Sailing hydrofoil

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Hydrofoiling wingsail catamaran 17

A sailing hydrofoil, hydrofoil sailboat, or hydrosail is a sailboat with wing-like foils mounted under the hull. As the craft increases its speed the hydrofoils lift the hull up and out of the water, greatly reducing wetted area, resulting in decreased drag and increased speed. A sailing hydrofoil can achieve speeds exceeding twice the wind speed.

Both monohull and multihull sailboats can be retrofitted with hydrofoils, although greater stability can be achieved by using the wider planform of a catamaran or trimaran.

Typical configurations[]

Some multihulls use three foils; two main forward foils provide lift so that the boat "flies" while a horizontal foil on the rudder is trimmed to drive and control altitude. On catamarans, a single main foil can be attached between the hulls just in front of the center of gravity and at 2 degrees of incidence, spanning the tunnel with supporting struts. Hydrofoil catamarans are also called foilcats.[citation needed]

Multihull sailboats can also employ hydrofoils only to assist performance. Just as daggerboards and rudders are foils that enhance the control of a boat, assisting hydrofoils provide lift to the hull to reduce the wetted area without actually lifting the boat completely out of the water.

Monohull boats typically employ a "ladder" arrangement of hydrofoils splayed out with a dihedral angle of 50 degrees, with a stabilizing rudder foil. One of the earliest examples is the Monitor boat from 1957.[1] This design offers the advantages of maximum lifting foil area at slow speeds and less at higher speeds, with rolling resistance arising from the dihedral support of the outboard ladder foils.

Foiling classes[]

Monohulls[]

International Moth[]

Rohan Veal sailing a Bladerider

The most widespread use of hydrofoils in sailboats to date has been in the International Moth class. Andy Paterson of Bloodaxe boats on the Isle of Wight is widely considered to have developed the first functional foiling Moth, though his boat had three foils in a tripod arrangement. Brett Burvill sailed a narrow skiff Moth with inclined surface-piercing hydrofoils to a race win at the Moth World Championships in 2001 in Australia, which was the first time a hydrofoil Moth had won a race at a World Championship. This hydrofoil configuration was later declared illegal by the class, as it was felt to constitute a multihull, which is prohibited by class rules. Initially Ian Ward in Sydney, Australia developed the first centerline foiling Moth which demonstrated that sailing on centerboard and rudder foils alone was feasible. Subsequently, Garth and John Ilett in Perth, Australia developed a two-hydrofoil system for the Moth with active flap control for the main foil via a surface sensor. John's company Fastacraft was the first to produce a commercially available hydrofoil International Moth. Fasta Craft's Prowler design, superseded in 2008 by the F-Zero, features a carbon-fiber hull, inverted "T" foils on the centerboard and rudder, and can reach speeds of over 27 knots. Fasta Craft has since been joined in producing hydrofoil Moths by several other companies, including Bladerider, Assassin, Exocet, and Aardvark Technologies.

Although initially debated fiercely within the class, the adoption of hydrofoils has proven a success for the International Moth class, with rapid fleet growth in the years since 2001. All World Championships since 2004 have been won by hydrofoil-equipped Moths, which can become foilborne in as little as six knots of breeze when steered by an experienced sailor of lighter weight. The class rule remains open to development of all boat components including hydrofoil systems, and development within the class continues to be spurred by both commercial and individual/amateur efforts.

Laser dinghy[]

Glide Free Foils on a Laser sailing dinghy

The first time a Laser foiled was in December 2009 by Ian Ward in Sydney, Australia. Top speeds of around 23-25kts are possible with this kit. The foils can be removed and the boat remains class legal. This foiling system is unique in that it is retractable, has flapless foils and the height sensing 'wand' is integrated within the daggerboard.

Optimist[]

The "world's least advanced sailboat" was converted to hydrofoiling by the Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, in 2017.[2][3]

The Optimist, only 2.3 metres in length and with a sail area of 3.3 square metres, is normally limited to speeds below 4 knots. The hydrofoils allows the optimist dinghy to achieve 12 knots in only 12 knots of wind.

AC75[]

The AC75 (America's Cup 75 class) is a 75 ft sailboat class, governing the construction and operation of the yachts used in the 2021 America's Cup. The boat type is a foiling monohull with canting ballasted T-wing hydrofoils mounted on port and starboard topside longitudinal drums, a centerline T-wing rudder, and no keel. Speeds of 50 knots were predicted based on computer simulations [4] and in fact have been exceeded in the Prada Cup by the America Magic’s boat in January 2021.

Catamarans[]

America's Cup catamarans[]

Foils have been used in the America's Cup since 2013.

GC32[]
Main article: GC32

The GC32 is carbon fibre production hydrofoil catamaran 32 feet in length (9.75 meters). It has a top speed of about 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph).[5][6] They are sailed in the GC32 Racing Tour, and have replaced the Extreme 40's in the Extreme Sailing Series.[7]

AC72[]
Main article: AC72

The 2013 America's Cup featured daggerboard catamarans. Under the terms of the protocol, these daggerboards could not feature trim tabs, could not exceed the beam of the boat when raised and could not be adjusted when lowered, but a loophole exploited by three teams was to create T-shaped rudders and L-shaped daggerboards of which the leeward appendage serves as a hydrofoil on all points of sailing conditions in winds over 10 knots. On September 6, 2012 in Auckland, during Team New Zealand's fifth day of trials, their boat achieved 40 knots (74 km/h) with a level trim and no heeling in 17 knots of breeze.[8]

AC45f/AC50[]
Main article: AC50
AC45f sailing on hydrofoils with one daggerboard raised above the water.

The 2015–16 America's Cup World Series was raced with hydrofoiling AC45f catamarans, which are smaller versions of the AC72.

The 2017 America's Cup was raced in the fully foiling AC50 class.

C-Class catamarans[]

Recent International C-class catamaran have been foiling, and further development is expected.[9]

A-Class catamarans[]

International A-class catamaran rule 8 initially allowed hydrofoils[citation needed] but was changed to specifically outlaw hydrofiols by ballot on 15 August 2001 after the measurer and president were approached by Jeremy Banks, an Australian sailor, with a hydrofoiling design[citation needed]. In 2010 the rule 8 was amended to allow restricted hydrofiols</ref> International A-Class Catamaran Class Rules 2010 <?ref> . The 2014 A-Class Catamaran World Titles in Takapuna New Zealand demonstrated early foiling capabilities to the class.[10] Now the A-Class can foil stably downwind in 6 knots and upwind in 12 knots or more. Peak speeds are reported to be about 30 knots and 2.5X wind speed.[11] The A-Class has set the standard for 4-point foiling that many classes are now adopting.[12]

Nacra 17 catamaran[]

The Nacra 17 as raced at the 2016 Olympics was capable of elevated foiling under some conditions. For the 2017 World Championships, the Nacra was upgraded to a fully foiling yacht, to be raced at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.[13]

Nacra F20 catamaran[]

The Nacra F20 is a catamaran similar in design to Nacra Sailing's former 20 foot catamaran, however it is made out of carbon fiber and uses curved daggerboards as hydrofoils.

Flying Phantom[]

Main article: Flying Phantom (catamaran)

The Flying Phantom is a catamaran that uses curved daggerboards as hydrofoils.

iFLY15[]

The iFlY15 sailing on its stabilized four daggerboard hydrofoils.

iFLY15 is a 15-foot hydrofoil catamaran equipped with automatic foils, built by CEC Catamarans GmbH. It uses a mechanical automatic system to stabilize the horizontal trim in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Jibes are facilitated by the four T-shaped foils which are always in the water and stabilize the boat.[14]

Trimarans[]

TriFoiler[]

In the 1990s the Hobie Cat company manufactured the TriFoiler (no longer in production), a twin-sail trimaran with a mainsail on each outrigger capable of 35+ knot speeds in typical sailing conditions, making the TriFoiler the fastest production sailboat in the world. The prototype of the Hobie TriFoiler, called Longshot, was developed by brothers Dan and Greg Ketterman in conjunction with Russell Long. Though more streamlined than the Trifoiler and having smaller hydrofoils, Longshot still holds the Class A speedsailing record of 43.55 knots on a 500-meter course, set in Tarifa Spain in 1993. Until recently, it was the only existing speedsailing record held by a hydrofoil, but the recent records of Hydroptère have added to the list with record breaking runs across the English Channel.[15]

WindRider Rave[]

In 1998, WindRider LLC introduced the ,[16] a popular two-person trimaran hydrofoil capable of lifting off in as little as 12-13 knots of wind. The Rave is capable of sailing between 1.5 and 2 times wind speed.[17] The boat's mainsail has no boom. The Rave broke new ground in the development of flapped foils and control systems.

Experimental designs[]

L'hydroptère experimental hydrofoil.

Non-production experimental designs have been built:

  • The French experimental Hydroptère set numerous speed records. The boat attained a record speed of 47.6 knots[18] with a goal of breaking the "50 knot barrier" in 2008.[19] On 4 September 2009, l’Hydroptère broke the world speed sailing record, sustaining a speed of 51.36 knots for 500m.[20]
  • A Hobie 18 foilcat prototype called Kangalope with foil kits attached.[21]
  • Mirabaud LX is a Swiss 1.2 meter hydrofoil boat with traditional hull replaced with centerfloat, supporting spar for foil, sail and crew perch similar to moth sailing boat.[22]
  • Rich Miller's hydrofoil sailboard.[23]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Monitor specs". International Hydrofoil Society. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. ^ Chalmers Univ. of Technology. "The-Optimist dinghy proves it can fly". Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  3. ^ Chalmers Univ. of Technology. "The Foiling Optimist". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  4. ^ "How fast can Team New Zealand's AC75 go? Grant Dalton explains the new boat's design". TVNZ. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
  5. ^ "THE GREAT CUP Organization".
  6. ^ "Alinghi breaks GC32 speed record!". Alinghi. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  7. ^ "GC32s to replace Extreme 40s". Extreme Sailing Series. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  8. ^ Team NZ's new catamaran in full flight, TVNZ, 2012-09-06
  9. ^ Foiling 'Little Cup' Cats set for prestigious C-Class Championship Trophy
  10. ^ Worlds @Takapuna: Day 1, Report by Bob Griffits
  11. ^ "DNA | HOLLAND COMPOSITES present the 2015 A-Cat Worlds". Vimeo. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  12. ^ "Catamaran Racing, News & Design". Catamaran Racing, News & Design. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  13. ^ "WHO CAN TAME THE FOILING CAT?". Yachting New Zealand. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  14. ^ "Articles about iFly15". XS Sailing.
  15. ^ "Hobie TriFoiler History". Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  16. ^ "WindRider Rave". Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  17. ^ Burns, Thom (1998). "The Rave Hydrofoil". Sailing Breezes online magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  18. ^ "Assault on the World Sailing Speed Record". 2008-02-11. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  19. ^ "l'Hydroptère, new version". 2007-12-14. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  20. ^ "L'Hydroptère, monstre de vitesse". L’Équipe. 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  21. ^ Carlson, Dave. "Hydrofoil! (Hobie 18 foilcat Kangalope)". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  22. ^ "Mirabaud LX".
  23. ^ "The Miller Hydrofoil Sailboard". International Hydrofoil Society. 2007-09-11. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-15.

External links[]

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