Sorbonne University

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This article is about the university established in 2018. For other universities, see Sorbonne (disambiguation).

Sorbonne University
Sorbonne University Logo.svg

P1300734 Paris V place de la Sorbonne rwk.jpg
Paris 75005 Rue Saint-Jacques La Sorbonne facade 01c.jpg
Cloitre Cordeliers Paris.jpg
Campus universitaire de Jussieu, Paris 24 January 2016 001.jpg
Salle Saint-Jacques (Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne).jpg
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MottoCréateurs de futurs depuis 1257 (French)
Motto in English
Creators of futures since 1257
TypePublic research non-profit coeducational higher education institution
Established1257 as Sorbonne college
2018 current legal status
Academic affiliations
EUA
LERU
UNICA
Endowment€900 million
Budget€656 million
President
Academic staff
6400
Administrative staff
3600 [1]
Students55,600
Location
21 Rue de l’École de Médecine 75006 Paris
,
France
CampusLatin Quarter; Clignancourt; Jussieu; Institut de Géographie ; Malesherbes
NewspaperSorbonne Université Presses[2]
ColorsBlue   and   Red
NicknameSorbonne
Websitewww.sorbonne-universite.fr/en
Chapel of the main Sorbonne building

Sorbonne University (French: Sorbonne Université) is a public research university in Paris, France, established in 2018 by the merger of Paris-Sorbonne University and Pierre et Marie Curie University, along with smaller institutions. The university's current legal status was introduced in 2018 but the legacy of the institution reaches back to 1257 when Sorbonne College was established by Robert de Sorbon as part of the medieval University of Paris. It is one of the most prestigious universities in Europe and the world, as of 2021, Sorbonne University's alumni and professors have won 33 Nobel Prizes, 6 Fields Medals and one Turing Award.[3]

History[]

College of Sorbonne[]

Robert de Sorbon (1201–1274), chaplain to King Louis IX (Saint Louis), observed the difficulties experienced by poor "schoolchildren" in achieving the rank of doctor. In February 1257, he had a house (domus) officially established which he intended for a certain number of secular clergy who, living in common and without concern for their material existence, would be entirely occupied with study and teaching. This house was named the college of Sorbonne.

The old slogan of the establishment, "Sorbonne University, creators of futures since 1257", refers to this date. The college of Sorbonne was closed along with all the other colleges of the former University of Paris in 1793.

The college of Sorbonne is located on the site of the current Sorbonne building, shared between Sorbonne University and Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris I) and Sorbonne Nouvelle University (Paris III).

The law of 28 April 1893 giving civil personality to the bodies formed by the union of several faculties of an academy and that of 10 July 1896 giving the name of university to the bodies of faculties, the new University of Paris was created in 1896 as a grouping of the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Letters, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Protestant Theology (created in 1877, transformed into a free faculty in 1905) and the École supérieure de pharmacie. It was inaugurated on 19 November 1896 by its president, Félix Faure.

Splitting of the University of Paris[]

The Universities of Paris-Sorbonne and Pierre-et-Marie-Curie were created as a result of the university reform prepared by Edgar Faure in 1968.

At that time, the University of Paris, divided into five faculties, was split into several interdisciplinary universities. Some, including the University of Paris-Sorbonne, retained the name "Sorbonne" and premises in the historic centre of the University of Paris, which had until then been mainly devoted to the Faculties of Arts and Sciences.

The Paris-Sorbonne University thus brings together mainly "right-wing" professors as opposed to Paris-I "Panthéon-Sorbonne", which is marked "left". This explains the divergent scientific orientations. To take the example of the history of societies, Paris-Sorbonne is thus illustrated by a historiography following the theses of Roland Mousnier, and always keeps a distance from the Marxist analysis of Boris Porchnev, which is more honoured at Paris-I Panthéon-Sorbonne.

The University of Paris-VI is created from the majority of the teaching and research units of the Faculty of Sciences of Paris (the others joining the universities of Paris-VII Denis Diderot (now University of Paris), Paris-Saclay University in Orsay, Paris-XII and Paris-XIII in Villetaneuse) and part of the units of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris (the others joining the universities of Paris-V René Descartes (now University of Paris), Paris-VII Denis Diderot and Paris-XIII).

Reunification of the Universities of Paris IV and Paris VI[]

In 2010, some of the direct successors of the faculties of the University of Paris created the Sorbonne Universities Association. The following universities, members of the group, decided to merge into Sorbonne University in 2018:

  • Paris-Sorbonne University (Paris IV) (1971–2017), formerly a constituent part of the faculty of humanities of the University of Paris.
  • Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI) (1971–2017), formerly a constituent part of the faculty of science and of the faculty of medicine of the University of Paris.

At the same time, the Sorbonne Universities Association was renamed the Sorbonne University Association; it includes the following institutions for academic cooperation:[4]

  • University of Technology of Compiègne (1972– )
  • INSEAD
  • National Museum of Natural History
  • Centre international d’études pédagogiques (International Centre for Pedagogical Studies)
  • Pôle supérieur d’enseignement artistique Paris Boulogne-Billancourt
  • Four research institutes

As part of the reforms of French Higher Education, on 19 March 2018, the international jury called by the French Government for the "Initiative d'excellence" (IDEX) confirmed the definite win of Sorbonne University. Consequently, Sorbonne University won an endowment of 900 Mio euros with no limit of time. This is the first higher education institution in Paris region to win such an endowment. The university was established by a decree issued 21 April 2017, taking effect 1 January 2018.[5]

Faculties[]

Sorbonne University has 3 faculties: Humanities (Lettres), Science and Medicine.

Humanities (Lettres)[]

Letters are the more ancient teachings of the humanity faculty. History, Geography, Languages, Musicology, Philosophy are part of this faculty.

Science and engineering[]

The Faculty of Science and Engineering of Sorbonne University is a major research institution in France. It can be considered the successor in direct line to the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris with the Paris-Saclay Faculty of Sciences.

It has more than 125 laboratories, most of them in association with the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). Some of its most notable institutes and laboratories include the Institut Henri Poincaré (Mathematics), Institut d'astrophysique de Paris (Astrophysics), LIP6 (Informatics / Computer Science), Institut des systèmes intelligents et de robotique (Robotics), Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu – Paris Rive Gauche (foundations of Mathematics, shared with University of Paris) and the Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel (Quantum Physics, shared with PSL University).

Medicine[]

The faculty of Medicine is located in two teaching hospitals, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and Hôpital Saint-Antoine.

Law (external teachings)[]

There is no Law school as such in Sorbonne University. In 1971, most of the law professors from the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Paris decided to restructure it as a university, called Panthéon-Assas University (after the two main campuses of the Paris Law Faculty: place du Panthéon and rue d’Assas campuses).[6] Panthéon-Assas now provides Law teachings for Sorbonne University as an independent university.

Campuses[]

  • The Sorbonne

  • Perspective view from the Jardin des Plantes

  • The "Amphithéâtre Richelieu", a lecture hall of Paris-Sorbonne University

Sorbonne[]

Further information: Sorbonne

Sorbonne University's historical campus is in the historic central Sorbonne building, located at 47 rue des Écoles, in the Latin Quarter. The building is the undivided property of the 13 successor universities of the University of Paris, managed by the .[7] Besides the monuments of the Cour d'honneur, the Sorbonne Chapel and the Grand amphitéâtre,[8] the building houses the Academy of Paris Rectorat, the Chancellerie des Universités de Paris, part of the universities Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, Sorbonne University, University of Paris and the École Nationale des Chartes as well as the École pratique des hautes études that are constituent schools of PSL University.[9]

Before the 19th century, the Sorbonne occupied several buildings. The chapel was built in 1622 by the then-Provisor of the University of Paris, Cardinal Richelieu, during the reign of Louis XIII. In 1881, politician Jules Ferry decided to convert the Sorbonne into one single building. Under the supervision of Pierre Greard, Chief Officer of the Education Authority of Paris, Henri-Paul Nénot constructed the current building from 1883 to 1901 that reflects a basic architectural uniformity. The integration of the chapel into the whole was also Nénot's work with the construction of a cour d'honneur. The Sorbonne building is generally reserved for undergraduate students in their third year and graduate students in certain academic disciplines. Only students in Semitic studies, regardless of level, take all their classes at the Sorbonne campus.

The Library of the Sorbonne is an inter-university library of the universities Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, Sorbonne University, University of Paris, under the administration of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.[10] It is open exclusively to undergraduate students in their third year and graduate students. With the former archives of the now-defunct University of Paris, 2,500,000 books, 400,000 of them ancient, 2,500 historical manuscripts, 18,000 doctoral dissertation papers, 17,750 past and current French and international periodicals and 7,100 historical printing plates, the Library of the Sorbonne is the largest university library in Paris and was entirely refurbished in 2013.

Jussieu[]

Further information: Jussieu Campus

The largest of Sorbonne University's campuses is Jussieu Campus, officially named "Pierre and Marie Curie campus". It houses the Faculty of Science. The first buildings are from 1957. The main part of the campus, the "Gril d'Albert," was built in 1964, and was completely refurbished from 1996 to 2016.[11]

Maison de la Recherche[]

Inter-university Library of La Sorbonne

The Maison de la Recherche campus is the central building for doctoral studies that hosts the history and geography departments. It houses the Serpente Library that has 55,000 works and 292 past and current French and international periodicals. All doctoral dissertations since 1 January 1986 have been stored at the Serpente Library.

Clignancourt and Malesherbes[]

Two other campuses are the Clignancourt and Malesherbes centers. Undergraduate students in their first and second years of study in Philosophy, History, Geography, Musicology, English and Spanish take their classes at the Clignancourt center. The Clignancourt Library contains 78,000 works, 210 French and international periodicals and 800 educational DVDs.

Undergraduate students in their first and second years of study in French literature, French language, Latin, and Ancient Greek take their classes at the Malesherbes center. All undergraduate students in these academic disciplines study in the central Sorbonne building in their third year. Undergraduate and graduate students in German studies, Slavic studies, Italic studies and Romanian studies, regardless of level, take all of their classes at the Malesherbes center. The Malesherbes center also hosts three research centers in Italian culture, the cultures and literature of central Europe and the Balkans and the Germanic, Nordic and Dutch centers. The Malesherbes Library contains 200,000 works specializing in the study of foreign languages and cultures and 1,200 past and current French and international periodicals. More than 50,000 doctoral dissertations are available for public viewing.

Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie[]

Undergraduate Art History and Archeology students take their classes at the Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, located at the main entrance of the Jardin du Luxembourg. Constructed by architect Paul Bigot between 1925 and 1930, the Mesopotamian-style building was classified as a national historical building in 1996. It hosts the Michelet Library that contains 100,000 volumes of work on art history and archeology with 100 French and international periodicals. Only 10,000 of the art history and archeology works are open to students, the others requiring special authorization of usage. Graduate Art History and Archeology students take their courses at the Institut National de l'Histoire de l'Art in the Galerie Colbert, a partnered national institution of the University.

Other campuses in Paris[]

Both the Institut d'Urbanisme et d'Aménagement and the Institut d'Etudes hispanique in the Latin Quarter host third year and graduate students of Geography and Iberian and Latin American studies. The Marcel Bataillon Library houses the Institut d'Etudes hispaniques' collection of 25,000 works on Iberian and Latin-American culture. Catalan studies take place at the Centre d'Etudes catalanes in the Marais.

There are also Campus Pitié and Campus Saint-Antoine for medicine ; Campus Les Cordeliers, Campus Curie and Campus Raspail for sciences.

Sorbonne University in Abu Dhabi[]

Main article: Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi

An exclusive international agreement between Paris-Sorbonne and the government of Abu Dhabi was signed on 19 February 2006, starting plans to bring Paris-Sorbonne University to Abu Dhabi. The Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi (PSUAD) was established on 30 May 2008 on Reem Island by a decree of the ruler of Abu Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates. All programs are taught in the French language except for the Bachelor of Physics which is taught in English and the Masters programs. An intensive French language programme is offered for one or two year(s) to students who do not meet the French language requirement for registration. The establishment of the university demonstrates the keenness of Abu Dhabi to create an international hub in culture and education, having also signed a contract with the Louvre in 2007 to create the Louvre Abu Dhabi, and with New York University in 2007 to create New York University Abu Dhabi. PSUAD is jointly governed by the Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) and by PSUAD's board of six members, three of whom are appointed by the home Paris-Sorbonne University, the other three appointed by the Abu Dhabi Executive Council. The President of PSUAD and Chairman of the Board is the President of the home Paris-Sorbonne University, currently Georges Molinié. Academic programs are offered at the undergraduate level only in the social sciences, humanities and fine arts.

Academics[]

International partnerships[]

Sorbonne students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as McGill University, University of Toronto, King's College London, and University of Warwick.

Rankings and reputation[]

Sorbonne University is consistently ranked in the top universities in Europe and the world. The first recognition of its existence as an integrated university came in 2018, when it appeared on the CWUR World University Rankings 2018-2019 in 29th place globally and 1st place in France.[12]

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[13]39 (2020)
CWUR World[14]42 (2020-2021)
CWTS World[15]89 (2020)
QS World[16]83 (2021)
Reuters World[17]56 (2019)
THE World[18]80 (2020)
USNWR Global[19]43 (2021)
National – Overall
ARWU National[13]3 (2020)
CWTS National[15]1 (2020)
CWUR National[20]4 (2020-21)
QS National[16]3 (2021)
THE National[18]3 (2021)
USNWR National[21]1 (2021)

In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020, Sorbonne University is ranked in range 39 globally and 3rd in France.[13]

In the Times Higher Education European Teaching Rankings 2019, Sorbonne University was ranked in 3rd place in France (after Paris-Sud University and Claude Bernard University Lyon 1).[22]

In the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2019, Sorbonne University was ranked in range 51-60 globally and 2nd in France.[23]

The 2021 QS World University Rankings[24] ranked Sorbonne University 83rd overall in the world and 3rd in France. Individual faculties at Sorbonne University also featured in the rankings.

Before the merger of Paris-Sorbonne University and Pierre and Marie Curie University, both had their own rankings in the world.

Its founding predecessor Paris-Sorbonne University was ranked 222 in the world by the QS World University Rankings 2015. By faculty, it was ranked 9 in modern languages, 36 in arts and humanities (1st in France), and 127 in social sciences and management (5th in France).[25] By academic reputation, it was ranked 80 (2nd in France), according to the QS World University Rankings, and 2nd in overall highest international reputation of all academic institutions in France, according to the Times Higher Education 2015.[26][27] In 2014 Paris-Sorbonne ranked 227 in the world, according to the QS World University Rankings, 115 for Social Sciences and Management, 33 for Arts and Humanities.[27]

Pierre and Marie Curie University was often ranked as the best university in France.[28] In 2014 UPMC was ranked 35th in the world, 6th in Europe and 1st in France by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[29] It was ranked 4th in the world in the field of mathematics by the same study. The 2013 QS World University Rankings[30] ranked the university 112th overall in the world and 3rd in France. In 2013, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),[31] Université Pierre et Marie Curie is ranked first university in France, and 44th in the world. UPMC is a member of Sorbonne University Association.[32]

Organization[]

Members have worked on several projects in order to strengthen the relations between them and potentially create a new international institution. The most famous projects are the "Sorbonne College" (Collège de la Sorbonne) for bachelor's degree teaching and the "Sorbonne Doctoral College" (Collège doctoral de la Sorbonne) for PhD candidates.

The Sorbonne College[]

Since 2014, the Sorbonne College for bachelor's degree (« Collège des Licences de la Sorbonne ») has been coordinating the academic projects inside Sorbonne University and with Panthéon-Assas University, the law school of the Sorbonne University Group which has not merged into the Sorbonne University and remained independent. It also offers cross-institutional academic courses in many fields, allowing students to graduate from both institutions. For example, some cross-institutional bachelor's degrees (« double licences ») are proposed to students in :

  • Science and History (Sorbonne)
  • Science and Musicology (Sorbonne)
  • Science and Philosophy (Sorbonne)
  • Science and Chinese (Sorbonne)
  • Science and German (Sorbonne)
  • Law and History (Panthéon-Assas / Sorbonne)
  • Law and Art History (Panthéon-Assas / Sorbonne)
  • Law and Science (Panthéon-Assas / Sorbonne)
  • History and Media (Sorbonne / Panthéon-Assas)[33]

As it is the case in the Anglo-American university system, Sorbonne University proposes a major-minor system, that is currently being deployed at the University.[34]

Sorbonne University, in partnership with INSEAD, also offers all of its alumni and PhD students a professionalizing course in business management to complete their curriculum.

The Doctoral College[]

Sorbonne University's graduation ceremony, May 2011

Since 2010, every PhD student is being delivered an honorary diploma labeled Sorbonne University. This diploma highlights and gathers the skills of the doctors and researchers from the institutions that form Sorbonne University.

The Sorbonne Doctoral College, created in 2013, coordinates the activities of the 26 doctoral schools. Since 2014, it has developed cross-disciplinary PhDs between the different members of the Sorbonne University Association.

Sorbonne University's doctoral schools
Doctoral school Fields
Énergie, matière, univers Chimie physique & chimie analytique de Paris centre
Physique et chimie des matériaux
Chimie moléculaire de Paris centre
Astronomie et astrophysique
Sciences de la Terre et physique de l'univers
Physique en Ile-de-France
Modélisation et ingénierie Informatique, télécommunications & électronique
Sciences mathématiques de Paris centre
Sciences mécaniques, acoustique, électronique et robotique
Terre vivante et environnement Sciences de l’environnement
Géosciences, ressources naturelles et environnement
Sciences de la nature et de l'homme : écologie et évolution
Vie et santé Cerveau, cognition, comportement
Santé publique & sciences de l’information biomédicale
Physiologie, physiopathologie et thérapeutique
Complexité du vivant
Histoire-Géographie École doctorale de géographie de Paris
Histoire de l’art et archéologie Paris-Sorbonne
Histoire moderne et contemporaine
Mondes anciens et médiévaux
Langues, lettres et civilisations Littératures françaises et comparée
Civilisations, cultures et sociétés
Concepts et Language

Since 2011, Sorbonne University celebrate its graduates in a formal ceremony where every PhD graduate wears a scholar uniform.[35]

Research[]

To strengthen the influence of its research infrastructures on the international scale, Sorbonne University has developed several research programs aiming at reinforcing or exploring new fields of study. This innovative cross-disciplinary approach was embodied with the creation of four new academic positions gathering several establishments of the group:[36]

  • A Department of Digital Humanities, exploring the use of digital technologies in the social science
  • A Department of Polychromatic Studies of Societies, associating architecture, anthropology, chemical physics, literature and art history
  • A Department of Digital Health, exploring biomedical tools
  • A Department of 3D Craniofacial Reconstruction

Sorbonne University has formed with academic institutions such as the China Scholarship Council or the Brazilian foundation FAPERJ several partnerships enabling bilateral research programs.

Sorbonne University is a member of the League of European Research Universities, which gathers 23 European universities such as Cambridge and Oxford.[37]

Collections[]

Scientific collections[]

The Sorbonne University houses eight notable scientific collections that are open to researchers.[38] Some collections are open to the public as noted.

  • Minerals – over 1500 minerals on display in 24 cases, open to the public
  • Physics experiments models – models built by professors from the Sorbonne and UPMC in order to demonstrate different principles of physics
  • Zoology – teaching collection of stuffed specimens, skeletal mounts, fluid parts, anatomical casts and insect boxes
  • Paleontology – research collection of fossil invertebrates
  • G. Lippmann collection – Research collection of 46 photographic plates created by Gabriel Lippmann in his studies of photography and the physics of light
  • Charcot library – Research collection of the personal library of neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot
  • Paleobotany – Research collection of Fossil plants
  • Musée Dupuytren – moved from Cordeliers, will be open to the public occasionally, features wax anatomical items and preserved specimens illustrating diseases and malformations.

Recent Nobel, Fields and Turing laureates[]

Notable alumni[]

  • Charlotte and Laura Tremble, French synchronized swimmers
  • Yann LeCun, Professor at New York University and Head of AI at Facebook, "founding father of convolutional nets"

Notes[]

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ "Sorbonne Université Presses". SUP. 6 August 2014.
  3. ^ "Awards and recognition". Sorbonne Universite. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  4. ^ "Association Sorbonne-Universités". Association Sorbonne-Universités. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  5. ^ "Décret n° 2017-596 du 21 avril 2017 portant création de l'université Sorbonne-Université". Journal officiel de la République française. 23 April 2017.
  6. ^ "French National Agency of Evaluation of Higher education institutions, p.65" (PDF).
  7. ^ "Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  8. ^ Base Mérimée: Sorbonne (La), Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
  9. ^ "The Sorbonne today - La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris". La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris.
  10. ^ "Convention de la BIS". bibliotheque.sorbonne.fr (in French).
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ "Sorbonne University Ranking | CWUR World University Rankings 2018-2019". cwur.org.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c "ARWU World University Rankings 2020 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2020". www.shanghairanking.com.
  14. ^ "Center for World University Rankings 2020-2021". cwur.org.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020". 27 February 2021.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "QS World University Rankings 2021". www.topuniversities.com.
  17. ^ "Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities 2019". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "World University Rankings". www.timeshighereducation.com/.
  19. ^ "U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2021". Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  20. ^ "World University Rankings 2020-2021". Center for World University Rankingsg. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  21. ^ "Best Global Universities in France". U.S. News Education. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  22. ^ "THE Europe Teaching Rankings 2019: results announced". Times Higher Education.
  23. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 30 May 2018.
  24. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". Top Universities. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  25. ^ "QS World University Rankings Arts & Humanities 2013 Results". Yopuniversities.com. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Cinq universités françaises parmi les plus réputées au monde". Capital.fr. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b "Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  28. ^ "Best global universities".
  29. ^ "World University Rankings – 2013 – France Universities in Top 500 universities – Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2013 – Shanghai Ranking – 2013". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  30. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2013". Top Universities. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  31. ^ "URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance". www.urapcenter.org.
  32. ^ Institutions – UniversityRankings.ch – Results of University Rankings Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. UniversityRankings.ch. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  33. ^ "Les cursus sélectifs des grandes universités parisiennes, les doubles licences". Éléad.
  34. ^ "" La Sorbonne, université d'élite et de masse: entretien avec Barthélémy Jobert, président de l'université Paris Sorbonne ", Le Monde.fr".
  35. ^ "Sorbonne Universités célèbre ses docteurs... à l'américaine". www.letudiant.fr.
  36. ^ "Presentation of Sorbonne-Université's new academic positions". Sorbonne University (in French).
  37. ^ "Home page". LERU.
  38. ^ "Patrimoine scientifique" (in French). UPMC. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

References[]

External links[]

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48°51′4″N 2°20′26″E / 48.85111°N 2.34056°E / 48.85111; 2.34056Coordinates: 48°51′4″N 2°20′26″E / 48.85111°N 2.34056°E / 48.85111; 2.34056

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