Semeru

Semeru
Semeru
	Semeru in 1985.
Highest point
Elevation	3,676 m (12,060 ft)
Prominence	3,676 m (12,060 ft); Ranked 45th
Isolation	391 km (243 mi)
Listing	Island high point 12th; Ultra; Ribu
Coordinates	8°6′28.8″S 112°55′12.0″E / 8.108000°S 112.920000°ECoordinates: 8°6′28.8″S 112°55′12.0″E / 8.108000°S 112.920000°E
Geography
	Semeru Java, IndonesiaShow map of JavaShow map of IndonesiaShow all
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	Ring of Fire/Sunda Arc
Last eruption	1967 to 2021
Climbing
First ascent	Unknown
Easiest route	Hike

Semeru, or Mount Semeru (Indonesian: Gunung Semeru), is an active volcano in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in the subduction zone, where the Indo-Australia plate subducts under the Eurasia plate.^[2] It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit.^[3] The name derived from the Hindu cosmology's mountain of Meru or Sumeru, the abode of gods.

Mount Semeru is one of the most popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.

Geology[]

Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas.^[3] Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.

Eruptive history[]

Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (10 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows. All historical eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3.^[4] Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present. At times, small eruptions happen every 20 minutes or so.^[5]

Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north, but though non-technical it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s, died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru.^[6] It erupted again in 2021.^[7]

Semeru is named from Sumeru, the central world-mountain in Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from India; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so it was moved eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well.^[8] Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.

Floral problems[]

Foreign invasive plants[]

25 non-native plants have been found in Mount Semeru National Park. The foreign plants, which threaten the endemic local plants, were imported by Dutch botanist , in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare mill, Verbena brasiliensis, chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.^[9]

Vegetable plantations[]

Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations is adding silt to Ranu Pane Lake, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research has predicted that the lake will disappear in about 2025 unless the vegetable plantations on the hillsides are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.^[10]

References[]

^ "Semeru volcano". 19 February 2018.
^ "Mount Semeru".
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Semeru: Summary". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ "Semeru: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ "Volcano erupts in Indonesia". www.abc.net.au. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
^ "Birth of Soe Hok Gie". Viva News. 17 December 2008.
^ HUGE Eruption at Semeru Volcano in East Java, Indonesia - Jan. 16, 2021
^ Soekmono, Dr R. (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 119. ISBN 979-413-290-X.
^ Eko Widianto (25 October 2014). "Foreign Plantations Invade Mt Semeru".
^ David Priyasidharta (15 December 2014). "Ranu Pane Lake Estimated to Disappear in 10 Years".

Sources[]

"Semeru". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
Holt, Claire. Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. Page 36 explains the mythological aspect of the mountain.

External links[]

[Semeru_volcano_on_Volcano_Discovery-1] "Semeru volcano". 19 February 2018.

[2] "Mount Semeru".

[gvp-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Semeru: Summary". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

[4] "Semeru: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

[5] "Volcano erupts in Indonesia". www.abc.net.au. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2020.

[6] "Birth of Soe Hok Gie". Viva News. 17 December 2008.

[7] HUGE Eruption at Semeru Volcano in East Java, Indonesia - Jan. 16, 2021

[8] Soekmono, Dr R. (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 119. ISBN 979-413-290-X.

[9] Eko Widianto (25 October 2014). "Foreign Plantations Invade Mt Semeru".

[10] David Priyasidharta (15 December 2014). "Ranu Pane Lake Estimated to Disappear in 10 Years".

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