Times Higher Education World University Rankings

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Times Higher Education World University Rankings
WUR logo large.jpg
EditorPhil Baty
CategoriesHigher education
FrequencyAnnual
PublisherTimes Higher Education
First issue2010
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Websitewww.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/

Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to publish the joint THE-QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system from 2010–2013. The magazine signed a new deal with Elsevier in 2014 who now provide them with the data used to compile the rankings.[1]

The publication now comprises the world's overall, subject, and reputation rankings, alongside three regional league tables, Asia, Latin America, and BRICS & Emerging Economies which are generated by different weightings.

THE Rankings is often considered one of the most widely observed university rankings together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and QS World University Rankings.[2][3][4][5][6] It is praised for having a new, improved ranking methodology since 2010; however, undermining of non-science and non-English instructing institutions and relying on subjective reputation survey are among the criticism and concerns.[3][7][8]

History[]

The creation of the original Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings was credited in Ben Wildavsky's book, The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities are Reshaping the World,[9] to then-editor of Times Higher Education, John O'Leary. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data.

After the 2009 rankings, Times Higher Education took the decision to break from QS and signed an agreement with Thomson Reuters to provide the data for its annual World University Rankings from 2010 onwards. The publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education. The first ranking was published in September 2010.[10]

Commenting on Times Higher Education's decision to split from QS, former editor Ann Mroz said: "universities deserve a rigorous, robust and transparent set of rankings – a serious tool for the sector, not just an annual curiosity." She went on to explain the reason behind the decision to continue to produce rankings without QS' involvement, saying that: "The responsibility weighs heavy on our shoulders...we feel we have a duty to improve how we compile them."[11]

Phil Baty, editor of the new Times Higher Education World University Rankings, admitted in Inside Higher Ed: "The rankings of the world's top universities that my magazine has been publishing for the past six years, and which have attracted enormous global attention, are not good enough. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores and which Times Higher Education until recently defended, had serious weaknesses. And it's clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities."[12]

He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as "embarrassing" in The Australian: "The sample was simply too small, and the weighting too high, to be taken seriously."[13] THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, a month earlier than previous years.[14]

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings, along with the QS World University Rankings and the Academic Ranking of World Universities are described to be the three most influential international university rankings.[4][15] The Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be "arguably the most influential."[16]

In 2014 Times Higher Education announced a series of important changes to its flagship THE World University Rankings and its suite of global university performance analyses, following a strategic review by THE parent company TES Global.[17]

Methodology[]

Criteria and weighing[]

The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories: Teaching (30 percent of final score), research (30 percent), citations (research impact) (worth 32.5 percent), international mix (5 percent), industry income (2.5 percent). The number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators.[18]

A draft of the inaugural methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The draft stated that 13 indicators would first be used and that this could rise to 16 in future rankings, and laid out the categories of indicators as "research indicators" (55 percent), "institutional indicators" (25 percent), "economic activity/innovation" (10 percent), and "international diversity" (10 percent).[19] The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, released on 16 September 2010.[18] The final methodology also included the weighting signed to each of the 13 indicators, shown below:[18]

Overall indicator Individual indicator Percentage weighting
Industry Income – innovation
  • Research income from industry (per academic staff)
  • 2.5%
International diversity
  • Ratio of international to domestic staff
  • Ratio of international to domestic students
  • 3%
  • 2%
Teaching – the learning environment
  • Reputational survey (teaching)
  • PhDs awards per academic
  • Undergrad. admitted per academic
  • Income per academic
  • PhDs/undergraduate degrees awarded
  • 15%
  • 6%
  • 4.5%
  • 2.25%
  • 2.25%
Research – volume, income and reputation
  • Reputational survey (research)
  • Research income (scaled)
  • Papers per research and academic staff
  • Public research income/ total research income
  • 19.5%
  • 5.25%
  • 4.5%
  • 0.75%
Citations – research influence
  • Citation impact (normalised average citation per paper)
  • 32.5%

The Times Higher Education billed the methodology as "robust, transparent and sophisticated," stating that the final methodology was selected after considering 10 months of "detailed consultation with leading experts in global higher education," 250 pages of feedback from "50 senior figures across every continent" and 300 postings on its website.[18] The overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data.[18]

The reputational component of the rankings (34.5 percent of the overall score – 15 percent for teaching and 19.5 percent for research) came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars "statistically representative of global higher education's geographical and subject mix."[18] The magazine's category for "industry income – innovation" came from a sole indicator, institution's research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff." The magazine stated that it used this data as "proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer" and planned to add more indicators for the category in future years.[18]

Data for citation impact (measured as a normalized average citation per paper), comprising 32.5 percent of the overall score, came from 12,000 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters' large Web of Science database over the five years from 2004 to 2008. The Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database.[18] The normalization of the data differed from the previous rankings system and is intended to "reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas," so that institutions with high levels of research activity in the life sciences and other areas with high citation counts will not have an unfair advantage over institutions with high levels of research activity in the social sciences, which tend to use fewer citations on average.[18]

The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011.[20] At the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five broad categories and will keep its "fundamental foundations," but with some changes. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, and industry income will remain at 2.5 percent. However, a new "international outlook – staff, students and research" will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. This category will include the proportion of international staff and students at each institution (included in the 2011–2012 ranking under the category of "international diversity"), but will also add the proportion of research papers published by each institution that are co-authored with at least one international partner. One 2011–2012 indicator, the institution's public research income, will be dropped.[20]

On 13 September 2011, the Times Higher Education announced that its 2011–2012 list will only rank the top 200 institutions. Phil Baty wrote that this was in the "interests of fairness," because "the lower down the tables you go, the more the data bunch up and the less meaningful the differentials between institutions become." However, Baty wrote that the rankings would include 200 institutions that fall immediately outside the official top 200 according to its data and methodology, but this "best of the rest" list from 201 to 400 would be unranked and listed alphabetically. Baty wrote that the magazine intentionally only ranks around 1 percent of the world's universities in a recognition that "not every university should aspire to be one of the global research elite."[21] However, the 2015/16 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks 800 universities, while Phil Baty announced that the 2016/17 edition, to be released on 21 September 2016, will rank "980 universities from 79 countries".[22][23]

The methodology of the rankings was changed during the 2011-12 rankings process, with details of the changed methodology here.[24] Phil Baty, the rankings editor, has said that the THE World University Rankings are the only global university rankings to examine a university's teaching environment, as others focus purely on research.[25] Baty has also written that the THE World University Rankings are the only rankings to put arts and humanities and social sciences research on an equal footing to the sciences.[26] However, this claim is no longer true. In 2015, QS introduced faculty area normalization to their QS World University Rankings, ensuring that citations data was weighted in a way that prevented universities specializing in the Life Sciences and Engineering from receiving undue advantage.[27]

In November 2014, the magazine announced further reforms to the methodology after a review by parent company TES Global. The major change being all institutional data collection would be bought in house severing the connection with Thomson Reuters. In addition, research publication data would now be sourced from Elsevier's Scopus database.[28]

Reception[]

The reception to the methodology was varied.

Ross Williams of the Melbourne Institute, commenting on the 2010–2011 draft, stated that the proposed methodology would favour more focused "science-based institutions with relatively few undergraduates" at the expense of institutions with more comprehensive programmes and undergraduates, but also stated that the indicators were "academically robust" overall and that the use of scaled measures would reward productivity rather than overall influence.[7] Steve Smith, president of Universities UK, praised the new methodology as being "less heavily weighted towards subjective assessments of reputation and uses more robust citation measures," which "bolsters confidence in the evaluation method."[29] David Willetts, British Minister of State for Universities and Science praised the rankings, noting that "reputation counts for less this time, and the weight accorded to quality in teaching and learning is greater."[30] In 2014, David Willetts became chair of the TES Global Advisory Board, responsible for providing strategic advice to Times Higher Education.[31]

Criticism[]

Times Higher Education places a high importance on citations to generate rankings. Citations as a metric for effective education is problematic in many ways, placing universities who do not use English as their primary language at a disadvantage.[32] Because English has been adopted as the international language for most academic societies and journals, citations and publications in a language different from English are harder to come across.[33] Thus, such a methodology is criticized for being inappropriate and not comprehensive enough.[34] A second important disadvantage for universities of non-English tradition is that within the disciplines of social sciences and humanities the main tool for publications are books which are not or only rarely covered by digital citations records.[35]

Times Higher Education has also been criticized for its strong bias towards institutions that taught 'hard science' and had high quality output of research in these fields, often to the disadvantage of institutions focused on other subjects like the social sciences and humanities. For instance in the former THE-QS World University Rankings, the London School of Economics (LSE) was ranked 11th in the world in 2004 and 2005, but dropped to 66th and 67th in the 2008 and 2009 edition.[36] In January 2010, THE concluded the method employed by Quacquarelli Symonds, who conducted the survey on their behalf, was flawed in such a way that bias was introduced against certain institutions, including LSE.[37]

A representative of Thomson Reuters, THE's new partner, commented on the controversy: "LSE stood at only 67th in the last Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings – some mistake surely? Yes, and quite a big one."[37] Nonetheless, after the change of data provider to Thomson Reuters the following year, LSE fell to 86th place, with the ranking described by a representative of Thomson Reuters as 'a fair reflection of their status as a world class university'.[38] LSE despite being ranked continuously near the top in its national rankings, has been placed below other British universities in the Times Higher Education World Rankings in recent years, other institutions such as Sciences Po have suffered due to the inherent methodology bias still used.[citation needed] Trinity College Dublin's ranking in 2015 and 2016 was lowered by a basic mistake in data it had submitted; education administrator Bahram Bekhradnia said the fact this went unnoticed evinced a "very limited checking of data" "on the part of those who carry out such rankings". Bekhradnia also opined "while Trinity College was a respected university which could be relied upon to provide honest data, unfortunately that was not the case with all universities worldwide."[39]

In general it is not clear who the rankings are made for. Many students, especially the undergraduate students, are not interested in the scientific work of a facility of higher education. Also the price of the education has no effects on the ranking. That means that private universities on the North American continent are compared to the European universities. Many European countries like France, Sweden or Germany for example have a long tradition on offering free education within facilities of higher education.[40][41]

In 2021, the University of Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, was alleged to have submitted falsified data on the number of international students enrolled at the university to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[42] The discovery resulted in an investigation by THE and the provision of guidance to the university on the submission of data,[43] however, it also led to the criticism amongst faculty members of the ease with which THE's ranking system could be abused. The matter was discussed in Japan's National Diet on April 21, 2021.[44]

Seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Mumbai, Delhi, Kanpur, Guwahati, Madras, Roorkee and Kharagpur) have boycotted THE rankings from 2020. These IITs have not participated in the rankings citing concerns over transparency.[45]

World rankings[]

Times Higher Education World University Rankings—Top 20[Note 1]
Institution 2021–22[46] 2020–21[47] 2019–20[48] 2018–19[49] 2017-18[50] 2016–17[51] 2015–16[52] 2014–15[53] 2013–14[54] 2012–13[55] 2011–12[56]
United Kingdom University of Oxford 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 4
United States Harvard University 2 3 7 6 6 6 6 2 2 4 2
United States California Institute of Technology 2 4 2 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
United States Stanford University 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2
United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 7
United Kingdom University of Cambridge 5 6 3 2 2 4 4 5 7 7 6
United States Princeton University 7 9 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 5
United States University of California, Berkeley 8 7 13 15 18 10 13 8 8 9 10
United States Yale University 9 8 8 8 12 12 12 9 11 11 11
United States University of Chicago 10 10 9 10 9 10 10 11 9 10 9
United States Columbia University 11 17 16 16 14 16 15 14 13 14 12
United Kingdom Imperial College London 12 11 10 9 8 8 8 9 10 8 8
United States Johns Hopkins University 13 12 12 12 13 17 11 15 15 16 14
United States University of Pennsylvania 13 13 11 12 10 13 17 16 16 15 16
Switzerland Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich 15 14 13 11 10 9 9 13 14 12 15
China Peking University 16 23 24 31 27 29 42 48 45 46 49
China Tsinghua University 16 20 23 22 30 35 47 49 50 52 71
United Kingdom University College London 18 16 15 14 16 15 14 22 21 17 17
Canada University of Toronto 18 18 18 21 22 22 19 20 20 21 19
United States University of California, Los Angeles 20 15 17 17 15 14 16 12 12 13 13

Young Universities[]

In addition, THE also provides 150 Under 50 Universities with different weightings of indicators to accredit the growth of institutions that are under 50 years old.[57] In particular, the ranking attaches less weight to reputation indicators. For instance, the University of Canberra Australia, established in Year 1990 at the rank 50 of 150 Under 50 Universities.

Subject[]

Various academic disciplines are sorted into six categories in THE's subject rankings: "Arts & Humanities"; "Clinical, Pre-clinical & Health"; "Engineering & Technology"; "Life Sciences"; "Physical Sciences"; and "Social Sciences".[58]

World Reputation Rankings[]

Regions with universities included in the reputation league tables.

THE's World Reputation Rankings serve as a subsidiary of the overall league tables and rank universities independently in accordance with their scores in prestige.[59]

Scott Jaschik of Inside Higher Ed said of the new rankings: "...Most outfits that do rankings get criticised for the relative weight given to reputation as opposed to objective measures. While Times Higher Education does overall rankings that combine various factors, it is today releasing rankings that can't be criticised for being unclear about the impact of reputation – as they are strictly of reputation."[60]

Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings—Top 25[Note 1]
Institution 2011[61] 2012[62] 2013[63] 2014[64] 2015[65] 2016[66] 2017[67] 2018[68] 2019[69] 2020[70]
United States Harvard University 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
United States Stanford University 5 4 6 3 5 3 3 3 3 3
United Kingdom University of Cambridge 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
United Kingdom University of Oxford 6 6 4 5 3 5 4 5 5 5
United States University of California, Berkeley 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
United States Princeton University 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
United States Yale University 9 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
United States University of California, Los Angeles 12 9 8 10 13 13 13 9 9 9
Japan The University of Tokyo 8 8 9 11 12 12 11 13 11 10
United States California Institute of Technology 10 11 11 9 9 10 10 11 12 11
United States University of Chicago 15 14 14 14 11 11 9 9 10 12
China Tsinghua University 35 30 35 36 26 18 14 14 14 13
United States Columbia University 23 15 13 12 10 9 12 12 13 14
United States University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 13 12 12 15 19 14 15 15 15 15
China Peking University 43 38 45 41 32 21 17 17 17 16
Switzerland ETH Zurich 24 22 20 16 15 19 22 22 20 17
United Kingdom University College London 19 21 20 25 17 20 16 18 17 18
United States Johns Hopkins University 14 18 19 18 18 22 21 21 16 19
Canada University of Toronto 17 16 16 20 16 23 24 22 19 =20
United States University of Pennsylvania 22 19 18 22 23 16 19 16 20 =20
United Kingdom Imperial College London 11 13 14 13 14 15 18 20 23 22
Japan Kyoto University 18 20 23 19 27 27 25 27 27 23
Singapore National University of Singapore 27 23 22 21 24 26 27 24 24 24
United States Cornell University 16 16 17 17 20 17 23 18 22 25

Regional rankings[]

Asia[]

From 2013 to 2015, the outcomes of the Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings were the same as the Asian universities' position on its World University Rankings. In 2016, the Asia University Rankings was revamped and it "use the same 13 performance indicators as the THE World University Rankings, but have been recalibrated to reflect the attributes of Asia's institutions."[71]

Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings as shown below – Top 20[Note 1]
Institution 2013[72] 2014[73] 2015[74] 2016[71] 2017[75] 2018[76] 2019[77] 2020[78]
China Tsinghua University 6 6 5 5 3 2 1 1
China Peking University 4 5 4 2 2 3 5 2
Singapore National University of Singapore 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3
Hong Kong University of Hong Kong 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 4
Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 9 9 7 6 6 5 3 5
Singapore Nanyang Technological University 11 11 10 2 4 5 6 6
Japan University of Tokyo 1 1 1 7 7 8 8 7
Hong Kong Chinese University of Hong Kong 12 12 13 13 11 7 7 8
South Korea Seoul National University 8 4 6 9 9 9 9 9
China University of Science and Technology of China 25 21 26 14 15 15 12 =10
South Korea Sungkyunkwan University 23 27 16 12 13 13 10 =10
Japan Kyoto University 7 7 9 11 14 11 11 12
South Korea Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 10 8 8 10 8 10 13 =13
China Zhejiang University 45 41 46 25 19 18 14 =13
South Korea Pohang University of Science and Technology 5 10 11 8 10 12 16 15
Hong Kong City University of Hong Kong 19 22 23 16 12 14 15 16
China Fudan University 24 25 24 19 16 16 17 17
China Nanjing University 35 36 35 29 25 17 18 18
China Shanghai Jiao Tong University 40 47 39 32 18 20 24 19
South Korea Korea University 28 23 26 17 20 24 19 20

Emerging Economies[]

The Times Higher Education Emerging Economies Rankings (Formerly known as BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings) only includes universities in countries classified as "emerging economies" by FTSE Group, including the "BRICS" nations of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Hong Kong institutions are not included in this ranking.

Times Higher Education BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings – Top 20[Note 1]
Institution 2014[79] 2015[80] 2016[81] 2017[82] 2018[83] 2019[84] 2020[85]
China Tsinghua University 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
China Peking University 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
China Zhejiang University 22 21 8 9 6 3 3
China University of Science and Technology of China 6 11 7 5 5 4 4
Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University 10 5 3 3 3 5 5
China Shanghai Jiao Tong University 27 16 7 7 7 8 6
China Fudan University 8 9 17 6 4 6 7
Taiwan National Taiwan University 4 6 5 10 10 10 8
China Nanjing University 18 22 14 11 8 7 9
South Africa University of Cape Town 3 4 4 4 9 9 10
South Africa University of the Witwatersrand 15 14 6 8 12 11 11
Russia Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology - 69 93 12 11 12 12
Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz University - - - - - - 13
Brazil University of São Paulo 11 10 9 13 14 15 14
United Arab Emirates Khalifa University - - - 49 15 13 15
India Indian Institute of Science - 25 16 14 13 14 16
China Huazhong University of Science and Technology 68 62 49 46 45 25 17
Russia Higher School of Economics - - - 48 32 22 18
China Wuhan University 40 26 26 21 17 16 19
Saudi Arabia Alfaisal University - - - - - - 20

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Order shown in accordance with the latest result.

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