Spokane Transit Authority

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Spokane Transit Authority

A 60-foot New Flyer Xcelsior articulated bus at the STA Plaza in July 2021
Formerly	Spokane Transit System
Founded	March 10, 1981; 41 years ago[1][2] (as the Spokane Transit Authority for Regional Transportation (START))[3]
Headquarters	1230 W. Boone Ave. Spokane, WA 99201
Locale	Spokane County, Washington (service planned to be extended to the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan area, in 2025)[4]
Service area	248 square miles (642 km2)
Routes	43
Destinations	Airway Heights, Cheney, Medical Lake, Millwood, Liberty Lake, Spokane, Spokane Valley, unincorporated areas of Spokane County
Fleet	Buses: 148, Paratransit Vans: 118, Vanpool Vans: 111
Daily ridership	41,000 (weekday for all modes, 2014)
Annual ridership	10.1 million (all modes, 2018)[5]
Fuel type	Diesel (with some hybrid electric vehicles), and battery electric
Chief executive	E. Susan Meyer
Website	http://www.spokanetransit.com/

Spokane Transit Authority, more commonly Spokane Transit or STA, is the public transport authority of central Spokane County, Washington, United States, serving Spokane, Washington and its surrounding urban areas.

Originally conceived in 1980, and authorized by voters on March 10, 1981,^[3] STA provides public transportation within the Spokane County Public Transportation Benefit Area (PBTA). As of 2019, STA serves a population of approximately 436,000 ^[6] across 248 square miles (640 km²) including the cities of Spokane, Spokane Valley, Cheney, Liberty Lake, Airway Heights, Medical Lake, the Town of Millwood, and unincorporated areas in and around those cities.

It began operating service in 1981 after acquiring the assets of the city-operated Spokane Transit System. The agency can trace its roots to a number of private transit operators extending back to 1888.

History[]

Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad in Spokane, Washington, USA in 1912.

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1880s–1970s: Predecessors[]

Transit history in the Spokane area dates back more than 130 years beginning with the inaugural trip of a horse-drawn streetcar running between downtown Spokane and the Browne's Addition neighborhood to the west in 1888.^[7] The first electrically powered streetcar began operations November 1889 and traveled between downtown Spokane through what is now the University District.^[8] Over the next several decades, multiple private interests constructed and operated streetcars and cable cars typically as an integral part of a real estate development plan.

By 1896, the leading streetcar system was the Spokane Street Railway Company, with 23 miles of railway. Its network of lines was described as a "cartwheel" that emanated from a "hub" at the intersection of Riverside Avenue and Howard Street in downtown Spokane.^[9]

By 1910, streetcar lines were owned and operated by two competing companies: Washington Water Power and Spokane Traction Company. In addition to urban street railways, each company had interests in electric Interurban lines that stretched as far away as Moscow, Idaho. In that year, streetcar and interurban ridership peaked at 37.98 million rides.^[10]

The decade following 1910 was a time of intense competition for the streetcars, with growing automobile ownership and private jitneys that threatened the viability of a divided transit system. By the end of the decade, Spokane Traction Company fell into receivership and underwent reorganizations that were unsuccessful in returning the system to profitability. In 1922, Spokane citizens overwhelmingly voted to amend the city charter to reduce taxes and other special assessments imposed on streetcar operations and infrastructure, enabling the formation of a unified streetcar system featuring "universal transfers" between lines and empowering the company to convert some lines to trolleybuses on its own discretion.^[11][12] Following the successful measure, the Spokane United Railway Company was formed as a subsidiary to Washington Water Power (later, Avista Corporation), creating a unified electric streetcar system.

The street railway system was gradually phased out through the 1930s to make way for motorized coaches. Bus ridership reached a peak in the Spokane area in 1946 with 26 million passengers. The system was purchased by Spokane City Lines Company (part of National City Lines) in 1945, and later turned over to the City of Spokane in 1968. Upon acquisition by the city, funding for the system was derived from a $1 household tax.^[13]

1980s: Reorganization into regional system[]

In 1980, a municipal corporation was created to administer mass transit services for a new public transportation benefit area (PTBA). The new PTBA represented a shift in funding and operational model of Spokane Transit System from a city model to a regional model. Due to rapid inflation in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the flat $1 city tax on households that had funded Spokane Transit System was no longer keeping up with the rising costs of its era. The household tax model had another major disadvantage; because the tax depended on the quantity of households within the tax boundaries, its revenues would only increase with the construction of new households. Meanwhile, most residential growth was occurring outside Spokane city limits. Furthermore, the flat tax on households had been viewed by some as a very regressive tax.^[14]

An election was held on March 10, 1981 to determine the future of public transportation in the Spokane region. The election measure, which passed and was subsequently implemented the following month of April 1981, replaced the $1 tax on households within Spokane city limits with a 0.3% sales tax to be applied throughout the public transportation benefit area. The shift in the transit agency's funding and administrative model was not isolated to Spokane. Many other cities and regions in Washington state including the cities of Vancouver and Tacoma, as well as King County, Pierce County, Snohomish County, and Clark County had already shifted from a city household tax model to a county-wide transit system funded by sales tax.^[15]

In addition to adapting its funding model to reflect the current economic times, the shift to a regional model allowed the transit agency to heavily increase bus service to areas beyond Spokane city limits. Prior to the election, service outside city limits was scarce, despite the areas already falling within the public transportation benefit area.^[16]

The restructured system operated under three branches; Spokane Transit Authority for Regional Transportation (START) was the administrative body, the Spokane Transit System (STS) name remained for the fixed route bus operation, and Spokane Area Special Transportation Agency (SASTA) operated the paratransit services. The three names were unified about one and half years later in September 1982 under the Spokane Transit Authority name and brand.^[17] The name change officially took effect on September 23, 1982 after the START Board passed a resolution renaming the municipal corporation to Spokane Transit Authority.^[18]

1990s[]

At the urging of the downtown business community, Spokane Transit built a transit center in 1995 to replace the historic Howard and Riverside hub which required that buses park along many downtown streets for passengers to make transfers. Not only was this uncomfortable for passengers, who were forced to wait for buses in the weather, but it also made the streetside businesses less accessible to customers. The bus center, known as "The Plaza" was constructed as an indoor urban park at a cost of approximately $20 million including property acquisition costs. With its high, daylight ceiling, imported Italian tile, and cougar statues leaping over a waterfall between the up- and down- escalators, it generated great controversy.

In addition to the local sales tax, a major revenue source was Washington State's motor vehicle excise tax which provided matching funds. After statewide initiative I-695 was passed in 1999, the legislature eliminated the matching funds even though the initiative was later found unconstitutional. See also List of Washington ballot measures.

2000s[]

The period after the elimination of the motor vehicle excise tax was a time of unprecedented change for Spokane Transit. As its undesignated cash reserves balance fell, Spokane Transit attempted to increase its tax authority from 0.3% to 0.6% in September 2002, but it was rejected by voters 48% to 52%.

Spokane Transit created task force to study changes that could be made to regain the support of the community, while simultaneously preparing for a potential 40% service decrease. After increased public participation, and 69% voter approval, Spokane Transit increased the sales tax from 0.3% to 0.6% in October 2004, subject to a sunset of the tax in 2009. In May 2008, voters reauthorized the additional 0.3% sales tax with no sunset clause.

SRTC and STA jointly created the Light Rail Steering Committee (LRSC) in early 2000 which was responsible for studying the creation of a light rail corridor from downtown Spokane to Liberty Lake. This effort was preceded by significant study by the SRTC. In 2006 the committee published a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) which evaluated several rail and bus alternatives for the corridor. The committee stated preference for a single-track rail corridor using diesel multiple units (DMU) that would cost less than half the conventional light rail system. The travel demand modeling performed as part of the DEIS forecast less than 3,500 daily boardings on the 15.5-mile system in 2025. An advisory vote in 2006 elicited a negative response to continued planning and investment in the light rail project.

In 2008, transit consultants Nelson-Nygaard Associates recommended changes to transit operations downtown while retaining the use of the Plaza transfer facility.

2010s[]

Spokane Transit adopted a new comprehensive plan, Connect Spokane, in June 2010, to guide system planning and growth. The plan calls for a network of high performance transit with frequent service connecting key neighborhoods and activity centers throughout the region. ^[19]

In response to a significant decline in sales tax revenue resulting from the Great Recession, Spokane Transit undertook service reductions in 2010 and 2011.^[20] Despite the cuts, ridership increased, reaching an all-time high for Spokane Transit Authority in 2014, with 11.3 million passengers on its fixed route system.^[21]

Services[]

Most of Spokane Transit's bus routes run through The Plaza in Downtown Spokane.

Spokane Transit provides multiple services:

• Fixed Route Bus Service. Spokane Transit operates 43 bus routes throughout its service area on published schedules.^[22] Most routes run 365 days a year. Additionally, STA operates routes during major community events such as the Lilac Bloomsday Run.
• Paratransit. Pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Spokane Transit provides accessible transportation to persons with disabilities within 3⁄4 mile (1 km) of every fixed route.
• Vanpool. A service which matches people traveling to or from similar locations and provides a publicly owned van at a fixed price per mile.

Fixed routes[]

Spokane Transit has 43 fixed routes operating year-round on published schedules. Routes are numbered to reflect geographic or service attributes. Most routes operate 365 days a year with the exception of express routes numbered in the 100's, 300's, and 600's and the "11 Plaza/Arena Shuttle" routes. Routes have distinct weekday, Saturday and Sunday schedule patterns. Major holidays operate on a Sunday schedule.^[23]

Bus rapid transit[]

As of 2021, Spokane Transit is developing two bus rapid transit lines within the region. The first line, the City Line, is currently under construction with a scheduled opening in July 2023 and will traverse from east-west through Downtown Spokane and the University District, running between the Browne's Addition neighborhood and the Spokane Community College Transit Center.

A second line, with a working project name of Division BRT, is currently in design and planned to run north-south through Spokane along Division Street, with a goal of starting construction in 2025 and commencing service in 2027.^[24]

Fares and passes[]

Fare structure[]

As of July 2018, single ride regular fares cost $2.00, and Reduced fares cost $0.75. Day Passes are priced at $4.00 and are valid for unlimited rides for one service day, expiring at 11:59 p.m. on the day of purchase. Adult 31-day passes are $60.00.^[25] Paper transfers were discontinued in December 2006. In its place is a Two-Hour Pass issued with payment of single ride Regular/Reduced that works as a transfer on any route for two-hours from the time it is issued on the bus.

Fare media[]

Examples of Spokane Transit Authority magnetic stripe fare cards. The green card (pictured on the left) is a paper card issued upon purchase of a fare onboard a bus. The orange card (pictured on the right) is a thin, plastic pre-purchased fare card that can be activated upon boarding a bus.

Other pre-purchased passes such as monthly passes and day passes are similar in appearance, but in a different color such as light blue, dark blue, green, red, and brown.^[26]

As of 2021, fares on Spokane Transit can be paid in cash, or with pre-paid passes and transfers programmed to magnetic stripe cards or RFID smart cards. The current fare payment platform went live on December 4, 2006 after a brief transition period from December 1 through December 3, 2006 that saw a system-wide wavier of bus fares as new fare boxes were being installed. STA's prior system, while also accepting cash, utilized paper transfers and metal coin tokens.^[27]

Spokane Transit will be implementing an account-based, contactless fare collection system in the near future. The new system will permit fare payment with contactless cards, passes, and mobile devices and was originally scheduled to go live with the launch of Spokane Transit's City Line bus rapid transit line in May 2022.^[28] With the delay of the City Line's arrival until July 2023, it is currently unclear if the rollout of the new system will be delayed along with the City Line, or if it will still be rolled out in spring 2022.

Pass programs[]

Spokane Transit provides multiple fare instruments, including employee, youth, and college passes. Additionally, organizations may participate in the Universal Transit Access Pass (UTAP) program with a "utility charge" for each ride taken by eligible participants.^[29] Spokane Transit currently maintains UTAP contracts with Eastern Washington University for students, faculty and staff; WSU Spokane for students, faculty and staff; City of Spokane for employees and elected officials; and, Spokane County for employees and elected officials. A grant will fund the introduction of the UTAP program for students at the Community Colleges of Spokane in January 2014.

Passenger facilities and amenities[]

Bus Stops[]

Basic curbside stop

Bus bulb stop

Bus shelter stop with trash can

Three typical formats of Spokane Transit Authority bus stops, featuring different levels of passenger and transit operation amenities. All stops feature a sign denoting the routes serving the stop, along with their terminus, as well as a unique stop identification number used for STA's real-time bus tracking information.

At the end of 2020, Spokane Transit served 1,610 bus stops throughout its service area.^[30]

Park and Ride Lots[]

Spokane Transit operates a total of 14 park-and-ride facilities throughout its service area, several of which are operated through cooperative agreements with other property owners to allow parking access to transit services.^[31]

Transit Centers[]

Spokane Transit operates four transit centers as of May 2020:^[32]

• The STA Plaza, in downtown Spokane
• Pence-Cole Valley Transit Center (VTC), in Spokane Valley
• Spokane Community College Transit Center, in East Spokane
• West Plains Transit Center, near Four Lakes

Bicycle Accommodation[]

Bike racks are available on all buses serving all fixed routes. Most park and ride lots feature bike lockers that can be rented on a monthly basis.

Fixed route fleet[]

As of January 2022,^[33] Spokane Transit has 167 buses in its fleet. Included in the fleet are:

	Make/Model	Length	Seats	Year	Quantity	Fleet	Notes
	New Flyer D60LF	60'	62	2007	6	2661-2666
				2009	4	2961-2964
	New Flyer Xcelsior	61'	62	2017	3	1761-1763	Delivered with BRT options including integrated roofline and flush windows
				2018	7	1861-1867	Delivered with BRT options including 3rd set of doors, integrated roofline, and flush windows
	Gillig Low Floor	29'	26	2003	3	2333; 2335-2336	Special livery for "Downtown Shuttle" (Routes 11 and 12)
	Gillig Low Floor	35'	32	2007	3	2701-2703
	Gillig Low Floor	40'	39	2006	19	2601-2619
				2007	14	2704-2717
				2008	14	2801-2814
				2009	9	2901-2909
				2014	8	1401-1408
				2016	7	1601-1607
				2018	6	1801-1806
				2019	6	1901-1906
				2021	16	2101-2116
	Gillig HEV	40'	39	2007	3	7001-7003
				2008	6	8001-8006
				2010	10	10701-10710
				2012	6	12701-12706
	Gillig HEV	29'	26	2009	3	9031-9033	Special livery for "Downtown Shuttle" (Routes 11 and 12)
	New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE	60'	TBD	2021	10	E6001-E6010	Dedicated-use for City Line bus rapid transit operations. Special livery consisting of a black-to-lilac linear gradient design.
	New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE	40'	TBD	2021	2	E4001-E4002
	Proterra ZX5	40'	TBD	2021	2[34]	E4003-E4004
Future Fleet
	New Flyer Xcelsior	40'	42	2022	10	TBD

Governance[]

Spokane Transit is governed by a board of directors which includes nine positions filled by elected officials who must be appointed by the municipal jurisdictions that form the agency, and one position appointed by the Board upon recommendation by the labor organizations representing the public transportation employees within the local public transportation system pursuant to state law.^[35]

Originally, the board consisted of 2 members from the City of Spokane, 2 members from the Spokane County Commission, 1 member from each of the Cities of Airway Heights, Cheney, Medical Lake, and the Town of Millwood, and one additional member alternately held by an official from the City of Spokane and Spokane County.

The City of Liberty Lake was incorporated on August 2001, and the City of Spokane Valley was incorporated on March 2003, necessitating a change in board membership. Now the board consists of:

• City of Spokane, 3 members
• Spokane County, 2 members
• City of Spokane Valley, 2 members
• The small cities, 2 members (combined)
• Labor representative, 1 member (non-voting)

The small cities of Airway Heights, Cheney, Liberty Lake, Medical Lake, and Millwood rotate membership in three-year terms:

• 2011: Liberty Lake and Medical Lake
• 2012: Medical Lake and Millwood
• 2013: Medical Lake and Millwood
• 2014: Millwood and Cheney
• 2015: Cheney and Airway Heights
• 2016: Cheney and Airway Heights
• 2017: Airway Heights and Liberty Lake

Planned developments[]

Spokane Transit participates in regional transportation and land use planning activities. It is a member jurisdiction of the Spokane Regional Transportation Council (SRTC), and sends a member of its board to serve on SRTC's board.

High Performance Transit Network[]

In 2010, STA developed a preliminary proposal for what it calls a "High Performance Transit Network" (HPTN) composed of 14 corridors of premium all-day frequent transit service. The preliminary proposal does not specify the operating modes for each corridor but suggests that the corridors will operate at a speed appropriate to the access provided and urban characteristics of the operating environment. The HPTN vision is an element of the agency's proposed comprehensive plan, referred to as "Connect Spokane."

Also in 2010, STA and the City of Spokane initiated an alternatives analysis to study transit improvements in and around the downtown core. This "central city transit alternatives analysis" will look at "High Performance Transit" improvements that can be made to increase mobility and stimulate in-fill development. The timeline for the study calls for a "locally preferred alternative" to be determined by early 2011.

A City Line bus rapid transit station under construction in July 2021.

In 2016, the central city transit plan took the form as the Central City Line project, later named the City Line, a bus rapid transit line that is planned to open in 2023. It will be the first phase of a number of high performance transit lines in Spokane and is the region's first bus rapid transit corridor.^[36]

West Plains Transit Center[]

As part of the 2012 STA Moving Forward, STA's 10-year plan to improve services, The Is intended to provide a connection point for routes servicing Airway Heights, Fairchild AFB, Medical Lake and Cheney.^[37]

On July 17, 2017 Construction of the West Plains Transit Center located at Exit 272 along I-90 began.^[38]

References[]

External links[]

• Spokane Transit site
• Spokane Regional Transportation Council
• Local Sales Tax Change Notices - Department of Revenue: Washington State