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Salt Lake Temple

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Salt Lake Temple
Closed for Renovation
Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Number 4
Dedicated April 6, 1893 (April 6, 1893) by
Wilford Woodruff
Site 10 acres (4 hectares)
Floor area 253,015 sq ft (23,506 m2)
Height 222 ft (68 m)
Preceded by Manti Utah Temple
Followed by Laie Hawaii Temple
Official website • News & images
Additional information
Announced July 28, 1847
Groundbreaking February 14, 1853 by
Brigham Young
Open House April 5, 1893
Designed by Truman O. Angell
Location 50 West North Temple Street
Salt Lake City, Utah
United States
Exterior finish Quartz monzonite
Temple design Gothic, 6-spire
Ordinance rooms 4 (live acting, four-stage progressive sessions)
Sealing rooms 12
Clothing rental Available
Cafeteria Available
Visitors' center Temple Square
Notes The Salt Lake temple was dedicated in 31 sessions held between April 6 and 24, 1893.

Coordinates: 40°46′14″N 111°53′31″W / 40.77056°N 111.89194°W / 40.77056; -111.89194 The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet (23,505.9 m2), it is the largest Latter-day Saint temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the sixth temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete, and the fourth temple built since the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1846.[1] On April 19, 2019, the church announced that the temple would close in December 2019 for a general remodel and seismic renovations that are anticipated to take approximately four years.[2]

Details[]

Cutaway model showing the interior layout of the temple, as it existed prior to a major renovation that began in 2019

The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. Like other Latter-day Saint temples, the church and its members consider it sacred and a temple recommend is required to enter, so there are no public tours inside the temple as there are for other adjacent buildings on Temple Square. In 1912, the first public photographs of the interior were published in the book The House of the Lord, by James E. Talmage.[3] Since then, various photographs have been published, including by Life magazine in 1938.[4] The temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction.[5] Due to its location at church headquarters and its historical significance, Latter-day Saints from around the world patronize the temple.

The Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[6][4] As such, there are special meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies, which are not part of other temples.

The temple includes some elements thought to evoke Solomon's Temple at Jerusalem. It is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the Molten Sea in Solomon's Temple (see Chronicles 4:2–4). (However, the literal interpretation of the Biblical verses has been disputed.)[7] At the east end of the building, the height of the center pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet,[8] or 120 cubits,[9] making this Temple 20 cubits taller than the Temple of Solomon.[10]

Name[]

In 1999, as the LDS Church accelerated the building of temples, a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples was announced. For those in the United States and Canada, the temple's name is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the applicable state or province (with no comma). For those outside the U.S. and Canada, the temple's name is generally the city name (as above) followed by the country name. However, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was not renamed the "Salt Lake City Utah Temple".[11] (The Provo City Center Temple is the only other temple that does not include a state, province, or country in the temple's name.)[12]

Location[]

The temple is in downtown Salt Lake City, with several mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a shallow stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre (4.0 ha) temple site. The surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wall is a uniform 15 feet high but varies in appearance because of the site's southwest slope.[13]

Uses[]

The temple is considered the house of God and is reserved for special ceremonies for practicing Latter-Day Saints. The main ordinance rooms are used during the endowment ceremony—namely the creation, garden, telestial, terrestrial, and celestial rooms in that order of use.[14][15] A washing and anointing ceremony is also administered, and until 1921, the rooms were also used for healing rituals of washing and anointing for the sick or pregnant and were administered by women and men.[16]:16,67 The temple also serves as a place for marriage sealing ceremonies for live and deceased persons. Additional uses include functioning as a location for baptisms for the dead, baptisms for health (until being discontinued in 1921),[17]:98 and, briefly, for re-baptism for the renewal of covenants.[17]:97 Other rituals performed in the temple include the second anointing ordinance for live and deceased persons,[18] and meeting rooms for church leaders.[19]:195–197[20]:30

Temple construction and dedication[]

Granite for temple being quarried at Little Cottonwood Canyon (1872)

The temple's location was first marked by Brigham Young, the church's second president, on July 28, 1847, just four days after he arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. In 1901, church apostle Anthon H. Lund recorded in his journal that "it is said" that Oliver Cowdery's divining rod was used to locate the temple site.[21] The temple site was dedicated on February 14, 1853 by Heber C. Kimball. Groundbreaking ceremonies were presided over by Young, who laid the cornerstone on April 6 of that year.[22] The architect was Truman O. Angell, and the temple features both Gothic and Romanesque elements.

Sandstone was originally used for the foundation. During the Utah War, the foundation was buried and the lot made to look like a plowed field to prevent unwanted attention from federal troops. After tensions eased in 1858 and work on the temple resumed, it was discovered that many of the foundation stones had cracked, making them unsuitable for use. Although not all of the sandstone was replaced, the inadequate sandstone was replaced. The walls are quartz monzonite (which has the appearance of granite) from Little Cottonwood Canyon, twenty miles (32 km) southeast of the temple site. Oxen transported the quarried rock initially, but as the Transcontinental Railroad neared completion in 1869 the remaining stones were carried by rail at a much faster rate.[22]

A plaque with construction details

The capstone—the granite sphere that holds the statue of the Angel Moroni—was laid on April 6, 1892, by means of an electric motor and switch operated by Wilford Woodruff, the church's fourth president, thus completing work on the temple's exterior. The Angel Moroni statue, standing 12.5 feet (3.8 m) tall, was placed on top of the capstone later the same day.[23] At the capstone ceremony, Woodruff proposed the building's interior be finished within one year, which would allow the temple to be dedicated forty years to the day of its commencement. John R. Winder was instrumental in overseeing the interior's completion on schedule; he would serve as a member of the temple presidency until his death in 1910. Woodruff dedicated the temple on April 6, 1893, exactly forty years after the cornerstone was laid.[22]

2019 to 2024 renovation[]

Photo of the Salt Lake Temple during renovation (taken in 2020)

At the end of 2019, the temple was closed for a seismic retrofitting designed to allow it to withstand a magnitude 7.3 earthquake, the strongest expected magnitude in the Salt Lake Valley;[24] work is expected to take about four years. Other facilities on Temple Square (and certain parts of the main temple) were to be demolished, reconstructed, and modernized inline with seismic code.[2] Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems will be replaced,[2] Initially the interior and its historical artifacts were planned to be preserved[25] (although plans were later changed and many historic elements were removed[26]) and plazas and landscaping modified.[27] Visitor access and tourism would remain during the entire renovation process, but in regulated and coordinated fashion.[25]

Prior to 2019, the building had never been decommissioned for renovation and only minor updating of finishes and systems had occurred within the temple proper (although multiple "annex" additions had been added and removed in the past). This meant the temple's core historic architecture, layout, and workmanship had been preserved for 126 years.

Before construction started, church leaders indicated that the temple's unique historicity would be preserved.[2] Church employees stated that special efforts would be made to highlight and honor the pioneer craftsmanship[25] and indicated the interiors would essentially remain the same.[28] Various renderings were released showing the instruction rooms used for the endowment ceremony would remain intact, with the original layout, woodwork and murals being preserved.[25]

In March 2021, the church announced significant changes to the renovation plan that affected many elements in the temple's historic interior. The progressive room-to-room live endowment ceremony would be removed and the layout of the temple would change, with the baptistry being moved to the annex and new instruction rooms constructed in its place. Other rooms and walls would be reconfigured, requiring the removal of the temple's murals. The murals and many other historic features of the building were photographed and otherwise documented before being permanently removed or destroyed.[26]

These changes will allow for greater patron capacity, but the removal of many historic elements was met with criticism, especially the destruction of the temple's murals. One prominent historian described the changes as a “huge and unnecessary loss” and another noted them as a loss of “priceless cultural artifacts.”[29]

Symbolism[]

See also: Symbolism in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Temple architecture (LDS Church), and Mormonism and Freemasonry

The Salt Lake Temple incorporates many symbolic adornments including Masonic symbols.[30]:73,79[31]:38–39 Symbolism is an important subject to members of the LDS Church.[32] These symbols include the following:

Some the temple's exterior symbols
  • All-seeing eye – The center tower on each side has a depiction of the all-seeing eye of God representing how God sees all things.[1][33]:147
Original 1854 design of the East side showing the horizontal angel, Sun faces, earth details, and compass and square window details. These elements were later modified or removed.
  • Angel statue – The golden Angel Moroni statue, by sculptor Cyrus E. Dallin, tops the capstone of the temple. It symbolizes the angel mentioned in Revelation 14:6 that will come to welcome in the Second Coming of Christ. Early architectural plans showed two horizontally flying angels[34][35][36] and the earliest references to the Salt Lake Temple's angel were always Gabriel. The original blueprint drawings intended the angel to be wearing temple ceremonial clothing like the angel on the Nauvoo Temple, but Paris-trained sculptor Dallin's 12.5-foot statue wears a crown instead of a temple cap that included a bright light which created a halo effect at night.[37] As a result of an earthquake on March 18, 2020, the statue's trumpet broke.
  • Beehive – The beehive symbol (which appears on the Utah state seal) appears on external doors and doorknobs and symbolizes the thrift, industry, perseverance, and order of the Mormon people.[31]:44[38]
  • Big Dipper – On the west side of the temple the Big Dipper appears, which represents how the priesthood can help people find their way to heaven as the constellation helped travelers find the North Star.[31]:42[39] The uppermost stars on the temple's constellation align with the actual North Star.[40]
  • Compass and square – Early plan drawings of the temple show the Masonic arrangements of a compass and square placed around the second and fourth floor windows,[31]:43 but the plans were changed during construction.[31]:39 These symbols had appeared on the Nauvoo Temple weathervane.[31]:43
  • Clasped hands – Above each external door and doorknob appears the "hand clasp," which is a representation of covenants that are made within temples or brotherly love.[31]:43
  • Clouds – On the east side of the temple are "clouds raining down" representing the way God has continued revelation and still speaks to man "like the rains out of Heaven"[1] or alternatively a veil of ignorance or sin.[31]:43
  • Earths – The Earthstones in the lower buttresses have been interpreted as the gospel of Christ spreading over the whole Earth.[31]:42
An original 1854 elevation plan showing the saturnstones, earthstone detail, Sun faces, and square and compass window accents. These elements were later discarded.
  • Saturns – Early drawings and a written description by Angell showed Saturnstones along the top tier of the temple,[19]:146[41] though the design was changed years later.[42]:60–62[43]:9
  • Spires – The six spires of the temple represent the power of the priesthood. The three spires on the east side are a little higher than those on the west: they represent the Melchizedek, or "higher priesthood", and the Aaronic, or "preparatory priesthood" respectively. The three spires on the east side represent the church's First Presidency and the twelve smaller spires on those three represent the Twelve Apostles.[44]
  • Sun, moon, and stars – Around the temple there are several carved stones depicting the Sun, Moon, and stars which correspond respectively to the celestial, terrestrial, and telestial kingdoms of glory in the afterlife.[31]:42[45] The sunstones have also been interpreted to represent God, the moonstones in different phases as representing different phases of life, and the starstones representing Jesus Christ.[1] These symbols were drawn from the three lesser lights symbols in the Freemasonry practiced by many early church leaders in Nauvoo.[46] Additionally, five-pointed stars have traditionally represented the five wounds of Christ (hands, feet, and side) and the five-pointed star with an elongated downward ray found on several LDS temples has been interpreted to represent Christ coming to Earth.[40]:125

Incidents[]

Bombings[]

Two bombing incidents have damaged the temple. On April 10, 1910, a bomb at the nearby Hotel Utah (now the Joseph Smith Memorial Building) damaged the trumpet of the Moroni statue atop the temple.[47] On November 14, 1962, the southeast door of the Salt Lake Temple was bombed.[48][49] FBI agents state that the explosive had been wrapped around the door handles on the temple's southeast entrance.[48] The large wooden entrance doors were damaged by flying fragments of metal and glass. Damage to interior walls occurred 25 feet inside the temple, but damage to the interior was minor.[48] Eleven exterior windows were shattered.[48]

1999 Salt Lake City tornado[]

Further information: 1999 Salt Lake City tornado

The temple suffered light to moderate damage in 1999 when a tornado rated F2 on the Fujita Scale struck Salt Lake City. A wedding ceremony taking place at the time allowed a photographer taking photographs of the new couple to record video of the tornado as it passed near the temple, forcing the bride and groom and everyone with them to shelter against the temple doors and pillars for protection from the wind and debris. They were unable to be allowed inside to take shelter as the temple doors were locked. Despite being pelted with rain and hail, everyone survived, and were able to then come out to look at the damage to many of the trees around the temple grounds and surrounding buildings before resuming the ceremony.[50][51]

2020 Salt Lake City earthquake[]

Further information: 2020 Salt Lake City earthquake

On the morning of March 18, 2020, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck just outside Salt Lake City.[52] Though most of the damage was outside the city, minor damage was inflicted on the temple. The trumpet of the Angel Moroni on top of the temple's tallest spire was lodged out of the statue, and some stones from the smaller spires were displaced. No other damage to the temple was reported.[53]

Interior images[]

Below are several photographs from the interior of the temple. In response to a member obtaining unauthorized images of the interior of the temple, church leaders decided to release the book The House of the Lord in 1912, which contained authorized black-and-white photographs of the interior, some of which are shown below.[19]:240–316[20]:6[54]:365–369,374 The unauthorized photographs had been taken over several months the year before by a man who was repeatedly allowed to enter with his camera while the temple was closed by a temple gardener friend.[54]:358,362

Images of former interior elements[]

Below are some elements of the temple have been removed during various renovations of the temple.

Temple presidents[]

  1. Lorenzo Snow, 1893–1898
  2. Joseph F. Smith, 1898–1911
  3. Anthon H. Lund, 1911–1921
  4. George F. Richards, 1921–1938
  5. Stephen L. Chipman, 1938–1945
  6. Joseph Fielding Smith, 1945–1949
  7. Robert D. Young, 1949–1953
  8. ElRay L. Christiansen, 1953–1961
  9. Willard E. Smith, 1961–1964
  10. Howard S. McDonald, 1964–1968
  11. O. Leslie Stone, 1968–1972
  12. John K. Edmunds, 1972–1977
  13. A. Ray Curtis, 1977–1982
  14. Marion D. Hanks, 1982–1985
  15. Victor L. Brown, 1985–1987
  16. Edgar M. Denny, 1987–1990
  17. Spencer H. Osborn, 1990–1993
  18. George I. Cannon, 1993–1996
  19. Carlos E. Asay, 1996–1999
  20. Derrill H. Richards, 1999
  21. W. Eugene Hansen, 1999–2002
  22. L. Aldin Porter, 2002–2005
  23. M. Richard Walker, 2005–2008
  24. Sheldon F. Child, 2008–2011
  25. Oren Claron Alldredge Jr., 2011–2014
  26. Cecil O. Samuelson, 2014–2017
  27. B. Jackson Wixom, 2017–2019

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Plans Unveiled for Salt Lake Temple Renovation", Church Newsroom, LDS Church, April 19, 2019
  3. ^ Talmage, James. The House of the Lord. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 1912
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Destiny of 747,000 Mormons is Shaped in These Hallowed Temple Rooms", Life, 4 (1): 22–23, January 3, 1938, retrieved October 11, 2012
  5. ^ "Temple Square". Utah.com (Utah Office of Tourism). Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  6. ^ Craven, Rulon G. (May 1991), "Prophets", Ensign, retrieved October 11, 2012
  7. ^ Hamblin, William J.; Seely, David Rolph (2007). Solomon's Temple: Myth and History. Thames & Hudson. pp. 191–193. ISBN 9780500251331.
  8. ^ "Salt Lake Temple". ldschurchnewsarchive.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  9. ^ "What Was The True Origin Of The Biblical Cubit?". maranathachurchofgod.ca. Maranatha Church Of God (Barrie, Ontario, Canada). January 2011. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2012.[unreliable source?]
  10. ^ Clorfene, Chaim (February 2007), Ezra's Temple, Herod's Temple and Ezekiel's vision of the Third Temple, Jewishmag.com, retrieved October 11, 2012
  11. ^ "Temples renamed to uniform guidelines". Church News. Deseret News. October 16, 1999. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  12. ^ Walker, Joseph (March 23, 2012). "It's official: the Provo City Center Temple". Deseret News. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  13. ^ Hamilton 1992, p. [page needed]
  14. ^ Talbot, Bridger (2014). "The Evolution of Sacred Space: The Changing Environment of the Endowment". Front Matter: 2014 BYU Religious Education Student Symposium. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  15. ^ Mangus, Brittany (January 8, 2013). Prepare Now for the Temple: An Essential Guide for Young Adult Sisters (Reprint ed.). Springville, Utah: Cedar Fort Inc. p. 1996. ISBN 978-1599550527. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  16. ^ Wright, Kristine; Stapley, Jonathan (Winter 2011). "Female Ritual Healing in Mormonism". Journal of Mormon History. 37 (1).
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Stapley, Jonathan A.; Wright, Kristene L. (Fall 2008). "'They Shall Be Made Whole': A History of Baptism for Health". Journal of Mormon History. 34 (4).
  18. ^ Buerger, David John (Spring 1983). "'The Fullness of the Priesthood': The Second Anointing in Latter-day Saint Theology and Practice" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 16 (1): 41, 43. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
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  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Walgreen, Kent (Fall 1996). "Inside the Salt Lake Temple: Gisbert Bossard's 1911 Photographs" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 29 (3). Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  21. ^ Anthon H. Lund Journal, July 5, 1901, cited by BYU Prof. D. Michael Quinn https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/latter-day-saint-prayer-circles
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hanks, Marion D. "Salt Lake Temple". LDS FAQ. BYU Studies. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  23. ^ "Temple capstone laid 100 years ago", Church News, April 4, 1992, retrieved October 11, 2012
  24. ^ Walch, Tad (April 19, 2019). "Here's how the Salt Lake Temple's base isolation system will protect it from earthquakes". Deseret News. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
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  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "First Presidency Provides Update about Historic Temple Renovations". Church Newsroom. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. March 12, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  27. ^ "Salt Lake Temple Renovation - What to Expect". Temple Square. April 30, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  28. ^ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (December 4, 2019). "Visitor experience about to change at Salt lake City's Temple Square. Here's how and why". Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  29. ^ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (March 12, 2021). "In a loss for preservation, LDS Church removes historic murals from Salt Lake Temple". Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
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  33. ^ Berber, Allen H. (April 4, 2006). Celestial Symbols: Symbolism in Doctrine, Religious Traditions and Temple Architecture. Horizon Publishers. ISBN 0882908081. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  34. ^ "Oldest Artwork on Temple Square". Temple Square Blog. LDS Church Deseret Management Corporation. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  35. ^ "Salt Lake Temple p.47". collections.lib.utah.edu. University of Utah. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  36. ^ Bishop, M. Guy; Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel (Spring 1993). "The 'St. Peter's of the New World': The Salt Lake Temple, Tourism, and a New Image for Utah" (PDF). Utah Historical Quarterly. 61: 33. Retrieved July 8, 2017. Page 33 archived here.
  37. ^ Gaskill, Alonzo L. (August 9, 2016). Temple Reflections: Insights into the House of the Lord. Cedar Fort Inc. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-1462118991. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  38. ^ Oman, Richard G. "Beehive Symbol". BYU Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  39. ^ Truman O. Angell (August 17, 1854), "The Temple: To the Editor of the Deseret News", Deseret News, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, 4 (23), p. 2, retrieved August 19, 2014, Moral, [of Ursa Major is that] the lost may find themselves by the Priesthood
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b Lyon, Jack (December 5, 2016). Understanding Temple Symbols: Themes of the Temple in Scripture, History, and Art. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 978-1629722443.
  41. ^ Zimmerman, Dean R. (June 1978). "The Salt Lake Temple". The New Era. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  42. ^ Oman, Richard G. (1996). "Exterior Symbolism of the Salt Lake Temple: Reflecting the Faith that Called the Place into Being". BYU Studies Quarterly. 36 (4). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  43. ^ Cowan, Richard O. (2012). "Latter-day Saint Temples as Symbols". Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture. 21 (1). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  45. ^ Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel (November 1993). "Every Window, Every Spire Speaks of the Things of God". Liahona. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  46. ^ Andrew, Laurel B. (June 1978). The Early Temples of the Mormons: The Architecture of the Millennial Kingdom in the American West (1st ed.). State University of New York Printing. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0873953584. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  47. ^ Kirby, Robert (March 10, 2017). "Kirby's disturbing history: Close encounters of the bizarre kind at Mormonism's Temple Square". The Salt Lake Tribune. In April 1910, Moroni's trumpet was knocked awry by a bomb set at the construction site of the Hotel Utah across the street. The bomb, which involved a labor dispute, shattered windows blocks away. Moroni's trumpet wasn't fixed until two months later, when the church paid a couple of steeplejacks $125 to climb the spire and reposition it.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Blast Mormon Temple with Plastic Bomb". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 15, 1962. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  49. ^ Johnson, Jeffrey O. (June 1994). "Change and Growth: The Mormon Church & the 1960sHE 1960" (PDF). Sunstone. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  50. ^ Weather Gone Viral, The Weather Channel
  51. ^ "Salt Lake Temple Tornado Wedding". Final Touch Film & Video Production. August 11, 1999. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  52. ^ "5.7 magnitude earthquake strikes near Salt Lake City, knocking out Utah's coronavirus hotline". ABC News. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
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Further reading[]

External links[]

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