Sport in India

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Sports in India refers to the large variety of games played in India, ranging from tribal games to more mainstream sports such as field hockey, kabaddi, cricket, badminton and football. India's diversity of culture, people, and tribes, as well as its colonial legacy, are reflected in the wide variety of sporting disciplines in the country.

Kabaddi is an ancient sport and one of the fastest growing sport of India. It can be said that Indian Kabaddi team is the strongest kabaddi team in the world and to defeat India is very hard for other countries teams. India won many matches and seasons of Kabaddi at the Asian Games and all three seasons of Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style). Cricket is the most popular sport in India, the country has hosted and won the Cricket World Cup on multiple occasions. Field hockey is the most successful sport for India at the Olympic Games; the Indian men's team have won thirteen Olympic medals including 8 Olympic gold medals. Other popular sports in India are badminton, football, shooting, wrestling, boxing, tennis, squash, weightlifting, gymnastics, athletics, table tennis, basketball, volleyball and cycling. Popular indigenous sports include chess, kho-kho, kite-fighting, leg cricket, polo, snooker and gillidanda.

India has hosted and co-hosted several international sporting events, most notably the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

Domestic professional sports leagues in the country include the Indian Premier League (Twenty20 cricket), the I-League and the Indian Super League (football), the Pro Kabaddi League (kabaddi), the Hockey India League (hockey), Premier Badminton League (badminton), the Pro Wrestling League (wrestling), the Ultimate Table Tennis league (table tennis), and the Pro Volleyball League (volleyball). The Ultimate Kho-Kho League is expected to launch in 2020, having attracted a major sponsorship deal with Dabur.

Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open in tennis, the Indian Open in golf, and the India Open in badminton.

The Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna is India's highest award for achievement in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.

History[]

Ancient and Medieval period[]

The world's oldest stadium with terraced stands was constructed at Dholavira, Gujarat during 3rd millennium BCE. Two stadiums have been identified at the ancient site, one is considered a ceremonial ground, another, a small stadium.^[1][2][3]

The importance of sports was also evident in India in the Vedic era. Physical culture in ancient India was fuelled by religious rights. The mantra in the Atharvaveda says, "Duty is in my right hand and the fruits of victory in my left." In terms of an ideal, these words hold the same sentiments as the traditional Olympic Oath: "For the Honour of my Country and the Glory of Sport."^[4]

The modern game of badminton has developed from an old children's game known in England as battledore and shuttlecock, a game popular in ancient India. The battledore was a paddle and the shuttlecock a small feathered cork, now usually called a "bird".^[5]

Games like chess and snakes and ladders originated from the ancient Indian games chaturanga and gyan chauper, respectively; these were later transmitted to foreign countries, where they were further modernized.^[6][7]

During the rule of the Mughal Empire, a form of wrestling known as pehlwani developed, by combining native malla-yuddha with influences from Persian varzesh-e bastani.^[8]

British Colonial period[]

During the colonial period, British India^[a] competed at six Olympic Games, notably winning medals in field hockey.

Snooker originated in the late 19th century among British Army officers stationed in India.^[9]

Modern polo originated in British India in the 19th century,^[b] from Manipur, where the game was known as 'Sagol Kangjei', 'Kanjai-bazee', or 'Pulu'. The name "polo" is the anglicized version of the latter. The first polo club was established in Silchar, Assam, in 1833. The oldest polo club still in existence is the Calcutta Polo Club, which was established in 1862.^[10][11][12]

Dorabji Tata, with the support of Dr. A.G. Noehren, then director of YMCA, established the Indian Olympic Association in 1927.^[13]

Post-Independence[]

India hosted the Asian Games in New Delhi in 1951 and 1982. The current Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports was initially set up as the Department of Sports in 1982 at the time of organisation of the Games in New Delhi. Its name was changed to the Department of Youth Affairs & Sports during celebration of the International Youth Year in 1985.^[14] India has also hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events, including the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2010 Hockey World Cup, and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon and the Delhi Half Marathon. The country hosted the first Indian Grand Prix in 2011.^[15]

Administration[]

Political responsibility for sport in India lies with the Department of Sports under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports; the department runs under the charge of a Secretary to the Government of India, while the ministry is headed usually by a Minister of State.^[16] A ministry-recognised National Sports Federation (NSF) represents each Olympic and non-Olympic sport, the only major exception being the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), which is not an NSF.^[17] As of 2019, 56 NSFs are recognised by the ministry.^[18] The presence of politicians at the helm of many such federations has been criticised for causing inefficiency and corruption.^[17]

Sports Authority of India, the field arm of the ministry, supports and nurtures talent in youth, and provides them with requisite infrastructure, equipment, coaching facilities and competition exposure.^[19]

The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) is responsible for the Indian contingent's participation in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games (outdoor, indoor and beach), and South Asian Games. The selection of the national teams is done by the respective national federations and then recommended to the IOA for official sponsorship for participation in those games.^[13]

Awards[]

The Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna is India's highest award for achievement in sports.^[20] It recognises "the spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports by a sportsperson". As of 2018, the award comprises a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of ₹7.5 lakh (US$11,000).^[21]

The Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. It honours coaches "who have done outstanding and meritorious work on a consistent basis", and is meant to motivate them towards "raising the standard of sportspersons". As of 2017, the award comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ₹5 lakh (US$7,200).^[22]

International sports events held in India[]

Following is a list of international sports events held in India:

hideInternational Sports Events Hosting Record
Sport	Event name	Year/Date	Venue
Multi-sport event	Asian Games	1951	New Delhi
Table tennis	World Table Tennis Championships	1952	Mumbai
Billiards	IBSF World Billiards Championship	1952	Kolkata
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1958	Kolkata
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1963	Kolkata
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1973	Mumbai
Table tennis	World Table Tennis Championships	1975	Kolkata
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	1979	Jalandhar
Boxing	Men's Asian Amateur Boxing Championships	1980[23]	Bombay
Football	AFC Women's Championship	1980	Kozhikode
Table tennis	Asian Table Tennis Championships	1980	Kolkata
Archery	Asian Archery Championships	1980[24]	Kolkata
Basketball	FIBA Asia Cup	1981	Kolkata
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1981	New Delhi
Field hockey	Field Hockey World Cup	1982	BHA Stadium, Bombay
Multi-sport event	Asian Games	1982	New Delhi
Table tennis	World Table Tennis Championships	1987	New Delhi
Cricket (ODI)	Cricket World Cup	1987	Multiple venues
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	1987	Mumbai
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1987	Bangalore
Multi-sport event	South Asian Games	1987	Kolkata
Archery	Asian Archery Championships	1988[25][26]	Kolkata
Snooker	ACBS Asian Snooker Championship	1989	India
Cycling	Asian Cycling Championships	1989	Yamuna Velodrome, Delhi
Rowing	Asian Rowing Championships	1989[27]	Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh
Athletics	Asian Athletics Championships	1989	New Delhi
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	1990	Bangalore
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	1991	New Delhi
Table tennis	Asian Table Tennis Championships	1992	New Delhi
Judo	Asian Judo Championships	1995	New Delhi
Multi-sport event	South Asian Games	1995	Chennai
Cricket (ODI)	Cricket World Cup	1996	Multiple Venues
Field Hockey	Men's Hockey Champions Trophy	1996	Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium, Chennai
Tennis	Chennai Open	1996–	SDAT Tennis Stadium, Chennai
Cricket (ODI)	Women's Cricket World Cup	1997	Multiple Venues
Basketball	FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship	1998	Kolkata
Chess	World Chess Championship	2000	New Delhi
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	2003	New Delhi
Multi-sport event	Afro-Asian Games	2003	Hyderabad
Boxing	Women's Asian Amateur Boxing Championships	2003	Hisar District
Canoeing	Asian Canoeing Championships Canoe sprint	2003[28]	Bhopal
Kabaddi	Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)	2004	Mumbai, Maharastra
Basketball	FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship	2004	Bangalore
Sailing	Asian Sailing Championship	2004	Mumbai
Marathon	IAAF Road Race Label Events Mumbai Marathon	2004–(recur)	Mumbai
Half marathon	IAAF Road Race Label Events Delhi Half Marathon	2005–(recur)	Delhi
Rowing	Asian Rowing Championships	2005[29]	Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad
Cycling	Asian Cycling Championships	2005	Punjab Agriculture University Velodrome
Field Hockey	Men's Hockey Champions Trophy	2005	Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium, Chennai
Archery	Asian Archery Championships	2005	New Delhi
Boxing	AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships	2006	New Delhi
Gymnastics	Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships	2006	Surat
	Rhythmic Gymnastics Asian Championships	2006
Kabaddi	Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)	2007	Panvel, Maharastra
Beach Volleyball	Asian Beach Volleyball Championship	2008	Hyderabad
Boxing	Women's Asian Amateur Boxing Championships	2008	Guwahati
Football	AFC Challenge Cup	2008	Ambedkar Stadium, New Delhi Gachibowli Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad
Multi-sport event	Commonwealth Youth Games	2008	Pune
Badminton	BWF World Junior Championships	2008	Pune
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2008	Bangalore
Badminton	BWF World Championships	2009	Hyderabad
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2009[30]	Hyderabad
Basketball	FIBA Asia Championship for Women	2009	Chennai
Table tennis	Asian Table Tennis Championships	2009	Lucknow
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2010	Maharashtra
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	2010	New Delhi
Field hockey	Field Hockey World Cup	2010	New Delhi (Dhyan Chand National Stadium)
Multi-sport event	Commonwealth Games	2010	New Delhi
Field hockey	Men's Hockey Champions Trophy	2011	New Delhi
Cricket (ODI)	Cricket World Cup	2011	Multiple Venues
Snooker	ACBS Asian Snooker Championship	2011[31]	Indore
Multi-sport event	South Asian Winter Games	2011	Dehradun and Auli
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2011[32]	Bangalore
Motor sports	Formula One2011 Indian Grand Prix	2011	Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida
Field hockey	2012 Summer Olympics (London) Qualification Tournament 1	2012	New Delhi (Dhyan Chand National Stadium)
Field Hockey	FIH Men's Hockey World League (2013 Round 2 (Delhi leg))	2012–13 season	New Delhi (Dhyan Chand National Stadium)
	FIH Men's Hockey World League (2013 Round 4 (Final round))
	FIH Women's Hockey World League (2013 Round 2 (Delhi leg))	2012–13 season
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	2013	New Delhi
Canoeing	Asian Canoeing Championships Canoe Polo	2013	New Delhi
Cycling	Asian Cycling Championships	2013	New Delhi (Yamuna Velodrome)
Motor sports	Formula One2013 Indian Grand Prix	2013	Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida
Athletics	Asian Athletics Championships	2013	Pune
Cricket (ODI)	Women's Cricket World Cup	2013	Multiple Venues
Chess	World Chess Championship	2013	Chennai
Multi-sport event	Lusophony Games	2014	Goa
Tennis	Davis Cup World Group Play-offs	2014	KSLTA Tennis Stadium, Bangalore
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2014[33]	Bangalore
Badminton	Thomas Cup Uber Cup	2014	Siri Fort Indoor Stadium, New Delhi
Field Hockey	Men's Hockey Champions Trophy	2014	Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneshwar
	FIH Women's Hockey World League (2015 Round 2 (Delhi leg))	2014–15 season	Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi
	FIH Men's Hockey World League (2015 Round 4 (Final round))	2014–15 season	Raipur
Golf	Asian Tour Indian Open (golf)	2015	Delhi Golf Club
Snooker	IBSF World Snooker Championship	2016	Bangalore
Cricket (T20)	ICC World Twenty20	2016	Multiple Venues
Cricket (T20)	ICC Women's World Twenty20	2016	Multiple Venues
Kabaddi	Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)	2016	The Arena, Ahmedabad
Golf	Asian Tour Indian Open (golf)	2016	Delhi Golf Club
Multi-sport event	South Asian Games	2016	Guwahati and Shillong
Athletics	Asian Athletics Championships	2017	Bhubaneswar
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	2017	Indira Gandhi Sports Complex, New Delhi
Cycling	Asian Cycling Championships	2017	Indira Gandhi Arena, New Delhi
Badminton	BWF Super Series India Open	2017	Siri Fort Indoor Stadium, New Delhi
Squash	Asian Individual Squash Championships	2017	Express Avenue Mall, Chennai
Shooting	ISSF World Cup	2017	New Delhi
Table tennis	ITTF World Tour India Open (table tennis)	2017	Thyagaraj Sports Complex, New Delhi
Football	FIFA U-17 World Cup	2017	Multiple Venues
Basketball	FIBA Asia Women's Cup	2017	Bangalore
Basketball	FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women	2017	Bangalore
Boxing	AIBA Women's Youth World Championships	2017[34]	Guwahati
Golf	Asian Tour Indian Open (golf)	2017	DLF Golf and Country Club
Lawn Bowls	Asian Lawn Bowls Championships	2017[35][36]	New Delhi
	Asian Under 25 Lawn Bowls Championship
Field hockey	FIH Men's Hockey World League (2017 Round 4 (Final round))	2016–17 season	Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneshwar
	Field Hockey World Cup	2018
Golf	Asian Tour Indian Open (golf)	2018	DLF Golf and Country Club
Boxing	AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships	2018[37]	New Delhi
Wrestling	Asian Wrestling Championships	2020	New Delhi
Football	FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup	2021	Multiple Venues (cancelled due to covid pandemic)
Football	FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup	2022	Multiple Venues
Football	AFC Women's Asian Cup	2022	Multiple Venues
Field hockey	Men's FIH Hockey World Cup	2023	To be Decided
Cricket (ODI)	Cricket World Cup	2023	Multiple Venues

India at major international sports events[]

Olympics[]

A single athlete, Norman Pritchard, represented India in the 1900 Olympics, winning two silver medals. India sent its first national team to the Olympics in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Olympic Games ever since. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964.

As of 2021, India has won a total of 35 Summer Olympic medals. India won its first gold medal in men's field hockey in the 1928 Olympic Games. On winning the 10m air rifle event at the 2008 Olympics, Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games, and India's first gold medal since 1980, when the men's field hockey team had won the gold.^[38][39]

Commonwealth Games[]

India has competed in all but four editions of the Commonwealth Games, starting at the second Games in 1934. India has hosted the Games once, in 2010 at Delhi. India is the fourth-most successful country at the games; it has won a total of 504 medals, including 181 gold medals.

Asian Games[]

India has participated in every edition of the Asian Games, and has hosted the Games in 1951 and 1982 at New Delhi. As of 2018, India is the sixth-most successful country, winning 671 medals, including 139 golds. India has won at least one gold medal in each tournament.

The National Games of India[]

The National Games of India are conducted by the Indian Olympic Association and are meant to identify national sporting talents who can be selected for the Olympics. The first National Games, then called the Indian Olympic Games, were held in Lahore in 1924, while the first modern Games were held in New Delhi in 1985.^[40]

Olympic sports[]

Archery[]

The game of archery has historical significance, as royals in the ancient days used to practice archery. Modern-day archery in India began in the early 1970s, before its introduction as an Olympic event in 1972, and it was formalised in 1973 when the Archery Association of India (AAI) came into existence. Since its inception, AAI has been promoting an organisation for the sport. India has been producing some world class players who are the medal hopefuls in international events of archery.

Athletics: Track, Field and Road[]

India is unfortunately not affluent in the field of athletics and track events. There are very few athletes who won any medal in any global or major events. But the scenario is changing in the 20th century, when people started taking interest in athletics and facility are providing to improve the meager situation of athletics. Anju Bobby George made history when she won the bronze medal in Women's long jump at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris. With this achievement, she became the first Indian athlete ever to win a medal in a World Championships in Athletics jumping 6.70 m. Till 2010 Milkha Singh was the only athlete to win an individual gold medal at a Commonwealth Games but at 2010 Commonwealth Games, Krishna Punia created history by winning the Women's discus throw gold medal for India after 52 years and as first woman to win a gold in athletics at Commonwealth Games.^[41] In the same edition of Commonwealth games Manjeet Kaur, Sini Jose, Ashwini Akkunji & Mandeep Kaur won the Women's 4 × 400 m (Relay) gold medal. At 2014 Commonwealth Games Vikas Gowda won the Men's Discus Throw gold medal.

Hima Das is only Indian track athlete to win a medal at any IAAF global event. She won the gold medal in Women's 400 metres at 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships at Tampere, Finland, on 12 July 2018, clocking a time of 51.46 seconds.^[42][43] She is second gold medalist in athletics at IAAF World U20 Championships after Neeraj Chopra who won Men's javelin throw gold at 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships by setting world junior record with a throw of 86.48 m. Later Neeraj went on to win the Men's javelin throw gold at 2018 Commonwealth Games. In 2020,Tokyo Olympics, he became first indian athelete to win an Olympic Gold Medal in Men's javelin throw. At 2016 Summer Olympics Lalita Babar becomes the first Indian athlete since 1984 to reach Olympics finale in the event of Women's 3000 metres steeplechase,^[44] before her, P.T. Usha reach the finale of Women's 400 metres hurdles at 1984 Summer Olympics.

P.T. Usha won multiple gold medals in different editions of Asian Games and Asian Athletics Championships. Lavy Pinto was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Asian Games which he won in the first Asian Games held at New Delhi in 1951 in 100 and 200-meter categories.^[45] Christine Brown, Stephie D'Souza, Violet Peters, Mary D'Souza gave India its first women's athletics gold medal when they won 4 × 100 m relay in 1954 Asian Games but current Asian record is held by Priyanka Pawar, Tintu Luka, Mandeep Kaur, Machettira Raju Poovamma when they won Women's 4 × 400 metres relay at 2014 Asian Games clocking 3:28:68. Kamaljeet Sandhu was the first Indian female athlete to win individual gold medal at any Asian games by winning 400m track event at 1970 Asian Games.^[46] Sunita Rani holds the current Asian record in 1500 m track event winning at Busan 2002 Asian Games clocking 4:06:03.

Madhurjya Borah, an Indian triathlete holds silver medal at South Asian Triathlon Championship.

Anu Vaidyanathan, an Indian triathlete, is the first Asian to compete in Ultraman.^[47]

In May 2016, Arunaabh Shah from Delhi became the first Indian male and the youngest Indian to finish Ultraman, at Ultraman Australia.^[48]

Badminton[]

Badminton(Shuttle Badminton) is played widely in India and it is one of the most popular sports in India. Badminton is a fast growing sport in India. Badminton's popularity has grown in recent years. Indian shuttlers Saina Nehwal, K. Srikanth and P.V. Sindhu are ranked amongst top-10 in current BWF ranking. Prakash Padukone was the first player from India to achieve world no.1 spot in the game and after him K. Srikanth made it to the top spot as male player for second time in April 2018^[49] and Saina Nehwal is the first female player from India to achieve World no.1 spot in April 2015.^[50] The most successful doubles player from India is Jwala Gutta, who is the only Indian to have been ranked in the top-10 of two categories. She peaked at no. 6 with Valiyaveetil Diju in mixed doubles and at no. 10 with Ashwini Ponnappa in women's doubles.^[51] Other successful players include Aparna Popat, Pullela Gopichand, Syed Modi, Chetan Anand, Parupalli Kashyap, Prannoy Kumar, Ashwini Ponnappa, Chirag Shetty, Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and N. Sikki Reddy.

Padukone and Gopichand, both won the All England Open in 1980 and 2001, respectively, making them the only Indians to ever win the title. At the 2012 London Olympic Games, Nehwal won the bronze medal in the individual women's competition, the first for the country in badminton. In Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020, P.V.Sindhu won silver and bronze respectively in Women's singles category, becoming the only indian woman to win two medals at Olympics for India. India has won medals at the BWF World Championships as well, with Padukone winning in 1982. The doubles pairing of Gutta and Ponnappa became the first women to win the medal when they won the bronze in 2011.^[52] Sindhu won consecutive medals at 2013 and 2014 editions. Nehwal won a silver at 2015 Championships.^[53] Saina is the only gold medalist for India in BWF World Junior Championships, won in 2008, where as Sindhu and Lakshya Sen are the only gold medalists in Badminton Asia Junior Championships in their respective category for the country, won in 2012 and 2018.

Basketball[]

Basketball is a popular sport in India, played in almost every school, although very few people follow it professionally. India has both men's and women's national basketball teams. Both teams have hired head coaches who have worked extensively with NBA players and now aim to popularise the game in India.^[54] Satnam Singh Bhamara officially marks the first player from India to be selected in the NBA by being taken by the Dallas Mavericks as the 52nd pick of the 2015 NBA draft, as well as the first player to be drafted straight out of high school as a postgraduate.

The Young Cagers, as the national team is nicknamed, made one Olympic appearance in basketball, and appeared 20 times in the Asian Championship. India is currently ranked 58th in the world in basketball. The Indian national team had its best result at the 1975 Asian Championship, when the team finished ahead of teams including the Philippines, one of Asia's basketball strongholds. Internationally, one of the most recognised Indian basketball players has been Sozhasingarayer Robinson.^[55] Affiliated into the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) since 1936, India has one of Asia's longest basketball traditions.^[56]

India's women had their best result at the recent 2011 FIBA Asia Championship for Women when they finished sixth. The team has several internationally known players including Geethu Anna Jose, who was invited to tryouts for the WNBA in 2011.^[57]

Boxing[]

Boxing is a highly profiled sport in India, and although it is a regular medal-holder at the Asian Games and Commonwealth Games, though India has not yet produced a world champion in any weight class. In November 2007, India's Mary Kom won the best boxer title and secured a hat-trick of titles. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Vijender Singh won a bronze medal in the middleweight division, and Akhil Kumar and Jitender Kumar qualified for the quarterfinals. Akhil Kumar, Jitender Kumar, A.L. Lakra, and Dinesh Kumar each won a bronze medal at the 2008 World Championship. India's lone female boxer, M.C. Mary Kom, won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympic Games.

Hockey[]

Field Hockey is a popular sport in India. Until the mid-1970s, India men's team dominated international field hockey, winning seven Olympic gold medals and won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. Since then, barring a gold medal at the 1980 Olympics, and a bronze medal at Tokyo 2020 Olympics, India's performance in field hockey has been dismal, as Australia, Netherlands and Germany improved. Its decline is also due to the change in rules of the game, introduction of artificial turf, and internal politics in Indian field hockey bodies. The popularity of field hockey has also declined massively parallel to the decline of the Indian hockey team. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, the standard of Indian hockey greatly deteriorated, with a low point occurring in 2008, after the Men's team failed to qualify for the 2008 Olympics and finishing last in the 2012 Olympics.

However, since the mid 2010s the men's team has undergone a gradual revival at the regional, continental, and global stage, becoming runners up at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and winning 2014 Asian Games gold. Despite bowing out at the quarter final stage of the 2016 Rio Olympics following a loss to Belgium, India would capture the 2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup title, restoring consistent dominance in Asia. A marked Olympic improvement was witnessed at the 2020 games in Tokyo, when India captured the bronze medal, signifying the first medal and highest placing at the tournament in 41 years - since 1980. Currently, the Indian men's team is 5th in the rankings of the Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon (FIH, English:International Hockey Federation), the international governing body of field hockey and indoor field hockey.^[58]

The Women's team came of age in 1980 when they first participated at the Summer Olympics and achieved the fourth place. The first golden moment for the team was in 1982 at the Asian Games. Since then not much of happening moments in the team history, though in 2016 after 34 years, it is a little hope when Indian women's team qualified for the Summer Olympics and they went on to win the 2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup claiming the Asian dominance after 2004. India Women's team failed to win any medal in the Women's Hockey World Cup. The present team is ranked 10th by the Fédération Internationale de Hockey.^[58]

India has hosted three Men's Hockey World Cups–one in 1982 in Mumbai, another in 2010 in Delhi, where they finished fifth and eighth respectively, and the third at Bhubaneswar in 2018. India also hosted the annual Hockey Champions Trophy in 1996, 2005 2014 and 2016. Until 2008, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) was the apex body for hockey in the country. However, following revelations of corruption and other scandals in the IHF, the federation was dissolved and de-recognised, and a new apex body for Indian hockey called Hockey India (HI) was formed on 20 May 2009, with support from the IOA and former hockey players. HI, recognised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH), has the sole mandate to govern and conduct all activities for both men's and women's field hockey in India. Although the IHF was reinstated in 2010,^[59] it is not recognised by the FIH. The IHF conducts a franchise-based tournament called World Series Hockey (WSH), with its first season conducted in 2012. However, it is not approved by HI or the FIH.

HI also conducts a franchise-based tournament called the Hockey India League (HIL). Its first season was in 2013 and is inspired from the Board of Control for Cricket in India's (BCCI's) highly successful Indian Premier League. The tournament is recognised by the FIH, which has also decided to provide a 30-day window for the forthcoming seasons so all top players can participate.

Football[]

Football was introduced to India during the British colonial period. Although India has never been represented in any FIFA World Cup, it did qualify in 1950, though it did not take part, as they were not allowed to play barefoot.^[60] India was an Asian powerhouse in football in the 1950s and 1960s. During this golden era, India created history as the first Asian team to reach semi-finals in an Olympic football tournament in 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne and Neville D'Souza became the first Asian and Indian to score a hat-trick (record remains unbeaten) in an Olympic match.^[61][62] India also finished as runners-up in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. But later on, the standard of football started to decline due to lack of professionalism and fitness culture. India currently ranks 105th in the FIFA rankings as of 12 August 2021.^[63]

Football is, nevertheless, widely popular both as a spectator sport, and as a participation sport in some parts of the country such as Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Goa and the Northeast. The India national football team represents India in all FIFA tournaments. The Yuva Bharati Krirangan of Kolkata was the second largest non-auto racing stadium in the world.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1937, at the Army Headquarters, Shimla, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) was formed at a meeting of the representatives of football associations of six regions where the game was very popular in those days. It is the governing body for football in India. Domestic competitions for men's football include the Indian Super League, I-League, I-League 2nd Division in the Indian League System and the annual knock-out style Federation Cup. For women's football, the India women's football championship. However, it is European football, such as the English Premier League, Spanish La Liga, and the UEFA Champions League, which are very popular among Indian football fans, especially in metropolitan cities.^{[citation needed]}

FIFA revealed on 5 December 2013 (as part of their executive committee meets in Salvador, Brazil), that India would be the host of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, the 17th U-17 FIFA World Cup. This was the first international football competition at world level hosted by India. To help increase interest in youth football in advance of the 2017 U-17 World Cup, India launched the Mission XI Million programme.^{[citation needed]} The matches were held from 6 to 28 October in the cities of New Delhi, Kolkata, Kochi, Navi Mumbai, Guwahati and Margao.^[64]

FIFA granted India the hosting rights for the 2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup,^[65] which was rescheduled to be held between 17 February – 7 March 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[66][67] On 17 November 2020, FIFA Council announced that the event was postponed until 2022.^[68]

Golf[]

Golf is a growing sport in India. It is especially popular among the wealthier classes, but has not yet caught on with others due to the expenses involved in playing.

The most successful Indian golfers are Jeev Milkha Singh and Anirban Lahiri. Singh won three titles on the European Tour, four on the Japan Golf Tour, and six on the Asian Tour. His highest world ranking was 28 March 2009. Singh has won the Asian Tour Order of Merit twice. Meanwhile, Lahiri has two European Tour wins and seven Asian Tour wins. He qualified for the 2015 Presidents Cup.

Other Indians who have won the Asian Tour Order of Merit are Jyoti Randhawa in 2002 (the first Indian to do so), and Arjun Atwal, who went on in 2010 to become the first Indian-born player to become a member of the US-based PGA Tour and win the 2010 Wyndham Championship.

In golf at the Asian Games, India's men's golf team won gold at the 1982 Asian Games, and silver at the 2006 Asian Games. Lakshman Singh won the individual gold at the 1982 Asian Games.

There are numerous golf courses all over India, and a Professional Golf Tour of India. The main tournament is the Hero Indian Open, co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and European Tour.

In Tokyo 2020 Olympics, Aditi Ashoka finished at 4th position in women Golf Competition. It was best ever performance by an Indian golfer at Olympics.

Gymnastics[]

Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics for India, a bronze.^[69] Ashish also won a silver medal in the Men's vault at 2010 Commonwealth Games.

It was Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, that Dipa Karmakar from Tripura won the bronze medal in the Women's vault finale. Her second vault, the most difficult vault with a D-score of 7, the Produnova vault, named after famous Yelena Produnova of Russia, also known as the vault of death due to its difficulty and likelihood of injury, which she executed with a score of 15.1 (D-7, Ex- 8.1) which contributed to her winning the bronze medal.^[70] With this attempt she became fifth gymnast to ever execute the Produnova just after legendary gymnast Oksana Chusovitina who executed multiples times. In October 2015, Karmakar became the first Indian gymnast to qualify for a final stage at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Later in 2016 when she qualified for Rio Olympics, she became first Indian gymnast to do so and also hours after her qualification at 2016 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event she clinched gold medal in Women's vault event stunning Oksana Chusovitina with her prudunova again who came second to her.^[71] On 6 July 2016, FIG honored Dipa by naming her World Class Gymnast.^[72] At Rio Olympics she achieved 4th place in vaults. After a long break due to injury when she ran for vaults and landed with a gold at World Challenge Cup series.^[73]

Tennis[]

Tennis is a sport among Indians in urban areas. Tennis has gained popularity after the exploits of Vijay Amritraj. India's fortunes in Grand Slam singles have been unimpressive, although Leander Paes won a singles bronze medal at the 1996 Olympics. Since the late 1990s India has had impressive results in Grand Slam doubles, Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi have won many men's doubles and mixed doubles Grand Slam titles. Sania Mirza is the most notable Indian woman tennis player, having won a WTA title and breaking into the Top 30 WTA rankings, also winning three Grand Slam doubles events, the first at Wimbledon in 2015. On the men's side, young Somdev Devvarman and Yuki Bhambri are flying India's flag on the ATP Tour. Yuki was the Australian Open junior singles champion in 2009. Rohan Bopanna has won two mixed doubles titles.

Shooting[]

The National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) was founded in 1951 with a view to promote and popularize the shooting sports in India. It is an important Olympic sport in India having won 4 medals till 2020 Tokyo Olympics .

Table Tennis[]

Table tennis is a popular indoor recreation sport in India, which has caught on in states including West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The Table Tennis Federation of India is the official governing body of the sport. India, which is ranked 30th in the world, has produced a single player ranked in the top 50, Sharat Kamal.^[74]

Volleyball[]

Volleyball is a popular recreation sport played all over India, both in rural and urban areas. India is ranked fifth in Asia, and 27th in the world. In the youth and junior levels, India came in second in the 2003 World Youth Championships. The Indian senior men's team is ranked 46th in the world. A major problem for the sport is the lack of sponsors.^[75]

Weightlifting[]

Karnam Malleswari won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, making her the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal.^[76] The headquarters of the Indian Weightlifting Federation is in New Delhi. The federation is affiliated with the Indian Olympic Association (Delhi), and is also a member of the Asian Weightlifting Federation (Tehran) and International Weightlifting Federation (IWF, Budapest). The International Weightlifting Federation banned the Indian Weightlifting Federation from participating in all international competitions for one year when three Indian women weightlifters were accused of doping offences in various international competitions in a single year.Later in 2021, Saikhom Mirabai Chanu won Silver Medal in 49kg category in 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo.

Wrestling[]

Considered one of the most ancient and oldest sports in the world, wrestling in India has a glorious past. The sport of wrestling began its journey in India several centuries ago, during the Middle Ages. Wrestling is among the most prestigious and oldest events in the Olympic Games. It was included in the Olympics in 708 BC. In ancient times, wrestling in India was mainly used as a way to stay physically fit. It was also used as a military exercise without any weapons. Wrestling in India is also known as dangal, and it is the basic form of a wrestling tournament.

In India, wrestling is mostly known as Malla-Yuddha. Wrestling was mentioned in ancient times, found in the Sanskrit epic of Indian history, Mahabharata. One of the premier characters in Mahabharata, Bhima, was considered a great wrestler. Other great wrestlers included Jarasandha, Duryodhana, and Karna. Another Indian epic, Ramayana, also mentions wrestling in India, describing Hanuman as one of the greatest wrestlers of that time. The 13th-century Malla Purana references a group of Gujarati Brahmin wrestlers known as Jyesthimallas.

Aquatic Sports[]

The Swimming Federation of India (SFI) is the national governing body for aquatic sports in India. Legally, it is a non-profit association registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act, 1861.^[77] The Federation holds elections for its office bearers every four years.^[78] The SFI currently oversees competition in the sports of swimming, masters swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, high diving, and water polo. It is affiliated to FINA,^[79] and the Asia Swimming Federation (ASF).^[80]

Sajan Prakash and Srihari Natraj became the first-ever Indian swimmers to qualify for the Olympic Games (2020 Olympics) by breaching the A standard time.

Canoeing & Kayaking[]

India has won 1 Bronze medal in Canoeing at the Asian Games.

Flat water and sea kayaking

Indian flat water kayakers are an emerging powerhouse on the Asian circuit. Outside of professional flat water kayaking, there is very limited recreational kayaking. The potential to generate interest in flat water kayaking is held by leisure resorts located near the sea or other water bodies. Indian tourists tend to consider kayaking a one-time activity, rather than a sport to be pursued.

Whitewater kayaking

Enthusiasts of whitewater kayaking are concentrated in the north towards the Himalayas, with some in the south in Bangalore in Karnataka. Most of these enthusiasts are or were whitewater raft guides who took to the sport of whitewater kayaking. Some of the prominent whitewater kayakers include Abhinav Kala, Shalabh Gahlaut, and John Pollard. Many of them have notched first descents (similar to climbing ascents) on rivers in India and Nepal.

"Bangalore Kayakers" or "Southern River Runners" are India's first amateur group of white water kayakers. Based out of Bangalore, they explore rivers around Western Ghats.^[81] The lure for most of these participants is adventure. Whitewater kayaking in India allows for exploration of places where, literally, no human has been before.

Gear availability is a problem that plagues kayakers. While the global designs for whitewater boats and paddles change annually, Indian kayakers have to pay high fees if they want to import any kind of gear, or they have to buy used gear in Nepal. More often than not, one will see Indian kayaking guides riding down the river in a Perception Amp, Piroutte or Dancer designs, while the kayakers from abroad ride the river in their new design, planing hull, centred-volume kayaks from Riot, Pyranha, or Wave Sport.

Kayaking India groups on Facebook are good resources for kayakers in India.

Cycling[]

The history of cycling in India dates back to 1938, and the Cycling Federation of India governs the sport. Though cycling is unknown as a professional sport in India, it is popular as a common recreational sport and a way to keep fit.

Mountain biking

Mountain biking is becoming a popular sport in India. For the last six years, Mtb himachal, a hardcore endurance event, has been organised regularly by Himalayan Adventure Sports & Tourism Promotion Association (HASTPA), a non-governmental organisation (NGO). A number of national and international riders participate, including Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and a number of young and energetic mountain biking individual riders from cities including Pune, Bangalore, Delhi and Chandigarh. Last year^[when?], the government of Sikkim (Department of Tourism) introduced its own mountain biking race, with Southeast Asia's biggest prize money. The second edition saw 48 professional participants from around the globe.

Road Cycling/ Touring

The Tour of Nilgiris is a major non-competitive and non-commercial touring event in South Asia that covers 1,000 kilometres in under 10 days.^[82] The Tour of Nilgiris (TfN), India's first Day Touring Cycle Ride, was born in December 2008 with the twin objectives of promoting bicycling as an activity and spreading awareness about the bio-diversity, flora and fauna of the Nilgiris.

It soon grew into something a lot more, with an eclectic riding community in 2008 wanting to participate. The community soon assembled, made plans, chose a route and realised they would need a framework to support such a large group of people. So they recruited sponsors to mitigate costs as well as popularise the Tour and the cause of popularising cycling as a viable and sustainable means of travel. Ever since its first edition, the TfN has stayed true to the Community of Cyclists in India by being a Tour for the Community, Of the Community and By the Community. It has grown in size, stature and visibility. From 40 riders in the first edition, it has grown to 100 cyclists in 2013.

The tour has grown bigger and the routes tougher, allowing cyclists to test their endurance, enjoy the biodiversity of the Nilgiris covering the southern states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. For the racing aficionados, there are racing segments on the tour with colour coded jerseys, recognition and prizes. TfN as it is lovingly called is pushing cycling to new frontiers with more and more interested cyclists, applying for the tour. The tour has acquired quite a name, and currently about 25% of registrations are selected for the tour by the organisers.

Equestrian sports[]

India has a wide following in various equestrian sports, including show jumping, eventing, dressage, endurance riding and tent pegging. Supported by the Equestrian Federation of India, eventing is the most popular of the five, with teams representing the country at most Asian Games, winning a bronze medal in the 2002 and 2006 games. India has been represented at the Olympics twice, by Wing Commander I.J. Lamba, and Imtiaz Anees.

Fencing[]

Fencing started in India with foundation of Fencing Association of India in 1974. C. A. Bhavani Devi claimed a spot in the women's sabre in 2020 Olympics as one of the two highest-ranked fencers vying for qualification from Asia and Oceania in the FIE Adjusted Official Rankings and became the first Indian fencer to qualify for olympic games.^[83]

Judo[]

Judo is a sport which is widely played in India. The first written record about judo in India in Kodokan is about demonstrations and coaching of Judo by Shinzo Tagaki arranged at Shantiniketan in 1929 by Rabindranath Tagore.^[84] The Judo Federation of India was formed in 1965.^{[citation needed]}

Rowing[]

India's history in rowing dates back to the British era. The first club, the Calcutta Rowing Club was founded in 1858. The Rowing Federation of India administers the sport in the country. India's first ever Asian Games gold medal was won by Bajrang Lal Takhar in 2010^[85] but the country has never won an Olympic medal in the sport.

Sailing[]

Sailing as a sport in India can be traced back to the first recorded race being sailed on 6 February 1830 in the western city of Bombay. Till the time the British left India in 1947, there were five active sailing clubs located at Bombay, Madras, Bangalore, Barrackpore and Nainital.^[86] Today, there are clubs located in Kerala, Pune, Goa, Hyderabad, and Bhopal.^[87] The Yachting Association of India is the governing body for sailing, windsurfing and motorboating in India. The Yachting Association of India was formally constituted on 15 May 1960.

Taekwondo[]

Taekwondo in India is administered by the India Taekwondo which was constituted in July 2019 consting of a five-member ad hoc committee with Namdev Shirgaonkar as chairman with a mandate to carry out the election procedures within a stipulated time-frame. .^[88] Surendra Bhandari won a bronze medal in taekwondo at the 2002 Asian Games. Taekwondo is widely practised in India, with actors Neetu Chandra, Akshay Kumar and Isha Koppikar holding black belts.

Baseball and Softball[]

Baseball has recently begun to show up in India. Softball is played in school and at the university level. Two Indian pitchers were selected by the "Million Dollar Arm" competition to play in the United States. A talent hunt-style competition conducted by Major League Baseball to find baseball talent in India found the teenagers Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel, who were taken to the US and received professional coaching.^[89] These two players were selected to play for Pittsburgh Pirates minor league organisations. Rinku Singh played for the Canberra Cavalry of the Australian Baseball League for the competition's inaugural 2010–11 season.

Handball[]

Handball is a very popular sport in India, played at the local level, but hasn't yet made an impact at the national level. India's handball team was formed & began playing on 27 April in 1989, although it hasn't yet made an impact on the world stage, at the international level or the World Cup. The Handball Federation of India manages handball in India.^[90]

Karate[]

Karate in India is administered by the . India has produced many accomplished karatekas like , Deepika Dhiman, , Supriya Jatav and . The 2015 Commonwealth Karate Games were held in Delhi, India.

Rugby[]

Rugby union is a minor, but fast-growing, sport in India. Some Indian sporting clubs have begun to embrace the game.

Non-Olympic sports[]

Billiards and snooker[]

India has been a force in world billiards competitions. Champions including Wilson Jones, Michael Ferreira, Geet Sethi and now the domination of Pankaj Advani have underlined the powerhouse status of the country. The Snooker Federation of India, the apex body, plays a proactive role in popularising the game. Many efforts have been made by the Billiards and Snooker Federation of India in the recent past to enhance the popularity of the game in the country. Several training camps for developing budding talent and providing them with regional and state sponsorship have been organised by the Billiards and Snooker Federation in various parts of the country.

Chess[]

Chess has risen in popularity in India over the last few decades, primarily due to its star player Viswanathan Anand. He is a multiple World Champion. The game originated from India as a successor to Chaturanga or Shatranj. The All India Chess Federation is the governing body for chess in India.

Cricket[]

Cricket has a long history in India, having been introduced in the country during the British rule. It is by far the most popular sport in India.^[91] Cricket is played on local, national, and international level, and enjoys consistent heart-warming support from people in most parts of India. Its development has been closely tied in with the history of the country, mirroring many of the political and cultural developments around issues such as caste, gender, religion, and nationality. The Indian national cricket team played its first official match (a Test) in 1932 against England, and the team's performance since then has generally been mixed, sometimes enjoying stupendous success and sometimes suffering outright failure. The highest profile rival of the Indian cricket team is the Pakistani cricket team, though, in recent times, it has gained other rivals, including Australia, South Africa and England.

Although cricket is the most popular sport in India, it is not the nation's official national sport as India does not have a national sport.^[92] The governing body for cricket in India, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), was formed in December 1928 and is based in Mumbai. Today, BCCI is the richest sporting body in the world.^[93]

India has hosted or co-hosted many major international cricket tournaments, including the 1987 Cricket World Cup (co-hosted with Pakistan), the 1996 Cricket World Cup (co-hosted with Pakistan and Sri Lanka), the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and the 2011 Cricket World Cup (co-hosted with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh). The India national cricket team has won major tournaments, including the 1983 Cricket World Cup in England, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa, the 2011 Cricket World Cup (which they won by beating Sri Lanka in the final at home), and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, and has shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. It had also held the position of the top team in Tests.^[94] The domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the Challenger Series, all of which are not widely followed, despite cricket's popularity in the country. This parallels the global situation in cricket, where the international game is more widely followed than the domestic game in all major cricketing countries. In addition, the BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a domestic franchise-based Twenty20 competition, during March–April every year and it has an immense popularity in the nation.

Kabaddi[]

Kabaddi is a popular national sport and the second most popular sport in India, played mainly among people in villages. It is regarded as a team-contact sport and as a recreational form of combat training. The (AKFI) is in charge of running the sports in India

Two teams occupy opposite halves of a small field and take turns sending a raider into the other half to win points by tagging and wrestling members of the opposing team. The raider then attempts to return to his own half while holding his breath and chanting "kabaddi, kabaddi, kabaddi" during the whole raid.

India has won gold in all the Asian Games in kabaddi excepting 2018 Asian Games where they got bronze. The four forms of kabaddi recognised by the Kabaddi Federation in India are Amar, Sanjeevni, Gaminee and Punjabi rules Kabaddi. India won the Kabaddi World Championship in 2007, beating Iran 29–19.^[95]

Kickboxing[]

^[96] Kickboxing in India is promoted and governed by the Indian Association of Kickboxing Organisations which was founded by Er. S.S. Harichandan. Ratnadiptee Shimpi won a silver medal and Pankaj Mahanta, Manoj Kumar, Mohammad Amir Khan and Salam Lemba Meitei won four bronze medals in Kickboxing at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games. Indian Team under Indian Olympic Association participated in 2009 Asian Martial Arts Games where Laxmi Tyagi won a gold medal and three others bagged bronze medals^{[97][circular reference]}.

Korfball[]

Korfball, a mixed-gender ball sport, with similarities to netball and basketball, is played by over 50 countries in the world. It is not as popular in India as other sports, but is still played by a significant number of people. India came in third place twice (2002 and 2006)^[98] in the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championships.

Korfball, a mixed-gender ball sport, with similarities to netball and basketball, is played by over 50 countries in the world. It is not as popular in India as other sports, but is still played by a significant number of people. India came in third place twice (2002 and 2006)^[99] in the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championships.

Kurash[]

overseas the sport in India. India has won 2 medals in the inaugural event at 2018 Asian Games.

Netball[]

Netball, derived from early versions of basketball, is a popular sport in India, especially among Indian women. India's national team is ranked 25th in the world and has played only a few matches. The team has failed to qualify for any of the World Netball Championships. They played 18 matches in total.^[100] In the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, netball was included as a medal sport. However, the Indian team failed to win a medal.

Motorsports[]

Motorsport is a popular spectator sport in India, although there are relatively few competitors compared to other sports, due to the high costs of competing. Coimbatore is often referred to as the "Motor sports Capital of India" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports".^[101] S. Karivardhan, spearheaded motor racing, making Coimbatore the country's motor racing hub when he designed and built entry level race cars. Before Buddh International Circuit was constructed, the country's only two permanent race ways were the Kari Motor Speedway, Coimbatore and Madras Motor Racing Track, Chennai.^[102] MRF built the first Formula 3 car in 1997.^[103] MRF in collaboration with Maruti established the Formula Maruti racing, a single-seater, open-wheel class motorsport racing event for race cars made in India.^[104] MRF Challenge is a Formula 2000 open-wheel motorsport formula based series organised by Madras Motor Sports Club in association with MRF. Narain Karthikeyan and Karun Chandhok are the only drivers from to represent India in Formula 1.

On 1 February 2005, Narain Karthikeyan became India's first Formula One racing driver. In March 2007, he also became the first-ever Indian-born driver to compete in a NASCAR Series. He debuted in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in the Kroger 250.^[105] Force India F1 was a Formula One motor racing team. The team was formed in October 2007, when a consortium led by Indian businessmen Vijay Mallya and Michiel Mol bought the Spyker F1 team for €88 million.^[106] After competing in 29 races without a point, Force India won their first Formula One World Championship points and podium place when Giancarlo Fisichella finished second in the 2009 Belgian Grand Prix.^[107] New Delhi hosted the Indian Grand Prix from 2011 to 2013 at Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, 50 km from New Delhi. Karun Chandhok was the test driver for Team Lotus & Narain Karthikeyan raced for HRT during the first half of the 2011 Formula One season. Karun Chandhok participated in Friday's^[when?] practice session and Karthikeyan (stepping in for Daniel Ricciardo) raced at the 2011 Indian Grand Prix; it was the first time two Indian drivers associated with the same Formula One Grand Prix directly.

Mahindra Racing is an Indian constructor competing in the Formula E Championship since the inaugural season in 2014. Alexander Sims and Alex Lynn are the team's current drivers. The team formerly competed in MotoGP, fielding a team in the junior Moto3 (125cc) category between 2011 and 2015. Mahindra later refocused on being a bike and engine supplier, ultimately pulling out of the sport in 2017.

Team MRF's Gaurav Gill the first Indian rally driver to win FIA Asia-Pacific Rally Championship in 2013.^[108][109]

Polo[]

India is considered the cradle of modern polo. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in the 15th century, firmly established its popularity. The period between the decline of the Mughal dynasty and the upsurgence of the British Imperial rule, polo almost vanished from mainland India. Fortunately, the game survived in a few remote mountainous enclaves of the subcontinent, notably Gilgit, Chitral, Ladakh, and Manipur.

In India, the popularity of polo has waned and risen many times. However, it has never lost its regal status. In the last few decades, the emergence of privately owned teams has ensured a renaissance in Indian polo. Today, polo is not just restricted to the royalty and the Indian Army.

Rock climbing[]

Rock climbing has been around in India for a long time. Presumably, the mountaineers headed for Himalayan ascents had to train somewhere, and would have imparted some of the initial technical climbing culture. Documented evidence of rock climbing is associated with bouldering and climbing around Bangalore's famous Ramanagara crags and Turahalli boulders, around Western Ghats closer to Mumbai and Pune. The Deccan Plateau and south of the Vindhya Range are considered the prime locations for rock climbing in India. There is an established climbing tradition associated with Mumbai, Pune, and Bangalore. For example, Hampi is considered the bouldering capital of India. Climbers congregate here during New Year's Eve and climb through the weeks preceding and after. Badami is popular for its free and sport routes (numbering over 200).

Roller Sport[]

Roller sport is popular as a recreational sport in India, specially roller skating for children, and it is gaining popularity as a competitive sport.^{[110][111][112]} There are clubs in cities and towns, and roller skating is taught in some schools of urban areas.^[113]

Sepak takraw[]

Sepak takraw, though not very well known in India, was a demonstration sport at the Delhi Asian Games in 1982.^[114] The , with its headquarters in Nagpur, Maharashtra, was founded on 10 September 1982. It is recognised by the Indian Olympic Association and Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports since 2000.^[115] So far, the federation has conducted 14 senior, seven junior, and six sub-junior national championships in different cities, and is conducting Federation Cup Tournaments and zonal National Championships.

The game is very popular in the northeastern state of Manipur, and some of the best players came from there. In the 22nd King's Cup International Sepak Takraw Tournament held in Bangkok, the India men's team lost in the semi-finals and claimed bronze in the team event. In the doubles event, the women's team lost in the semi-finals, but earned bronze medals.^[116]

On 21 August 2018, at the 2018 Asian Games, the national men's team won a bronze after losing 2–0 to Thailand. It was Indian's first medal in Sepak takraw in Asian games.^[117]

Squash[]

Squash is a popular recreational sport in India, and is gaining popularity as a competitive sport.^[13] It is governed by the Squash Rackets Federation of India.

Wushu[]

Wushu Association of India is the governing body of wushu in India. It was established in 1989.

Cycle polo[]

The was officially created in 1966 it has its office in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The first men's nationals were played in 1970 in New Delhi, with the team from Rajasthan emerging victorious. The Calcutta Cricket & Football Club hosted the first Merchant’s Cup Cycle Polo tournament in 1973. Currently, the CC&FC plays host to the March Mug, the Swaroop Bhanjdeo Memorial Tournament and the CC&FC Trophy. Since 2015 onwards, CC&FC has been hosting the CC&FC All India Invitation Cycle Polo Cup which is organised jointly by the CC&FC along with the Cycle Polo Association of Bengal.

India has won 8 medals, including record 6 Gold at .

Tug of war[]

The origins of tug of war are uncertain, but this sport was practised in Cambodia, ancient Egypt, Greece, India and China

Archeological evidence shows that tug of war was also popular in India in the 12th century:

There is no specific time and place in history to define the origin of the game of Tug of War. The contest of pulling on the rope originates from ancient ceremonies and rituals. Evidence is found in countries like Egypt, India, Myanmar, New Guinea... The origin of the game in India has strong archaeological roots going back at least to the 12th century AD in the area what is today the State of Orissa on the east coast. The famous Sun Temple of Konark has a stone relief on the west wing of the structure clearly showing the game of Tug of War in progress.^[118]

American football[]

Introduced in 2011 by various American football figures, including Mike Ditka and Ron Jaworski, the Elite Football League of India was India's first professional American football league. Their first league play was to commence in 2012, and feature teams from eight different Indian cities.

Floorball[]

Floorball, an indoor team sport, a type of floor hockey, is gaining popularity in India. The was started in 2001 and, since then, it has expanded rapidly. There have been four national floorball championships held, with Uttar Pradesh becoming the champions. Women's floorball has also expanded, and Mumbai is the first national floorball champion of India. India is a provisional member of the International Floorball Federation. India has participated in many international friendlies and steps are being taken to make India an ordinary member of floorball.^[119]

Lacrosse[]

Lacrosse is a relatively new sport in India, introduced in 2006. The governing body for lacrosse in India is the . It is now being played by schools in Shillong, Meghalaya, while being basically nonexistent in the rest of the country. No traces of Lacrosse in India can be found on the Internet.

Powerboating[]

In March 2004 Mumbai hosted the first ever F1H2O (Formula 1 Powerboat) Grand Prix of India ^[120] From November 16 to 18 2018 Amaravati hosted the second F1H2O World championship Grand Prix of India. The event brought wide media attention especially after one of the team took the color and the name of Andhra Pradesh Capital, making it the first Indian branded team in the history of F1H2O. Team Amaravati led by Swedish drivers Jonas Anderson and Eric Edin. During Grand Prix of France held in Evian-les-Bains Jonas Anderson took the first place and Indian flag waved on the highest step of the podium.^[121] Since then many states are considering hosting Formula One Powerboat event considering the fact that no stadium is required to be built and the event is usually free for spectators.^[122]

Throwball[]

Throwball, a non-contact competitive ball sport played across a net between two teams of nine players on a rectangular court, is gaining popularity in India. Indian authorities of the game were instrumental in organising an Asian-level and, later, a world-level association for the sport. Throwball is played in gym class, colleges, and clubs throughout Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. The sport is also slowly gaining in popularity in other countries including France, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United Kingdom. India's junior throwball team visited Sri Lanka in 1982. Vijay Dahiya from Haryana was captain of the team. The Indian team won the test series.

Winter sports[]

Winter sports are common in India in the Himalayan areas. Skiing tournaments take place every winter in Gulmarg, and Manali. Winter sports are generally more common in the northern states and territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Skiing, snow rugby, snow cycling, and snow football are some of the common winter sports played in India. Skiing is more popular, although India has taken part in luge in Winter Olympics since 1998. Shiva Keshavan is the only Indian to have won medals in international meets in winter sports (Asian Gold 2011, Asian Silver 2009, Asian Bronze 2008, Asian Silver (doubles) 2005, Asian Bronze (singles) 2005), and to have participated in four Olympic Games. He is the Asian speed record holder at 134.4 km/h, making him the fastest man in Asia on ice. Luge is practised in a big way by the mountain residents in an improvised form called "reri".

Bandy[]

India has a national bandy team. The Bandy Federation of India governs bandy in India. Its headquarters are in Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Bandy, a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal, is generally played in northern India, where there is snow and ice. India is one of seven countries in Asia and out of a total of 28 to be a member of Federation of International Bandy. BFI planned to send a team to the 2011 Asian Winter Games in Astana-Almaty,^[123] but ultimately did not.^[124]

Ice hockey[]

Ice hockey is played in the colder parts of India, including Kashmir, Ladakh, and parts of Himachal Pradesh.^[125]

Traditional sports[]

Yoga[]

Indian martial arts[]

India has many traditional regional forms of martial arts such as lathi khela, sqay, kalari, kushti, thang-ta and silambam.

Board games[]

Board Games like Bridge, Carrom, Ludo and Snakes and ladders are very popular across India and are widely played. Carrom, Ludo (Pachisi) and Snakes and Ladders (Gyan chauper) trace their origin to India.

India has won 3 medals, including 1 Gold in Bridge competition at 2018 Asian Games.

Kho-kho[]

Kho kho is a tag sport played by teams of twelve players who try to avoid being touched by members of the opposing team, only nine players of the team enter the field.^[126] It is one of the two most popular traditional tag games played in schools, the other being kabaddi.^[127] overseas the sports in the country.

Seval Sandai[]

Seval Sandai or Seval Porr (cockfighting) is a popular rural sport. Three or four-inch blades are attached to the cocks' feet and the winner is decided after three or four rounds of no-holds-barred fighting. The sport involves major gambling in recent times.

Lagoori[]

Lagoori is played by children of all ages throughout India. In this there are usually 12 players, 6 in each time. A ball and 9 flat rocks are need to play this game. The rocks are pilled in the center on top of each other from the largest to the smallest flat rock. Then the ball is used to hit the pile by each team separately. The team which hits the pile first and manages topple the pile of rocks gets the chance to hold the ball and hit the player of opposite team with that ball. The task of the opposite team is to re-arrange the pile of rock without getting hit by the ball. Whichever players get hit by the ball is out and the task is taken further by remaining player of his team. If the team with the ball succeeds to out all the players before they could re-arrange the pile they win. If the team manages to re-arrange the pile then the team with the ball loses.^[128]

Kancha[]

Kancha is played by using marbles. Marbles are glass balls which are very popular among children. It is popular in small Indian cities and villages, among small boys only as a gully sport. It is rarely played by girls. The participant has to hit the marble kept in a circle. If he hits the target properly, he wins. The winner gets the kancha of the other participant boys.^[129]

Jallikattu[]

Jallikattu is a popular bull-taming sport practiced particularly during Pongal festival. Jallikattu was a popular sport since the Tamil classical period.^[130][131]

Rekla race[]

is an associated sport which is a form of bullock cart racing.^[132] In May 2014, the Supreme Court of India banned both the sports citing animal welfare issues.^[133]

Gilli-danda[]

Gilli-danda or Karra billa is a sport played by using one small stick (gilli) and a large stick (danda) like cricket, with the ball replaced by gilli. It is still played in villages of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Maharashtra and Gujarat in India only as a recreational sport among boys.

Other Traditional Games[]

Uriyadi involves smashing a small earthen pot with a long stick, usually with a cloth wrapped around the eyes to prevent the participants from seeing the pot.^[134] Seasonal sports such as Dahi Handi also have a following.

Other regional sports include where huge spherical rocks are lifted,^[135] played by folding one leg and hopping squares. Other regional games also include atya patya, langdi, surr, sitolia, Gatka, mallakhamb and have dedicated followers. Indoor games include Pallanguzhi involving beads, Bambaram involving the spinning of a top, Dhayakattai which is a modified dice game, Aadu puli attam, and .^[136]

Kite-flying[]

Kite-flying is pursued by many people in India, in cities as well as villages. The festival of Makar Sankranti features kite-flying competitions. It is festival which is a passion among Indians.

Other Games[]

Other sports and games including Air sports, Water sports, Triathlon, Pentathlon, MMA, Bodybuilding, Arm Wrestling, Bowling, Ball Hockey, Soft tennis, Australian rules football, Darts, Frisbee, Fistball and Tennikoit have dedicated followers and their own national sports federations.^[137]

India has achieved success in some of these games. They have won a Silver medal at 2019 Ball Hockey World Championship. They have won 5 medals, including 2 Gold at Commonwealth Tenpin Bowling Championships. They have won 2 medals at Asia-Pacific Fistball Championships.

National teams[]

Sport	National Team	Association
Badminton	(M & W)	BAI
Baseball	(M, W)	ABFI
Basketball	(M, W)	BFI
Cricket	(M, W)	BCCI
Handball	(M, W)	HFI
Hockey	(M, W)	Hockey India
Football	(M, W)	AIFF
Kabaddi	(M, W)
Squash	(M, W)	SRFI
Tennis	(M, W)	AITA
Volleyball	(M, W)	VFI

Sports broadcasting in India[]

Local sporting events broadcasting is in a stagnant stage in India due to the mandatory sharing of sporting events of live feed and rights made by ordnance in favour of Prasar Bharathi. Thus, all sports broadcasters playout from outside the country, which only allows the capability to produce international events and fades the production, distribution, invention of the new local field of sporting events.

Major sports television networks include Star Sports, Star Sports Network, Sony Ten, Sony Six, Sony ESPN, ESPN Asia, DSport, 1Sports and DD Sports.

Sports leagues in India[]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2020)

Multi sport events[]

Green background for regional event.

Event	Current Sponsored	Games	Participation	Seasons
National Games of India		30	38 (29 states + 7 Union territories + 2 Others)	36 (Summer) 5 (Winter)
Khelo India Youth Games		20	36 (29 states + 7 Union territories)	3
Khelo India University Games	Indian Oil	17	176 universities from 20 states/Union territories	1

National[]

Green background for the major IPL-Style sports leagues. Blue background for the major sports leagues.

The no. of seasons are as in August 2015.

League	Current Sponsored	Game	Participation	Seasons	Teams
All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament		Rugby Union	Club Teams	6	10
Champions Tennis League (CTL)	Aircel	Tennis	Club Teams	2	6
Deodhar Trophy		Cricket (List A)	Zonal Teams	44	5
Duleep Trophy		Cricket (First Class)	Zonal Teams	56	5
Elite Football League of India		American Football	Club Teams	2	24
Golf Premier League		Golf	Club Teams	1	8
Hockey India League (HIL)	Hero	Hockey	Club Teams	4	6
Indian Premier League (IPL)	Dream11	Cricket (Twenty20)	Club Teams	10	8
Indian Super League (ISL)	Hero	Football	Club Teams	6	11
Indian Volley League		Volleyball	Club Teams	1	6
I-League	Hero	Football	Club Teams	10	10
I-League 2nd Division	Hero	Football	Club Teams	10	18
Premier Badminton League (PBL)	Star Sports, Bridgestone	Badminton	Club Teams	5	7
Premier Futsal		Futsal	Club Teams	1	6
Pro Kabaddi League (PKL)	Vivo	Kabaddi	Club Teams	6	12
Pro Wrestling League (PWL)	Patanjali	Wrestling	Club Teams	1	8
Ranji Trophy	Paytm	Cricket (First Class)	State Teams	82	27
UBA Pro Basketball League		Basketball	Club Teams	4	8
Vijay Hazare Trophy		Cricket (List A)	State Teams	15	27
Women's Kabaddi Challenge (PKL)	Star Sports	Kabaddi	Club Teams	1	3
World Series Hockey (WSH)		Field Hockey	Club Teams	1	8
Indian Women's League	Hero	Football	Club Teams	3	12 (Final round)
Ultimate Table Tennis		Table Tennis	Club Teams	3	6
Pro Volleyball League	Rupay	Volleyball	Club Teams	1	6

International[]

League	Current Sponsored	Game	Participation	Seasons	Teams	Indian Teams
AFC Cup		Football	Club Teams	13	32	2
International Premier Tennis League (IPTL)	Coca-Cola	Tennis	Club Teams	2	4	1

Youth Sports Leagues[]

• I-League U19 (association football)

Others[]

• Ring Ka King (Professional Wrestling)
• Super Fight League (Mixed Martial Arts)
• (Mixed Martial Arts)
• School Games (School Sports Event)

Proposed Leagues[]

League	Current Sponsored	Game	Participation	Seasons	Teams
Indian Athletics League		Athletics	Club Teams
[138]		Boxing	Club Teams		TBA
i1 Super Series		Motorsports	Club Teams		9 (proposed)

Defunct Leagues[]

League	Game	Participation	Seasons	Teams
Indian Cricket League (ICL)	Cricket (Twenty20)	Club Teams	2	9
ICL World Series (ICL World Series)	Cricket (Twenty20)	Club Teams	2	4
National Football League	Association Football	Club Teams	11	10
Premier Hockey League (PHL)	Field Hockey	Club Teams	4	7

Sports Universities[]

India has several sports universities in which Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University was the first and Punjab Sports University and are the latest. Additionally, there are some colleges and universities dedicated entirely to sports.

India's ten leading sports colleges are:

Guru Gobind Singh Sports College, Lucknow With its list of notable alumni, this residential sports college is deemed one of the best in the country. Located in Guramba, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, this college trains its students in football, hockey, athletics, badminton, swimming, and kabaddi. Cricketers Suresh Raina and R P Singh, hockey player Jagbir Singh, runner Indrajeet Patel are some of the famous alumni of this college.

Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala Commonly known as National Institute of Sports (NIS), this is the academic wing of Sports Authority of India (SAI) and Asia's largest sports institute. Located in Patiala, this government college is affiliated to Punjabi University and Baba Farid University of Health Sciences. Housed in Old Motion Bagh Palace, this institute spreads over 286 acres and offers facilities for many sports including wrestling, judo, golf, archery, wushu and football.

Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Trivandrum Another college that is part of the academic wing of SAI, this is located in Karivattom in the district of Trivandrum, Kerala. This college was established under the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports understand the Government of India. Facilities for physical education, sports, and teacher-training are offered in the college.

Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Located in Vikaspuri, New Delhi, this institute is under the University of Delhi and offers all categories of teacher training courses in physical education. Bombay Physical Culture Association College of Physical Education (BPCACPE) The college, located in Wadala, Mumbai, was started in the year 1978 with a mission to create qualified teachers in physical education.

Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) Established under Government of India sponsorship, this is a deemed University dedicated to promoting sports and physical education. It is located on the Agra-Mumbai Highway at Shakthinagar, Gwalior. The college was instituted in memory of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and an equestrian statue of Rani of Jhansi adorns the campus.

Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University (TNPESU) The first university established exclusively for physical education in the country, it is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and is under the chancellery of the governor of the state.

Amity School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Noida Affiliated to the Amity University, this college offers courses for teacher trainees in physical education.

Chandrasekhar Agashe College of Physical Education, Pune The college, affiliated to the Savithribai Phule Pune University, provides teacher training in physical education. The students are chosen through an entrance test which involves a written test, fitness tests and an interview.

College of Physical Education, Pune A unit of the Bharathi Vidyapeeth Deemed University, this college offers a bachelor's degree in teacher training. It is a self-financing institution which has been accredited by NAAC – grade A.^[128]

See also[]

References[]

Notes[]

Citations[]

External links[]

• The mystery of the missing medals
• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
• Budget for Sports in India