Sahabzada Yaqub Khan

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Yaqub Ali Khan
صاحبزادہ یعقوب خان;
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan.jpg
as a Colonel in 1950s
15th & 17th Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
11 November 1996 – 24 February 1997
PresidentFarooq Leghari
Prime MinisterMoin Qureshi
Preceded byAsif Ahmad Ali
Succeeded byGohar Ayub
In office
21 March 1982 – 20 March 1991
PresidentZia-ul-Haq (1982–88)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988–91)
Prime MinisterMohammad Juneijo
Benazir Bhutto
Preceded byAgha Shahi
Succeeded byAkram Zaki (acting)
Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara
In office
23 March 1992 – August 1995
Preceded byJohannes Manz
Succeeded byErik Jensen
Pakistan Ambassador to the United States
In office
19 December 1973 – 3 January 1979
PresidentFazal Illahi
Prime MinisterZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Preceded bySultan Mohammed Khan
Succeeded bySultan Mohammed Khan
Military Governor of East Pakistan
In office
7 March 1971 – 6 April 1971
PresidentYahya Khan
Prime MinisterNurul Amin
Preceded byVAdm Syed Mohammad Ahsan
Succeeded byLt.Gen Tikka Khan
In office
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969
PresidentYahya Khan
Preceded byMGen Muzzafaruddin
Succeeded byVAdm S.M. Ahsan
Personal details
Born
Mohammad Yaqub Ali Khan

(1920-12-23)23 December 1920
Rampur, Uttar-Pradesh, British Indian Empire
(Present-day India)
Died26 January 2016(2016-01-26) (aged 95)
Islamabad, Pakistan
CitizenshipBritish Subject (1920–1947)
Pakistan (1947–2016)
Political partyPakistan Peoples Party
(1974–77; 1988–96)
RelativesFauzia Kasuri (niece)
Alma materRashtriya Indian Military College
Indian Military Academy
Command and Staff College
CabinetZia administration
Yahya administration
Benazir ministry
AwardsStar*.svg Ord.Nishan-i-Pakistan.ribbon.gif Sitara-e-Pakistan
Military service
Nickname(s)SYAK
Prince Soldier
Allegiance Pakistan
Branch/service British Indian Army (1940–1947)
 Pakistan Army
(1947–1971)
Years of service1940–1971
RankOF-8 PakistanArmy.svg Lieutenant General
Unit18th Cavalry, Armoured Corps
CommandsEastern Command, East Pakistan
1st Armoured Division, Armoured Corps
Command and Staff College
Chief of General Staff
Battles/warsWorld War II
Siege of Tobruk
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Bangladesh Liberation War
S/No.PA – 136

Sahabzada Yaqub Ali Khan (Urdu: صاحبزادہ یعقوب خان; born 23 December 1920 – 26 January 2016) SPk,[1] was a Pakistani statesman, diplomat, military figure, pacifist, linguist, and a retired general of Pakistan Army.[2]

Born into an Indian nobility, he was educated in England and at the Indian Military College at Dehradun, then the Indian Military Academy and served during World War II as an officer in the 18th K. E. O. Cavalry Regiment of the British Indian Army. After the Partition of India in 1947, he opted for Pakistan and joined Pakistan Army where he participated in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. He was the commander of army's Eastern Command in East Pakistan. He was appointed as Governor of East Pakistan in 1969 and 1971 but recalled to Pakistan after submitting resignation amid civil unrest. In 1973, he joined the Foreign Service and was appointed as Pakistan Ambassador to the United States and later ascended as Foreign Minister, serving under President Zia-ul-Haq in 1982.

His stint as foreign minister played a major role in Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979–89) and took part in negotiations to end the Contras in Nicaragua (1981–87) on the behalf of the United Nations. In the 1990s, he served as an official of the United Nations for Western Sahara until reappointed as foreign minister under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. After retiring from diplomatic services in 1997, he spent his remaining years in Islamabad and died in Islamabad in 2016.

Biography[]

Youth and World war II[]

Early days[]

Mohammad Yaqub Ali Khan was born into an aristocratic Indian royal family known as the Rohilla branch of the Kheshgi dynasty in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, British Indian Empire on 23 December 1920.[3] He had also been a close relative of the family of the Nawabs of Kasur, of Punjab.[4]

His father, was an aristocrat and politician who served as chief minister of Rampur, and as British India's representative to the League of Nations.

He was educated at the Rashtriya Indian Military College at Dehradun, then the Indian Military Academy and gained a commission in British Indian Army in 1940 and attached to the 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry.[5]

Participation in WWII and POW[]

In his military career he saw action during World War II and served in the North African Campaign where he was attached to 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry from April 1942. He was taken POW in North Africa in May 1942. In September 1943 he escaped from the Italian Prisoner of War camp P. G. 91 in Avezzano (with two other Indian officers) and was out for four to five months attempting to move south to Allied lines, but they were subsequently re-captured by German forces who put him in a Prisoner of War camp in Germany till April 1945 when he was released by the U.S. Army soldiers. During his time in German custody, he learnt languages by interacting with fellow prisoners and reading literature in those languages.

Return to India and Partition[]

Upon returning to India in 1945, he was selected as an adjutant to Field Marshal Lord Wavell with an army rank of major. After hearing the news of partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he decided to opt for Pakistan, and initially was selected as Aide-de-camp to Muhammad Ali Jinnah– the first Governor-General of Pakistan.[5] It was then-Lieutenant S.M. Ahsan who was made the ADC at the behest of Lord Mountbatten, and Yaqub was appointed as commandant of the Governor-General's bodyguard for the first Governor-General which he led until 1948.[5] In the period 1948–49, he attended the short one-year course at the Command and Staff College at Quetta and graduated with a staff officer's degree.[6]

In 1951, he served in the Military Intelligence (MI) as lieutenant-colonel, and directed initiatives to analytical branch of the ISI for the whereabouts of the Indian Army but he reportedly struggled with providing factual intelligence that was provided to ISI.:27–28[7]

He commanded the 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force), Armoured Corps from December 1952 to October 1953.[8]

He was promoted to colonel in 1953 and went to Paris in France to attend the famed École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr where he graduated in 1954.

Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted to Brigadier in 1955 where he served as a chief instructor at the Command and Staff College.[9]

Staff and war appointments:1960–69[]

In 1958, he was appointed as the vice Chief of General Staff at the Army GHQ and later becoming the Commandant of the Command and Staff College in Quetta in 1960. In 1960 he was promoted to major-general and commanded the 1st Armoured Division of Armoured Corps and was said to have a portrait of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in his office.[10] As an armored commander, he arranged a course on philosophy on the Panzer doctrine to educate the armoured division on the tank battles and strategies.[10]

He participated in the war against India in 1965, having command of his 1st Armoured Division.[11] He helped develop the operational planning of the armoured vehicular warfare deployments against the Indian Army advances in Punjab and presented his views at the Army GHQ.:22–23[12] Soon after, he was appointed as Director-General (DGMO) by General Musa Khan and directed all formats of ground operations during the 1965 war against India.[1]

After the war, he was appointed as Chief of General Staff at the Army GHQ under army chief General Yahya Khan in 1966 and remained until 1969.[13]

East Pakistan: military advisor and governorship (1969–71)[]

Main articles: Cable 1971 and Admiral Ahsan Mission

In 1969, Lieutenant-General Yaqub Khan was posted to East Pakistan as the commander of Eastern Command in Dacca by President Yahya Khan and helped evaluate the command rotation of the Eastern military.:359[14] Soon, he was appointed as Governor of East Pakistan where he began learning the Bengali language and became accustomed to Bengali culture.:24[15]:110[16] He was highly respected by the East Pakistani military officers due to his stance and professionalism and was said to be very well liked and respected in the East.[17]

He was known to be an unusual military officer who knew very well about "limits of force",:62[18] and did not believe in the use of brute force to settle political disputes.[13] In 1969–71, he worked together with Admiral Ahsan in advising the Yahya administration in an effort to resolve the situation and restricted strictly the proposal of usage of military force in the province.[19]

At the cabinet meeting, he was often fierce and strictly resisted the usage of military option but was respected in the military due to his understanding of Bengali issues and whose colleagues often labeled him as "Bingos."[20] In 1970, he notably coordinated the relief operations when the disastrous cyclone had hit the state and gained prestige for his efforts in the country.:114[21]

In 1971, he participated in the area contingency and fact-finding mission, which was known as the Ahsan–Yaqub Mission, to resolve the political deadlock between East Pakistan and Pakistan as both men argued that "military measures would not change the political situations".:69–71[22]

In March 1971, he became aware of the rumors of "usage of military force" and sent desperate military signals to President Yahya Khan in Islamabad for a halt to the military solution.[23] After the resignation of Admiral Ahsan, he was ordered to use military force against the civil agitation led by the Awami League but refused to take this order and tendered his resignation to be posted back to Pakistan.:71[20][22] His resignation came in the light of resisting the military orders and fiercely maintained to President Yahya that "military solution was not acceptable".[23]

Commenting on the situation, Yaqub maintained that: "[President] Yahya was also keen to impose the "open sword" martial law to roll back the situation as it was in 1969."[19] He lodged a strong protest against the military solution and maintained that the "central government had failed to listen to the voices of their co-citizens in the East."[23] To many authors, Yaqub Khan had become a "conscientious objector" in the military.[23]

He was posted back to Pakistan, joined the Army GHQ staff and participated in winter war against India in 1971 without commanding an assignment and retired from the military after the war, also in 1971.[24]

Foreign service[]

Ambassadorship to France, United States, and Soviet Union[]

After seeking the honorable discharge from the army, he joined the Foreign Service as a career diplomat in 1972, initially taking his first assignment as Pakistan Ambassador to France until 1973.:185[25] In 1973, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto appointed him as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States which he served in this capacity until 1979.:185[25] He was sent Pakistan's envoy to United States when the foreign relations with the United States were cooling but he gained international prominence when he became involved with Egyptian ambassador Ashraf Ghorbal and Iranian Ambassador to the United States Ardeshir Zahedi to take part in defusing the siege of three federal buildings in the Washington D.C. by the group of American Muslims in 1977.[26]

In 1979, he was sent to Moscow and was appointed as Pakistan Ambassador to the Soviet Union where he worked towards building foreign relations with the Soviet Union by signing an educational accord.:11–12[27] In 1980, he was reassigned in France again where he remained until 1982.:185[25]

Foreign minister and United Nations[]

Yaqub Ali Khan was brought in to the Zia administration as Foreign Minister in 1982 when Agha Shahi departed President Zia-ul-Haq's cabinet.[28] He was appointed foreign minister in the conservative-aligned government but Yaqub maintained his composure and his wit in the Zia administration.[28]

As foreign minister, he directed a proactive and keen pro-American policy and supported the U.S. sponsored clandestine program to arm the Afghan mujahideen against Soviet-sponsored Socialist Afghanistan.:120–129[29] He advised President Zia-ul-Haq on many key matters and firmly had gripped the country's foreign policy on the track of pro-U.S. foreign policy as many military officers joined his Foreign ministry.:277–278[30] During this time, the matters were kept out of the sight of the Foreign Office with Yaqub handling matters with the military.:277–278[30] He continued his role as foreign minister after the general elections held in 1985 by the Prime Minister Mohammad Junejo.[26]

At foreign fronts, he played a crucial role in providing the support for his country's cover and clandestine nuclear development whilst maintaining a strong policy of deliberate ambiguity.:170–171[31] In 1984, he reportedly issued a statement in Washington, D.C., on Pakistan's massive retaliation when observing India's pre-emptive strikes on Pakistan's facilities, and made unsuccessful proposal to United States to put Pakistan under its nuclear umbrella.:149–150[32]

In the 1980s, he provided his diplomatic expertise in resolving the Soviet–Afghan War when he explored the possibility of setting-up the interim system of government under former monarch Zahir Shah but this was not authorized by President Zia-ul-Haq.:247–248[33] In 1984–85, he paid visits to China, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union, France, United States and the United Kingdom to develop framework for the Geneva Accords which was signed in 1988.:335[34] About the death and state funeral of President Zia-ul-Haq, Yaqub was earlier warned by Soviet Foreign Minister Edward Shevardnadze that Pakistan's support for Afghan mujahideen "would not go unpunished.":407[35] Yaqub Khan, on the other hand, stressed the need for troop withdrawal from Afghanistan by the Soviet Union.[36]

In the 1980s, he also managed to maintain Pakistan's close friendship with Iran and the rich Arab States during the Iran-Iraq war.:xxx[15] After the general elections held in 1988 in the country, Yaqub was kept as foreign minister in the First Benazir ministry by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in order to engage in negotiation with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).:196[37]

In 1988–90, he aided Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to reach agreement to sign an arms control treaty with her Indian counterpart Rajiv Gandhi.:285[38] In 1990, he met Indian External Minister, I.K. Gujral to convene a secret message to Indian Prime Minister V. P. Singh to warn against an active conflict between two countries. :231–232[38]

After the general elections held in 1990, he was inducted in first Sharif ministry by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif where he remained until 1991.:xxxvi[39] He once again put country's foreign policy to supporting U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in the Gulf War.:77[15] After the Gulf War, Yaqub left his post as foreign minister following his resignation on 26 February 1991.:225[40]

After his resignation, he went on to join the United Nations when he was named the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara in 1992 which he remained until 1995.:194[41] In 1996, he was again re-appointed as foreign minister by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto but it was short-lived when his tenure was cut-short after President Farooq Leghari dismissed Benazir Bhutto's government.[5]

Although he retired from politics in 1997, Yaqub Ali Khan did provide his support to President Pervez Musharraf to stabilise his writ against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999 when he visited United States to provide legitimacy of military martial law.[42]

Post-retirement and death[]

In 1981, he was appointed as the founding chairman of the board of trustees of the Aga Khan University which he chaired for almost two decades until his retirement in 2001.[43] He was also a commissioner in the now retired Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict in New York City, United States.[44]

Yaqub Ali Khan was married to Begum Tuba Khaleeli of the Iranian Khaleeli family of Calcutta with whom he had two sons, Samad and Najib.[2] He was said to be proficient in seven global languages including English, Russian, French, Urdu, German, Italian, and Bengali languages.:260[45] He died of an old age, at 95, in Islamabad where he was laid to rest in Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. His funeral services were attended by the Chairman joint chief General Rashad Mahmood, army chief General Raheel Sharif, air chief General Sohail Aman, naval chief Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah and other a large number of high-ranking civil and military officials and people from all walks of life.[46]

Autobiography[]

  • Khan, Sahabzada Mohammad Yaqub Ali (2005). Strategy, diplomacy, humanity : life and work of Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan. Karachi: International Forum Takshila Research University. p. 396. ISBN 0-9755860-1-7.

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Sam (28 January 2016). "Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, Pakistani Diplomat, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  3. ^ Rajagopalan, Rajesh; Mishra, Atul (12 August 2015). Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts. Routledge, Mishra and Rajagopalan. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-1-317-32476-8. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  4. ^ "Fauzia Kasuri disclosure". Twitter.
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  6. ^ Jafri, Iqbal (27 July 2010). "Civil-military relations". DAWN.COM. Islamabad: Dawn newspapers, Iqbal. Dawn newspapers. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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  8. ^ Punjab Cavalry by M. Y. Effendi, page 173
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  43. ^ "The Life and Work of Sahabzada Yaqub Khan" Archived 8 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Aga Khan University News & Events
  44. ^ "Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict" Archived 13 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Reza, S. Mohammad (1990). Persons who Shape Our Destiny: A Compendium of Bio-datas of Those Persons who are Rendering Important Services in Various Fields of National Activity. Dar Publications. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
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  • Indian Army List (April 1942, April 1945)
  • Maj Gen Gurcharn Singh Sadu, I serve The Eighteenth Cavalry

External links[]

Military offices
Preceded by
Sher Bahadur 		Chief of General Staff
1966–1969 		Succeeded by
Gul Hassan Khan
Preceded by
None 		Commander of Eastern Command
23 August 1969 – 7 March 1971 		Succeeded by
Lt Gen Tikka Khan
Political offices
Preceded by
Muzaffaruddin 		Martial Law Administrator, Zone B (East Pakistan)
1969–1971 		Succeeded by
Tikka Khan
Preceded by
Muzaffaruddin 		Governor of East Pakistan
1969 		Succeeded by
Syed Mohammad Ahsan
Preceded by
Syed Mohammad Ahsan 		Governor of East Pakistan
1971 		Succeeded by
Tikka Khan
Preceded by
Agha Shahi 		Foreign Minister of Pakistan
1982–1991 		Succeeded by
Abdul Sattar
Preceded by
Aseff Ahmad Ali 		Foreign Minister of Pakistan (caretaker)
1996–1997 		Succeeded by
Gohar Ayub Khan
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Sultan Mohammed Khan 		Pakistan Ambassador to the United States
1973–1979 		Succeeded by
Sultan Mohammed Khan
Retrieved from ""