SHANK2
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK2 gene.[5][6] Two alternative splice variants, encoding distinct isoforms, are reported. Additional splice variants exist but their full-length nature has not been determined.[6]
Function[]
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the Shank family of synaptic proteins that may function as molecular scaffolds in the postsynaptic density (PSD). Shank proteins contain multiple domains for protein-protein interaction, including ankyrin repeats, an SH3 domain, a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 domain, a sterile alpha motif domain, and a proline-rich region. This particular family member contains a PDZ domain, a consensus sequence for cortactin SH3 domain-binding peptides and a sterile alpha motif. The alternative splicing demonstrated in Shank genes has been suggested as a mechanism for regulating the molecular structure of Shank and the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the PSDs of adult and developing brain.[6]
It is thought that SHANK2 might play a role in synaptogenesis by attaching metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to an existing pool of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R), bylinking to the NMDA-R through PSD-95, and the mGluRs through HOMER1.[7] An alternative hypothesis is that the Homer/Shank/GKAP/PSD-95 assembly mediates physical association of the NMDAR with IP3R/RYR and intracellular Ca2+ stores.
Interactions[]
SHANK2 has been shown to interact with:
Associations with neuropsychiatric disease[]
Mutations in SHANK2 have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.[13] In particular, heterozygous loss-of-function mutations have a near-complete penetrance in ASD.[14] Neurons generated from people with ASD and SHANK2 mutations develop larger dendritic trees and more synaptic connections than those from healthy controls.[15] In addition, common mutations in SHANK2 have been linked to bipolar disorder.[16]
References[]
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162105 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037541 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Lim S, Naisbitt S, Yoon J, Hwang JI, Suh PG, Sheng M, Kim E (October 1999). "Characterization of the Shank family of synaptic proteins. Multiple genes, alternative splicing, and differential expression in brain and development". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (41): 29510–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.41.29510. PMID 10506216.
- ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: SHANK2 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2".
- ^ Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Kreutz MR, Gundelfinger ED (June 2002). "ProSAP/Shank proteins - a family of higher order organizing molecules of the postsynaptic density with an emerging role in human neurological disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 81 (5): 903–10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00931.x. PMID 12065602. S2CID 19894590.
- ^ Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, et al. (May 2003). "The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21): 19220–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200. PMID 12626503.
- ^ Du Y, Weed SA, Xiong WC, Marshall TD, Parsons JT (October 1998). "Identification of a novel cortactin SH3 domain-binding protein and its localization to growth cones of cultured neurons". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (10): 5838–51. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.10.5838. PMC 109170. PMID 9742101.
- ^ a b Naisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, Sala C, Kim E, Craig AM, et al. (June 2000). "Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.
- ^ a b Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Seidenbecher C, et al. (October 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.
- ^ Okamoto PM, Gamby C, Wells D, Fallon J, Vallee RB (December 2001). "Dynamin isoform-specific interaction with the shank/ProSAP scaffolding proteins of the postsynaptic density and actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (51): 48458–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104927200. PMC 2715172. PMID 11583995.
- ^ Homann, O. H.; K. Misura; E. Lamas; R. W. Sandrock; P. Nelson; Stefan McDonough; Lynn E. DeLisi (December 2016). "Whole-Genome Sequencing in Multiplex Families with Psychoses Reveals Mutations in the SHANK2 and SMARCA1 Genes Segregating with Illness". Molecular Psychiatry. 21 (12): 1690–95.
- ^ Leblond CS, Nava C, Polge A, Gauthier J, Huguet G, Lumbroso S, et al. (September 2014). "Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a gradient of severity in cognitive impairments". PLoS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004580. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004580. PMC 4154644. PMID 25188300.
- ^ Zaslavsky K, Zhang WB, McCready FP, Rodrigues DC, Deneault E, Loo C, et al. (April 2019). "SHANK2 mutations associated with autism spectrum disorder cause hyperconnectivity of human neurons". Nature Neuroscience. 22 (4): 556–564. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0365-8. PMC 6475597. PMID 30911184.
- ^ Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, et al. (May 2019). "Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder". Nature Genetics. 51 (5): 793–803. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8. PMC 6956732. PMID 31043756.
Further reading[]
- Sheng M, Kim E (June 2000). "The Shank family of scaffold proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 113. 113 ( Pt 11): 1851–6. PMID 10806096.
- Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
- Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, et al. (April 1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
- Du Y, Weed SA, Xiong WC, Marshall TD, Parsons JT (October 1998). "Identification of a novel cortactin SH3 domain-binding protein and its localization to growth cones of cultured neurons". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (10): 5838–51. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.10.5838. PMC 109170. PMID 9742101.
- Zitzer H, Richter D, Kreienkamp HJ (June 1999). "Agonist-dependent interaction of the rat somatostatin receptor subtype 2 with cortactin-binding protein 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (26): 18153–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.26.18153. PMID 10373412.
- Tu JC, Xiao B, Naisbitt S, Yuan JP, Petralia RS, Brakeman P, et al. (July 1999). "Coupling of mGluR/Homer and PSD-95 complexes by the Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins". Neuron. 23 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80810-7. PMID 10433269. S2CID 16429070.
- Kikuno R, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, et al. (June 1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 6 (3): 197–205. doi:10.1093/dnares/6.3.197. PMID 10470851.
- Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Seidenbecher C, et al. (October 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.
- Kreienkamp HJ, Zitzer H, Gundelfinger ED, Richter D, Bockers TM (October 2000). "The calcium-independent receptor for alpha-latrotoxin from human and rodent brains interacts with members of the ProSAP/SSTRIP/Shank family of multidomain proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (42): 32387–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000490200. PMID 10964907.
- Kreienkamp HJ, Zitzer H, Richter D (2001). "Identification of proteins interacting with the rat somatostatin receptor subtype 2". Journal of Physiology, Paris. 94 (3–4): 193–8. doi:10.1016/S0928-4257(00)00204-7. PMID 11087996. S2CID 8791865.
- Okamoto PM, Gamby C, Wells D, Fallon J, Vallee RB (December 2001). "Dynamin isoform-specific interaction with the shank/ProSAP scaffolding proteins of the postsynaptic density and actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (51): 48458–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104927200. PMC 2715172. PMID 11583995.
- Soltau M, Richter D, Kreienkamp HJ (December 2002). "The insulin receptor substrate IRSp53 links postsynaptic shank1 to the small G-protein cdc42". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 21 (4): 575–83. doi:10.1006/mcne.2002.1201. PMID 12504591. S2CID 572407.
- Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, et al. (May 2003). "The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21): 19220–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200. PMID 12626503.
- Han W, Kim KH, Jo MJ, Lee JH, Yang J, Doctor RB, et al. (January 2006). "Shank2 associates with and regulates Na+/H+ exchanger 3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (3): 1461–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M509786200. PMID 16293618.
- Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kuroki Y, Dewar K, et al. (March 2006). "Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification". Nature. 440 (7083): 497–500. doi:10.1038/nature04632. PMID 16554811.
External Links[]
- The SHANK2 Foundation - non-profit supporting families and research into SHANK2 disorders
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