Second New Deal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Second New Deal is a term used by historians[1] to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his address to Congress in January 1935, Roosevelt called for five major goals: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and slum clearance, national work relief program (the Works Progress Administration) to replace direct relief efforts.[2] It included programs to redistribute wealth, income, and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act of 1935, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. The Undistributed profits tax was only short-lived. Liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of $1.5 million to 3 million World War veterans over FDR's veto. Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the New Deal Coalition of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it; and conservatives—typified by the American Liberty League—were strongly opposed. Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936; liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938. Programs continued for a while. Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem. These included the WPA, NYA and the Resettlement Administration. Social Security and the Wagner Act, however, did survive.

See also[]

  • New Deal Coalition

Further reading[]

  • Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's" Share Our Wealth," Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review (1994): 678-702. in JSTOR
  • Fulsom, Burton (2009). New Deal or Raw Deal?: How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America. Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1416592228.
  • Jeffries, John W. "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945." Journal of Policy History 8.4 (1996): 387-409.
  • Katznelson, Ira (2013). Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0871407382.
  • Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001)
  • Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963). online
  • Patterson, James T. (1967). Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal. p. 37ff. ISBN 9780813164045..
  • Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010) excerpt and text search
  • Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III) (1959), excerpt and text search

References[]

  1. ^ And by a few contemporary commentators such as Frank Kent, Without Grease (1936), p. 63
  2. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Annual Message to Congress". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
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