Siege of Perekop (1920)

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Siege of Perekop
Part of the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War
A map of the Soviet plan for the Perekop–Chongar operation
Date 7-17 November 1920 Location Perekop Isthmus and the Syvash, Crimean Peninsula, South Russia Result Red Army victory End of the Southern Front. Bolshevik control established on the Crimean Peninsula. Dissolution of the Army of Wrangel.
Belligerents
White Army Army of Wrangel	Bolsheviks Red Army 1st Cavalry Army 2nd Cavalry Army 4th Army 6th Army 13th Army Black Army
Commanders and leaders
Pyotr Wrangel Vladimir Vitkovsky Alexander Kutepov Ivan Barbovitch	Mikhail Frunze August Kork Filipp Mironov Semyon Budyonny Vasily Blyukher Béla Kun Simon Karetnik
Strength
41,000	186,600
Casualties and losses
2,000	10,000

The siege of Perekop, also known as the Perekop-Chongar Operation, was the final battle of the Southern Front in the Russian Civil War from 7 to 17 November 1920. The White Army stronghold on the Crimean Peninsula was protected by the Chongar fortification system along the strategic Perekop Isthmus and the Syvash, from which the Crimean Corps under General Yakov Slashchov repelled several Red Army invasion attempts in early 1920. The Red Army in South Russia and the Black Army, under the command of Mikhail Frunze, launched an offensive on Crimea with an invasion force four-times larger than the defenders, the Army of Wrangel under the command of General Pyotr Wrangel. Despite suffering heavy losses, the Reds broke through the fortifications, and the Whites were forced into retreat southwards. Following their defeat at the siege of Perekop, the Whites evacuated from the Crimea, dissolving the Army of Wrangel and ending the Southern Front in Bolshevik victory.

About 50 years later, students from Moscow created a monument of remembrance for the battle.

Balance of forces[]

In November 1920, immediately prior to the main attack on Perekop, the balance of forces was as follows:

• Grouping of forces of the Southern Front, there were: 146,400 bayonets, 40,200 sabers, 985 pieces of artillery, 4435 machine guns, 57 armored cars, 17 armored trains and 45 aircraft.
• Wrangel's Russian Army in the Crimea totaled more than 41,000 soldiers and officers, of which about 6,000 were diverted to fight the guerrillas, security facilities and communications, so in the northern part of the peninsula, there were more than 23,000 bayonets, 12,000 sabers, 213 pieces of artillery, 45 tanks and armored vehicles, 14 armored trains and 42 aircraft.^[1]

Fortifications[]

The construction of fortifications on the isthmus of Perekop began in the autumn of 1919. The White Army defense system consisted of two strips of defense: The Perekop (founded on the Turkish Wall with a total length of 11 km, it included a ditch, barbed wire in 3-5 rows and three lines of trenches) and Ishun (20–25 km from the first line).

There were also fortifications to strengthen the Chonhar Peninsula and the Arabat Spit - up to 5-6 lines of trenches and trenches with barbed wire.
Relatively weak defended was the Lithuanian Peninsula with only one line of trenches and barbed wire.

Approximately 10,000 White Army soldiers defended Perekop and Ishun while 3,000 defended the Syvash, the Chongar Strait and Arabat Spit, a strong reserve. Just over 14,000 were located in the rear.

Planning[]

Initially, Frunze had planned to deliver the main blow toward Chongar but due to the ice holding back the Azov flotilla, the main attack was transferred on toward Perekop.

The assault on Perekop was executed by the 6th Army, 1st Cavalry Army and 2nd Cavalry Army.
Communists and Komsomol members were sent to strengthen the troops. Just before the operation began, 8,000 Communists and 2,500 Komsomol members were added to the Army.

Fighting[]

On the night of November 8, 1920, the striking force of the 6th Army, in adverse weather conditions (strong winds and minus 11-12 degrees Celsius), crossed the 7-kilometer water obstacle (Syvash), and captured the Lithuanian Peninsula on that day.

At the same time, the 51st Rifle Division undertook a frontal attack at the Turkish Redoubt. For the purpose of the concentration of forces in the attack, the division was reorganized into six waves - the first component grenade launchers and wire cutters, second - attack aircraft; third - reserve; fourth - "cleaners", and the fifth and sixth - reserve.^[2] The attack was not successful.

After back-and-forth fighting, complicated by fluctuating water levels in Syvash bay, the Red Army achieved a breakthrough on November 12, 1920, sending the opposition in general retreat.
General Wrangel had no other option than to evacuate his army from the Crimea to Constantinople.

In popular culture[]

• Two Comrades Were Serving - 1968 Soviet film, which takes place during the Perekop-Chongar Operation.
• Marshal of the Revolution - 1978 Soviet biopic about the Southern Front commander Mikhail Frunze, covering the events from September 21 to November 16, 1920 (the fighting in the south of the left-bank Ukraine, assault of Perekop and forcing the Sivash, the defeat of Baron Wrangel's army in Crimea).
• The Sun of the Dead - 1923 novel by Ivan Shmelyov focusing on the consequences of the capture of Crimea by the Red Army.
• Sumy Hussars 1651–1951 (Buenos Aires, 1954), a historical overview written by White émigrés, describes the collapse of the 1st Sumy Hussar Regiment's main squadron restored in the Volunteer Army. On 13 November [O.S. 30 October] 1920, the squadron's remnants surrendered to the Bolsheviks near the village of Mamut. A part of the regiment officers committed suicide, others were shot on the spot.

References[]