 1st Lt. James (1995). The Roswell Report: Fact versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert (PDF). Washington DC: Headquarters United States Air Force. p. 160. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "New Mexico Rancher's 'Flying Disk' Proves to be Weather Balloon-Kite". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 9, 1947. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  9. ^ "RAAF Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in Roswell Region". Roswell Daily Record. July 8, 1947. p. Front. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  10. ^ Printy 1999, Chapter 5
  11. ^ Sacramento Bee July 8, 1947
  12. ^ Kreidler, Marc (December 26, 2017). "The Roswell Incident at 70: Facts, Not Myths | Skeptical Inquirer".
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b "New Mexico 'Disc' Declared Weather Balloon and Kite". Los Angeles Examiner. Associated Press. July 9, 1947. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c [unreliable source?]Printy 1999, Chapter 6
  15. ^ Goldberg 2001, p. 192
  16. ^ "Harassed Rancher who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told about It". Roswell Daily Record. July 9, 1947. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Harassed Rancher who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told About it". Roswell Daily Record. July 9, 1947. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  18. ^ Goldberg 2001, p. 193
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "UFO's Are Real" – via IMDb.
  20. ^ Clary, David A. (January 22, 2001). Before and After Roswell: The Flying Saucer in America, 1947–1999. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462841295 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ "Aliens Changed Roswell, Even Without Proof". ABC News.
  22. ^ "UFO's: What's Going On?". September 10, 1985 – via IMDb.
  23. ^ The Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. April 29, 1998 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Korff, Kal (August 1997). "What Really Happened at Roswell". Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c Goldberg 2001
  26. ^ Korff 1997, pp. 1–264
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg 2001, p. 197
  28. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 28
  29. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 79
  30. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 83
  31. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 88–89
  32. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 33
  33. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 67–69
  34. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 42
  35. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 75
  36. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 75, 88
  37. ^ Korff 1997, p. 29
  38. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 82
  39. ^ http://www.cufos.org/books/Plains_of_San_AgustinR.pdf
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b Greer, John Michael (2009). The UFO Phenomenon: Fact, Fantasy and Disinformation (1st ed.). Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-738-71319-9.
  41. ^ Tampa Bay Times (St. Petersburg, Florida) 08 Sep 1950, Fri
  42. ^ Malkin, Bonnie (April 11, 2011). "'Exploding UFOs and Alien Landings' in Secret FBI Files". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  43. ^ Randle & Schmitt 1991, p. 200
  44. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 36
  45. ^ "IMDb – Roswell". Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldberg 2001, p. 199
  47. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 33
  48. ^ DuBose affidavit as cited in Pflock
  49. ^ Thomas Dubose interview in Recollections of Roswell (1992), as cited by Pflock
  50. ^ Randle & Schmitt 1991, p. 206
  51. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 127
  52. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 51
  53. ^ Unsolved Mysteries, 18 September 1994, for example
  54. ^ ""Unsolved Mysteries" Mysteries of Alien Beings (TV Episode 1994) – IMDb" – via www.imdb.com.
  55. ^ [unreliable source?]"Kevin Randle of the UK-UFO-NW #UFO Channel". Center for UFO Studies. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  56. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #79: Aliens in Roswell". Skeptoid. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b c Klass 1997
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 24–25
  59. ^ Frazier, Kendrick (2017). "The Roswell Incident at 70: Facts, Not Myths". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (6): 12–15. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  60. ^ James MacAndrew (31 March 1997). Roswell Reports, Volume 1. Department of the Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  61. ^ Broad, William J. (June 24, 1997). "Air Force debunks Roswell UFO story". The Day, New London, CT. New York Times News Service. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  62. ^ Frazier 2017.
  63. ^ Jump up to: a b "Roswell incident, on season 8 , episode 2". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006.
  64. ^ Osborn, Michael (April 5, 2006). "Ant and Dec Leap into the Unknown". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on April 9, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  65. ^ "Max Headroom Creator Made Roswell Alien". The Sunday Times. April 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  66. ^ Philip J. Corso; William J. Birnes (1997). The Day After Roswell. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-00461-1.
  67. ^ Klass 1998
  68. ^ Bara, Mike (August 28, 2016). Hidden Agenda: NASA and the Secret Space Program. SCB Distributors. ISBN 9781939149749 – via Google Books.
  69. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Thomas 2009
  70. ^ "Roswell Theory Revived by Deathbed Confession". The Sunday Telegraph. July 1, 2007. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  71. ^ Slater, Wayne (October 27, 2007). "On Texas stop, Democratic Candidate Richardson Criticizes Government Secrecy". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  72. ^ Harding, Thomas (May 13, 2011). "Roswell 'was Soviet plot to create US panic'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  73. ^ Norris, Robert; Richelson, Jeffrey (July 11, 2011). "Dreamland Fantasies". Washington Decoded. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  74. ^ Rhodes, Richard (2011-06-03). "Annie Jacobsen's "Area 51," the U.S. top-secret military base". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-11-10. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  75. ^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Les (30 September 2017). "The curious case of the alien in the photo and the mystery that took years to solve". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  76. ^ Neale, Rick (February 8, 2020). "Stranger things?". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 8A, 9A. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  77. ^ Joseph 2008, p. 132
  78. ^ Pflock 2001, p. 223
  79. ^ Korff 1997, p. 248
  80. ^ Printy 1999, Chapter 17
  81. ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, p. 1
  82. ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 34–37
  83. ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 176–177
  84. ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 1–168
  85. ^ Todd, Robert (December 8, 1995). "Jesse Marcel: Folk Hero or Mythomaniac" (PDF). The KowPflop Quarterly. 1 (3): 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  86. ^ Korff 1997, pp. 77–81
  87. ^ Korff 1997, pp. 86–104
  88. ^ Korff 1997, pp. 107–108
  89. ^ Pflock 2001, p. 118
  90. ^ Kottmeyer, Martin. "Entirely Unpredisposed". www.debunker.com. Retrieved September 19, 2008. (originally published in "Magonia" magazine, January 1990).
  91. ^ Skomorowsky, Anne. "Alien Abduction or "Accidental Awareness"?". Scientific American.
  92. ^ Kallen, Stuart A. (August 2011). The Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Capstone. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-60152-382-2.
  93. ^ Smith, Toby (April 29, 2000). Little Gray Men: Roswell and the Rise of a Popular Culture. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826321213 – via Google Books.
  94. ^ "In Oil and UFO Country, Obama Says 'I Come in Peace'". ABC News.
  95. ^ "President Obama Reflects On The Drone Program And "The Illusion That It Is Not War"" – via www.youtube.com.
  96. ^ "President Obama Admits He Was Briefed on UFO Sightings". Nerdist.
  97. ^ Kopan, Tal. "Bill Clinton phones home on aliens". POLITICO.
  98. ^ Simmons, Bill (17 November 2015). "Bill Simmons Interviews President Obama, GQ's 2015 Man of the Year". Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  99. ^ Madhani, Aamer (19 June 2020). "Trump says he's heard 'interesting' things about Roswell". Military Times. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  100. ^ "Poll U.S. Hiding Knowledge of Aliens". CNN. June 15, 1997. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  101. ^ Harding & Stewart 2003, p. 273
  102. ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 1–198
  103. ^ Jump up to: a b Nickell, Joe; McGaha, James (May–June 2012). "The Roswellian Syndrome: How Some UFO Myths Develop". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 36 (3). Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  104. ^ Google Books.
  105. ^ Jump up to: a b Erdmann, Terry J.; Block, Paula M. (April 29, 2000). Deep Space Nine Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780671501068 – via Google Books.
  106. ^ Carey, Thomas J.; Schmitt, Donald R. (April 29, 2020). Roswell: The Ultimate Cold Case : Eyewitness Testimony and Evidence of Contact and the Cover-up. Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN 9781632651709 – via Google Books.
  107. ^ Klaver, Elizabeth (February 1, 2012). Sites of Autopsy in Contemporary Culture. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791483428 – via Google Books.
  108. ^ "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: "Little Green Men"/"The Sword Of Kahless"". TV Club.
  109. ^ "Top 5 Roswell References in Movies and TV". Entertainment.ie.
  110. ^ Carey, Thomas J.; Schmitt, Donald R. (June 20, 2020). Roswell: The Ultimate Cold Case: Eyewitness Testimony and Evidence of Contact and the Cover-Up. Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN 9781632657640 – via Google Books.
  111. ^ "Futurama: "Roswell That Ends Well"/"Anthology Of Interest II"". TV Club.
  112. ^ "How an Alien Autopsy Hoax Captured the World's Imagination for a Decade". Time.

Sources

  • Berlitz, Charles; Moore, William (1980). The Roswell Incident. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-21199-2.
  • Carey, Thomas; Schmitt, Donald (2007). Witness to Roswell: Unmasking the 60-Year Cover-Up. New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-56414-943-5.
  • Frazier, Kendrick (16 July 2017). "Roswell myth lives on despite the established facts". Albuquerque Journal.
  • Friedman, Stanton; Berliner, Don (1992). Crash at Corona: The U.S. Military Retrieval and Cover-Up of a UFO. Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-449-0.
  • Friedman, Stanton (2005). Top Secret/MAJIC : Operation Majestic-12 and the United States Government's UFO Cover-Up. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-342-8.
  • Gildenberg, B.D. (2003). "A Roswell requiem". Skeptic. 10 (1): 60.
  • Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001). Chapter 6: The Roswell Incident. Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. Yale University Press. pp. 189–231. ISBN 978-0-300-13294-6. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  • Harding, Susan; Stewart, Kathleen (2003). West, Harry G.; Sanders, Todd (eds.). Chapter 9: Anxieties of influence: Conspiracy Theory and Therapeutic Culture in Millennial America. Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order. Duke University Press. pp. 258–86. ISBN 0-8223-8485-X. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  • Klass, Philip (1997). "The Klass Files". The Skeptics UFO Newsletter. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 43. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
  • Klass, Philip (1998). "The Klass Files". The Skeptics UFO Newsletter. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 49. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  • Korff, Kal (1997). The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You to Know. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-127-5.
  • Joseph, Brad (2008). "Beyond the textbook: studying Roswell in the social studies classroom". Social Studies. 99 (3): 132. doi:10.3200/TSSS.99.3.132-134. S2CID 145375518.
  • Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–204. ISBN 978-0-19-975395-6. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  • Pflock, Karl (2001). Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-894-6.
  • Printy, Timothy (1999). Roswell 4F: Fabrications, Fumbled Facts, and Fables. Timothy Printy. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  • Randle, Kevin (1995). Roswell UFO Crash Update: Exposing the Military Cover-Up of the Century. Global Communications. ISBN 978-0-938294-41-2.
  • Randle, Kevin; Schmitt, Donald (1991). UFO Crash at Roswell. Avon Books. ISBN 978-0-380-76196-8.
  • Randle, Kevin; Schmitt, Donald (1994). The truth about the UFO Crash at Roswell. M Evans. ISBN 978-0-87131-761-2.
  • Saler, Benson; Ziegler, Charles; Moore, Charles (1997). UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-751-2.
  • Thomas, Dave (2009). "Roswell update: fading star?". Skeptical Inquirer. 33 (1): 52.
  • Weaver, Richard; McAndrew, James (1995). The Roswell Report: Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert (PDF). United States Air Force. ISBN 978-1-4289-9492-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-07-28.

Further reading

Books, articles

Web resources

Retrieved from ""