Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

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Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms
Part of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Preamble
Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1
Fundamental Freedoms
2
Democratic Rights
3, 4, 5
Mobility Rights
6
Legal Rights
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Equality Rights
15
Official Languages of Canada
16, 16.1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
Minority Language Education Rights
23
Enforcement
24
General
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
Application
32, 33
Citation
34
  • v
  • t

Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause (la clause dérogatoire, or la clause nonobstant in French), sometimes referred to as the override power, and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to temporarily override certain portions of the Charter.[1]

Text[]

The section states:

Section 33.

(1) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15.
(2) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration.
(3) A declaration made under subsection (1) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration.
(4) Parliament or the legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection (1).
(5) Subsection (3) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection (4).

Function[]

The Parliament of Canada, a provincial legislature or a territorial legislature may declare that one of its laws or part of a law applies temporarily ("notwithstanding") countermanding sections of the Charter, thereby nullifying any judicial review by overriding the Charter protections for a limited period of time. This is done by including a section in the law clearly specifying which rights have been overridden. A simple majority vote in any of Canada's 14 jurisdictions may suspend the core rights of the Charter. However, the rights to be overridden must be either a "fundamental right" guaranteed by Section 2 (such as freedom of expression, religion, and association), a "legal right" guaranteed by Sections 7–14 (such as rights to liberty and freedom from search and seizures and cruel and unusual punishment) or a Section 15 "equality right".[1] Other rights such as section 6 mobility rights, democratic rights, and language rights are inviolable.

Such a declaration lapses after five years or a lesser time specified in the clause, although the legislature may re-enact the clause any number of times. The rationale behind having a five-year expiry date is that it is also the maximum amount of time the Parliament or legislature may sit before an election must be called. Therefore, if the people wish for the law to be repealed, they have the right to elect new representatives who would have the power to do so.[2] (The provisions of the Charter that deal with elections and democratic representation (§§3–5) are not among those that can be overridden with the notwithstanding clause (§§2,7–15).)

The notwithstanding clause reflects the hybrid character of Canadian political institutions. In effect, it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American-style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982.[3] Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also described it as a tool that could guard against a Supreme Court ruling legalizing hate speech and child pornography as freedom of expression.[2]

History[]

The idea for the clause was proposed by Peter Lougheed as suggested by Merv Leitch.[4] The clause was a compromise reached during the debate over the new constitution in the early 1980s. Among the provinces' major complaints with the Charter was its effect of shifting power from elected officials to the judiciary, giving the courts the final word. Section 33, in conjunction with the limitations clause in section 1, was intended to give provincial legislators more leverage to pass law. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at first strongly objected to the clause, but eventually consented to its inclusion under pressure from the provincial premiers.[5]

Justice Minister Jean Chrétien agreed to the notwithstanding clause in the Kitchen Accord.

The clause was included as part of what is known as "The Kitchen Accord". At the end of a conference on the constitution that was poised to end in deadlock, Jean Chrétien, the federal justice minister, as well as Roy McMurtry and Roy Romanow, both provincial ministers, met in a kitchen in the Government Conference Centre in Ottawa and sowed the seeds for a deal. This compromise ultimately caused two major changes to the constitution package: the first was that the Charter would include the "notwithstanding clause", and the second was an agreed-upon amending formula. They then worked through the night with consultations from different premiers, and agreement from almost everybody. However, they notably excluded René Lévesque, the premier of Quebec, in the negotiations. At any rate, he refused to agree to the deal, and ultimately the Quebec government declined to endorse the constitutional amendment. Chrétien would later say on the notwithstanding clause, "Canada probably wouldn't have had any Charter without it."[2]

According to Chrétien, in 1992, Trudeau blamed him for the notwithstanding clause, saying "you gave them that". Chrétien replied, "Sorry, Pierre. I recommended it. You gave it."[2]

During the January 9, 2006, party leaders' debate for the 2006 federal election, Prime Minister Paul Martin unexpectedly pledged that his Liberal government, if returned, would support a constitutional amendment to prevent the federal government from invoking section 33, and challenged Conservative leader Stephen Harper to agree.[6] This sparked a debate as to how the notwithstanding clause can be amended. Some argued that the amending formula required the federal government to gain the approval of at least seven provinces with at least half the national population (the standard procedure). Others argued that since the proposal would only limit the federal Parliament's powers, Parliament could make the change alone.[7]

Uses of the override[]

Three provinces have used the power of override. Saskatchewan used it to force provincial employees to work and to allow the government to pay for non-Catholics to attend a Catholic school, and Quebec used it to allow the government to restrict language of signage and to prevent public employees from wearing religious symbols. Neither of the usages were renewed, and they each therefore expired after five years.[8] Quebec has introduced new legislation that invokes the override and may still come into effect as of May 2021. Ontario used it to increase the time period during which 3rd-party groups must limit their activities in the lead-up to an election.[9]

Four jurisdictions—Yukon, Alberta, Ontario, and New Brunswick—have introduced bills that invoked the override but never came into effect for various reasons. Other provinces and territories, and the federal government, have not used it.

Usages of the notwithstanding clause
Province Year introduced Period in effect Statute enacting notwithstanding clause Charter right circumvented Passed Enacted Notes on enactment
Yukon 1982 N/A Land Planning and Development Act[10] Section 15 equality rights pertaining appointment to committees Yes No Received royal assent, but not brought into force.
Quebec 1982 1982–1992 all statutes from 1982 to 1987 preemptive blanket application Yes Yes Brought into force, but was unnecessary in most or all cases, and the validity of blanket application has never been tested in court.
Saskatchewan 1986 1986–1987 SGEU Dispute Settlement Act[11] Section 2(d) freedom of association pertaining to unions Yes Yes Brought into force, although later found to be unnecessary by the Supreme Court.
Quebec 1988 1988–1993 An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language[12] Section 2(b) freedom of expression and section 15 equality rights pertaining to language on signs Yes Yes Brought into force. Not renewed after the five-year expiry.
Alberta 1998 N/A Institutional Confinement and Sexual Sterilization Compensation Act[13] Sections 2 and 7 to 15 No No Bill dropped by legislature.
Alberta 2000 N/A Marriage Amendment Act, 2000[14] Section 15 equality rights pertaining to same-sex marriage Yes No Ordered into force, but ultra vires, so of no force or effect.
Saskatchewan 2018 N/A School Choice Protection Act[15] Section 15 equality rights pertaining to public funding of Catholic schools Yes No Received royal assent, but not brought into force.[16] Usage of the Clause became unnecessary when the original court case was overturned on appeal.
Ontario 2018 N/A Efficient Local Government Act, 2018[17] Section 2(b) freedom of expression pertaining to municipal elections No No Bill dropped by legislature when Court of Appeal granted a stay of the lower court's decision
Quebec 2019 2019–present An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State[18] Section 2(b) freedom of expression and Section 15 equality rights pertaining to the wearing of religious symbols by public servants. Yes Yes Received royal assent and brought into force on June 16, 2019.
New Brunswick 2019 N/A An Act Respecting Proof of Immunization[19] Sections 2 and 7 to 15 No No Bill reached first reading, but was not passed before the end of the 59th New Brunswick Legislature.
Ontario 2021 2021–present Protecting Elections and Defending Democracy Act, 2021[20] Freedom of expression pertaining to third-party political advertising outside of election periods Yes Yes Received royal assent on June 14, 2021.
Quebec 2021 N/A An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec[21] Sections 2 and 7 to 15 Pending First reading

Alberta[]

Compensation for forced sterilization (1998)[]

In 1998, Alberta introduced, but later abandoned, a bill that would attempt to use the notwithstanding clause to limit lawsuits against the government for past forced sterilizations[22] approved by the Alberta Eugenics Board before the Sexual Sterilization Act was repealed.[23]

Same-sex marriage (2000)[]

Alberta has never successfully invoked the notwithstanding clause, but in March 2000, the Legislature of Alberta passed Bill 202, which amended the province's Marriage Act[24] to include an opposite-sex-only definition of marriage as well as the notwithstanding clause in order to insulate the definition from Charter challenges. However, a legislature may only use the "notwithstanding clause" on legislation it would otherwise have the authority to enact, and the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in 2004 in Reference re Same-Sex Marriage that the definition of marriage is within the exclusive domain of the Parliament of Canada, thus finding Bill 202 ultra vires, or beyond the constitutional powers of the Alberta Legislature.[5]

Other discussions of its use in Alberta[]

There were also discussions to invoke the notwithstanding clause following the Supreme Court of Canada's 1998 decision in Vriend v Alberta, but were resisted by Premier Ralph Klein at the time.[25]

New Brunswick[]

Mandatory vaccinations (2019)[]

On November 22, 2019, Education Minister Dominic Cardy introduced a bill, known as Bill 39, in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick to end non-medical exemptions to vaccinations in school children, which includes invoking the notwithstanding clause. Cardy said this was to pre-empt any court and charter challenges to the bill by "an organized, well-financed lobby out there that's intent on derailing efforts to protect vulnerable children".[26] The use of the notwithstanding clause was removed from the bill in June 2020.[27]

Ontario[]

Municipal elections (2018)[]

In August 2018, the government of Ontario passed the Better Local Government Act, which, among other things, ordered the Toronto City Council to change its electoral ward boundaries for the 2018 municipal election to match the boundaries used for federal and provincial electoral ridings, thus reducing the number of wards from 47 to 25. Premier of Ontario Doug Ford stated that the council had "failed to act on the critical issues facing the city", and claimed cost savings of $25 million over the next four years. The bill was controversial for both its intent and its timing, as it came in the midst of a municipal election campaign. The electoral boundaries had already been realigned for the 2018 election to expand it from 44 to 47 wards, by consolidating several existing wards and adding new ones.[28][29][30]

On September 10, 2018, the act was struck down by Superior Court Justice Edward Belobaba as unconstitutional, ruling that the larger wards infringed voters' rights to an election whose outcome provides "effective representation", and that unilaterally changing electoral boundaries in the middle of a campaign infringed on candidates' freedom of expression.[31] Shortly afterward, Ford announced his intent to table legislation authorizing an invocation of the notwithstanding clause to overturn the ruling,[32] which, if passed, would have been the first use of the notwithstanding clause in Ontario.[33][31] However, on September 19, the Court of Appeal for Ontario granted a stay of the Superior Court's decision, allowing the province to again implement a 25-ward structure for the City of Toronto. During the oral argument for that case, the counsel for the attorney general stated that the provincial government would not proceed with the legislation to invoke the notwithstanding clause if the stay was granted.[34]

Third-party political advertising (2021)[]

In early 2021, the Ontario government passed the Protecting Ontario Elections Act, 2021, which restricted the ability of private sector organizations from running political advertisements outside of election periods. In June, The Ontario Superior Court found the law to violate freedom of expression, and struck down those sections of the law. The Ontario government then passed the Protecting Elections and Defending Democracy Act, 2021 to enact the restrictions using the Notwithstanding Clause.

Quebec[]

Blanket application (1982–1987)[]

After the Charter came into force in 1982, the Parti Québécois government in Quebec inserted wording pursuant to section 33 into every law passed by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as retroactively amending every existing law, in an attempt to ensure that no provincial law could ever be challenged in the courts on grounds in the relevant Charter sections.[35] This stopped in 1987, when the newly elected Quebec Liberals discontinued the practice.[35]

The way the Quebec legislature deployed the clause in the late 1980s diminished public respect in the rest of the country for section 33.[1] Due to the mass opposition that its use, or even threatened use, as in the case of Alberta (listed below), would evoke, the act of invoking the notwithstanding clause would be more politically costly even than had always been apprehended, according to some.[36][37][38]

Sign laws (1988)[]

On December 21, 1988, after the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ford v Quebec (AG), the National Assembly of Quebec employed section 33 and the equivalent section 52 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms in their Bill 178. This allowed Quebec to continue to restrict the posting of certain commercial signs in languages other than French. In 1993, after the law was criticized by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, the Bourassa government had the National Assembly rewrite the law to conform to the Charter and the notwithstanding clause was removed.

Wearing of religious symbols by public servants (2019)[]

On March 28, 2019, the recently elected Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) government applied the notwithstanding clause in Bill 21 (An Act respecting the Laicity of the State). The bill was passed on June 16, 2019 and prevents public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols.[39] It also prevents people from receiving public services with their faces covered.

French language requirement for businesses (2021)[]

A proposed law would require private business to be conducted in French.

Saskatchewan[]

Back-to-work order (1986)[]

In 1986, the Legislature of Saskatchewan enacted a law, the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act, in which workers were ordered back to work. The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan had previously held that a similar back-to-work law was unconstitutional because it infringed workers' freedom of association. The government appealed that decision to the Supreme Court of Canada. Since the Court of Appeal decision was still the statement of law at the time of the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act, a clause was written into the act, invoking the section 33 override.[40][41][42] The earlier law was later found by the Supreme Court to be consistent with the Charter, meaning the use of the clause had been unnecessary.[41][43]

Catholic school funding (2018)[]

In May 2018, the Saskatchewan Legislature invoked the notwithstanding clause to overrule the Court of Queen's Bench ruling in Good Spirit School Division No 204 v Christ The Teacher Roman Catholic Separate School Division No 212, 2017 SKQB 109, which stated the government could not provide funding for non-Catholic students to attend Catholic separate schools.[44][45] The Saskatchewan Court of Appeal overturned the decision in March 2020, and the Supreme Court of Canada declined leave to appeal.[46] With the original decision overturned, there is no longer a need for the Notwithstanding Clause.

Other discussions of its use in Saskatchewan[]

Following a Supreme Court of Canada decision of January 30, 2015,[47] which struck down Saskatchewan essential service legislation, Premier Brad Wall publicly considered using the notwithstanding clause to protect the province's ability to force essential service employees back to work.[48][49]

Yukon[]

Committee appointments (1982)[]

In 1982, the legislature of Yukon made use of the notwithstanding clause in the Land Planning and Development Act. This was the first use, by any Canadian legislature, of the section 33 override. However, as constitutional scholar Peter Hogg notes, the "statute ... was never brought into force and so scarcely counts as an example".[1][50]

Comparison with other human rights instruments[]

Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has remarked that the notwithstanding clause "seems to be a uniquely Canadian invention".[51] The United States Constitution gives no such powers to the states (see: Nullification), but Article III, sect. 2 does authorize the Congress to remove jurisdiction from the Federal Courts. Not since World War II has Congress mustered the requisite majority.[52]

However, the concept of the notwithstanding clause was not created with the Charter. The presence of the clause makes the Charter similar to the Canadian Bill of Rights (1960), which, under section 2, states that "an Act of the Parliament" may declare that a law "shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights". A primary difference is that the Bill of Rights' notwithstanding clause could be used to invalidate "any" right, not just specified clauses as with the Charter. The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code (1979), the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (1977), and the Alberta Bill of Rights (1972) also contain devices like the notwithstanding clause.[51]

Outside Canada, Israel added a device similar to the notwithstanding clause to one of its Basic Laws in 1992. However, this power could be used only in respect of the right to work.[51]

In Victoria, Australia, section 31 of the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities fulfils a similar purpose.[53][54]

The uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom has an implicit equivalent of a notwithstanding clause: following the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, the courts have no power to declare primary legislation invalid on constitutional grounds, including on grounds of incompatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights. The Human Rights Act 1998 requires legislation to be interpreted in a way compatible with the Convention if possible, but they must nonetheless enforce any primary legislation that they cannot so interpret. This does not apply to secondary legislation or devolved legislation, which may be ultra vires if incompatible.

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter Archived 2018-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, prepared by David Johansen, 1989, as revised May 2005. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
  2. ^ a b c d Chrétien, Jean. My Years as Prime Minister. Vintage Canada Edition, 2008. p. 392.
  3. ^ Peter McKnight, "Notwithstanding what?" The Vancouver Sun, January 21, 2006, p. C.4.
  4. ^ "The Honourable E. Peter Lougheed - Why a Notwithstanding Clause?". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  5. ^ a b "Same-sex Marriage and the Notwithstanding Clause" (PDF). Institute for Research on Public Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  6. ^ "Martin says he would ban notwithstanding clause". CBC News. January 9, 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
  7. ^ Corbella, Licia. "Martin shocks drafter of Charter of Rights" Calgary Sun, 11 January 2006.
  8. ^ Bordan, Gregory; 2019 (2019-03-26). "Opinion: Allowing charter rights to be set aside puts all at risk". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-07-18. Missing |author2= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Ford government pushes through controversial election spending bill with notwithstanding clause". The Canadian Press. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  10. ^ 'lLand Planning and Development Act, SY 1982 c 22, s 39
  11. ^ SGEU Dispute Settlement Act, SS 1984-85-85, c 111, s 9(1)
  12. ^ An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language, SQ 1988 c 54, s 10
  13. ^ "The legislative assembly of Alberta Bill 26" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  14. ^ Marriage Act, RSA 2000, c M-5 s 1.1, as amended by Marriage Amendment Act, 2000.
  15. ^ School Choice Protection Act, SS 2018 c 39, s 2.2(1)
  16. ^ Publications Saskatchewan Archived 2018-11-15 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed URL on April 21, 2020.
  17. ^ Bill 31, Efficient Local Government Act, 2018, 1st Sess, 42nd Parl, Ontario, 2018. Available at "Bill 31". www.ola.org. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  18. ^ Bill 21, An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State, 1st Sess, 42nd Leg, Quebec, 2019. Available at "Bill 21". www.assnat.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  19. ^ Bill 39, An Act Respecting Proof of Immunization, 59th Leg, New Brunswick, 2019. Available at "Bill 39". Government of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  20. ^ Bill 307, Protecting Elections and Defending Democracy Act, 2021. Available at "Bill 307". www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-42/session-1/bill-307. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  21. ^ Bill 96, An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec, 1st Sess, 42nd Leg, Quebec, 2021. Available at "Bill 96". www.assnat.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  22. ^ "Sterilizing Klein's legislation", Maclean's, Toronto: March 23, 1998. Vol. 111, Iss. 12, p. 29.
  23. ^ "Alberta backs down on sterilization compensation". Archived from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  24. ^ Marriage Act Archived 2007-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, R.S.A. 2000, c. M-5. Accessed URL on March 10, 2006.
  25. ^ Norman, Ken. "The sparse use of Canada's notwithstanding clause". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  26. ^ Poitras, Jacques (Nov 22, 2019). "New Brunswick uses notwithstanding clause in 2nd bid to pass vaccination bill". CBC New Brunswick. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved Nov 22, 2019.
  27. ^ "New Brunswick committee drops notwithstanding clause from vaccination bill". Atlantic. 2020-06-17. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  28. ^ Benzie, Robert (July 27, 2018). "'It's like a comedy show down at city hall:' Ford defends unilateral moves to slash Toronto council, axe regional chair elections". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  29. ^ "Canada's 'most dysfunctional political arena' – Toronto council – will be chopped in size, premier says". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  30. ^ "Ontario passes bill slashing Toronto city council". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  31. ^ a b "Toronto Mayor John Tory reacts as Premier Doug Ford doubles down on plan to slash size of city council". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  32. ^ "Doug Ford Announces Action to Uphold the Better Local Government Act". news.ontario.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  33. ^ "What is the notwithstanding clause?". CTV News. 2018-09-10. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  34. ^ "Doug Ford's government wins latest court challenge, moving closer to slashing size of Toronto council". CBC News. September 19, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  35. ^ a b "Understanding the Charter’s notwithstanding clause" Archived 2018-09-11 at the Wayback Machine. Global News, February 6, 2015.
  36. ^ Heather Scoffield, "Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships", Canadian Press, September 13, 2010
  37. ^ Chrétien, My Years as Prime Minister, pp. 392–393.
  38. ^ Yakabuski, Konrad (April 3, 2014). "The Quebec election is a clash of two charters". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  39. ^ "Quebec government's proposed secularism law would ban public workers from wearing religious symbols". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  40. ^ The SGEU Dispute Settlement Act, S.S. 1984-85-86, c. 111, s. 9.
  41. ^ a b Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 4th ed. (Scarborough: Carswell, 1997), s. 36.2.
  42. ^ Joel Bakan et al., Canadian Constitutional Law, 3d ed. (Toronto: Edmond Montgomery, 2003), p. 780.
  43. ^ RWDSU v. Saskatchewan, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 460.
  44. ^ "School Choice Protection Act". Act No. SS 2018 c 39 of 30 May 2018.
  45. ^ Kurl, Shachi; 2018 (2018-09-14). "Kurl: Doug Ford shows Conservative parties aren't what they used to be". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2019-07-18.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-04-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^ "Supreme court of Canada". CanLII. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  48. ^ CBC News (4 February 2015). "Brad Wall open to using 'notwithstanding clause' over labour ruling". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  49. ^ Charlton, Jonathan (4 February 2015). "Wall floats notwithstanding clause in response to SCOC labour ruling". The StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  50. ^ Peter Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada. Student Edition 2007, section 39.2 (p. 842).
  51. ^ a b c Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada. 2003 Student Ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003, p. 835.
  52. ^ The Norris–La Guardia Act of 1932 "provided, with certain exceptions, that no Federal court should have jurisdiction to issue an injunction in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute". The Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 "contained a provision withholding from Federal district courts authority to enjoin the enforcement of the act".
  53. ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (s. 31),
  54. ^ ABC AM radio program, 21 December 2005, according to transcript

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