Sport in Kosovo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sport in Kosovo[a] has a long tradition and plays a prominent role in society. Popular sports in Kosovo include football, basketball, volleyball, handball, and rugby, whereas major individual sports include wrestling, judo, swimming, boxing, karate and skiing.

Individual sports have led to Kosovo's biggest successes. Outstanding wrestlers and boxers such as Aziz Salihu, Mehmet Bogujevci, Sami Buzolli. Judokas like Majlinda Kelmendi and Nora Gjakova have won medals in major international competitions. Some of the federations that are part of the international associations are Kosovo Taekwondo Federation, Boxing Federation, Handball Federation, Judo Federation, and Kosovo Ski Federation. Nevertheless, athletes who were born and raised in European countries had the opportunity to be successful in the international arena.

Association football[]

Location of teams of the 2013–14 Football Superleague of Kosovo

The most popular sport in Kosovo is football. The playing of football in Kosovo is documented since at least 1914. However, only in 1922 were the two first football clubs formed, FC Gjakova and FC Prishtina. Until 1926 the clubs competed within the several levels of the Belgrade Football Subassociation, and after 1926, clubs from Kosovo were integrated into the newly formed Skopje Football Subassociation. The subassociations organised different levels of leagues which served as qualification leagues for the Yugoslav championship.[1] From 1945 until 1991, football in the former Yugoslavia advanced so fast that in 1946 the Football Federation of Kosovo was formed as a subsidiary of the Football Federation of Yugoslavia. The most successful team from Kosovo in the first league of Yugoslavia was FC Prishtina, while KF Trepça was part of the league for one year. In 1991 the Football Federation of Kosovo was founded after all football players from Kosovo were banned from the First League in Yugoslavia. The first game was held in KF Flamurtari's stadium on 13 September 1991 in Pristina, which also marked the start of the first independent championship in Kosovo. The governing body in Kosovo is mainly responsible for the national team and for most of the main cup competitions.[2]

Currently, Kosovo has a football league system which incorporates a number of clubs. The top division, the Raiffeisen Super League, has 12 teams.[3] The league was founded in 1945 and is organized by the Football Federation of Kosovo.[2] The other three professional divisions are the first league which includes 16 teams, and the second and third league. There are also semi-professional and amateur football clubs that are active as well. The main cup competition in Kosovo is the Republic of Kosovo Cup, which is open to every men's football team that is part of the Football Federation of Kosovo. The most successful clubs are FC Prishtina (twenty championship titles), KF Vëllaznimi (eight championship titles), KF Trepça (seven championship titles), KF Liria (five championship titles), and KF Besa (three championship titles).[4]

The two main clubs in football are FC Prishtina and KF Trepça who have achieved great success in football. The football club Prishtina FC was founded in 1922, while KF Trepça was founded ten years later in 1932. KF Trepça was part of the 1977-78 championship in the former Yugoslavia League in football. One year later they reached huge success since they were able to play in the finals for the former Yugoslavia Cup. FC Prishtina became the first member of the league in 1983, and it achieved victory after beating Red Star in Belgrade. During this time Fadil Vokrri impressed all with his talent as he was part of so-called "Golden Generation" of Prishtina.[citation needed] They would finish their first season in the 8th place. Fc Prishtina at the same season played in the Mitropa Cup, in which they came runners up to Eisenstadt from Austria. In the following seasons Prishtina were able to compete in the league until their last season in 1988. In the 1987–88 Yugoslav Cup prishtina reached the semifinals, in which they would loss against Borac Banja Luka after penaltys.

Three football players born in Kosovo (Milutin Šoškić, Fahrudin Jusufi, Vladimir Durković) were part of the Yugoslavia national football team, who won the gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics and silver medal at the 1960 European Championship. Nowadays, in many European teams there are players from Kosovo who have the opportunity to show their talents and values. Lorik Cana was the captain of Olympique de Marseille and Sunderland A.F.C, while Valon Behrami played for West Ham United F.C. and currently is playing for Watford FC. There are other players who had the opportunity to play for European football teams, such as Xherdan Shaqiri, who plays as a midfielder for Liverpool and for the Switzerland national football team.[5]

The Kosovo Football Federation is preparing to play against North Macedonia in order to hopefully qualify for the Euro 2020s.[needs update] The Kosovo Football Federation enjoyed an unbeaten streak in international football from 2017 before succumbing to defeat against England with the respectable score of 5–3 to England, Kosovo opened the score with a very early goal from Berisha.

In May 2016, Kosovo became the 55th member of UEFA and the 210th member of FIFA.[6][7]

Kosovo Derby[]

Main article: Kosovo Derby

Kosovo Derby is the largest football derby in Kosovo which is contested between fierce rivals Drita FC and SC Gjilani. The derby was started in 1995 after the crisis and split of Drita FC. For the past 20 years the match has attracted tens of thousands of partisan fans.

Basketball[]

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in Kosovo. The first championship was held in 1991 with the participation of eight teams. The first champion was KB Prishtina. The Basketball Federation of Kosovo was accepted as a full member of FIBA on 13 March 2015.[8] Notable players born in Kosovo who played for the very successful Yugoslavian and Serbian national teams include Zufer Avdija, Marko Simonović, and Dejan Musli. Some of them have continued to compete for Serbia after FIBA's recognition of Kosovo.

Since 2013, two teams from Kosovo KB Prishtina and KB Peja have participated in the Balkan International Basketball League (BIBL).[9] Te Kosovo Basketball Federation organizes competitions in different categories for men and women. The major league of basketball is called ETC Super League following, first league, juniors' league, cadets' league, and pioneers' league. Also part of the Kosovo Basketball Federation competitions is the Cup of Kosovo. The current winner is Peja.[10] Participating teams in the ETC Super League are: KB Prishtina, Peja, Trepça, Bashkimi, Drita, Besa, RTV 21, and Kastrioti.[11] The current champion is Sigal Prishtina.[12]

One of the most famous clubs in basketball was called Elektricisti, part of the second division in the former Yugoslavia, while Zufer Avdija, a basketball player for Eleketricisti has played for the basketball national team of Yugoslavia when they were part of the European Basketball League. Women's competition has been much more successful as the team Universititi was ranked among the best teams.

Judo[]

Judo is a martial art that brought Kosovo its first gold medal. The organization of games between the clubs is controlled by the Judo Federation of Kosovo. The Kosovo Judo Federation was accepted in 2012 as a full member of the International Judo Federation.[13] Presently, there are 12 clubs active from different cities in Kosovo. The number of participants from all the clubs is 750 men and 250 women, while the number of active coaches is 25.[14]

Judo is the most successful individual sport in Kosovo. At the European Judo Championships the kosovan judokas won so far 20 medals in which of them being 8 gold 2 silver and 10 bronze, since their first participation in 2014. [15] In the World Judo Championships they would win one gold medal in 2013 and 4 times Bronze as well. [16]

The most successful judoka is Driton Kuka, who was a champion for many years. He won the bronze medal at the European Championship in 1990, and the World Cup in Hungary in 1991. Nowadays, Kuka is the coach of Majlinda Kelmendi, a judoka from Pejë who represents Kosovo in all judo competitions.[17] Kelmendi won the gold medal at the 2009 World Junior Championships in Paris, France.[18] She finished the fifth in the 2010 World Junior Championships in Morocco, and ninth in the 52 category at the 2010 World Judo Championships in Tokyo, Japan.[19] However, she was not allowed to represent Kosovo at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London due to the resistance of the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations. Kelmendi gave Kosovo its first judo world title on 27 August 2013, as she beat Erika Miranda, a Brazilian judoka in the 52-kilogram gold medal match in Rio de Janeiro. In 2013, she was ranked first in the international rankings by the International Judo Federation in the 52 kg category. Majlinda Kelmendi would defend her titel again at the 2014 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg in which she won gold at the finals.

Nora Gjakova won the first medal for Kosovo at the European Games when she earned bronze in the 57 kg category. At the following 2019 European Games Majlinda Kelmendi won gold in the 57 kg category. Nora Gjakova won silver and Loriana Kuka won the bronze medal in Judo as well. In total Kosovo won four medals at the European Games.

Kosovo competed with success at the Summer Olympics in Judo. Majlinda Kelmendi would win Gold in Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 52 kg. The first Olympic medal for Kosovo in their history. Distria Krasniqi win the first golden medal for Kosovo in Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 48 kg.[20] Nora Gjakova won the second Gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics for Kosovo in Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 57 kg. The third golden medal in Kosovo's Olympic history.[21] Kosovo would finish the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 42 place in the end.

Handball[]

The first big handball teams[clarification needed] were formed during 1948, including Milicionar (Milicionari), Jedinstvo Đakovica (Jedinstvo e Gjakovës), Budućnost Peć (Buduçnosti i Pejës), Trepča Mitrovica (Trepça e Mitrovicës), Kosovo (Kosova), and Priština (Prishtinës). Small handball (modern handball) was introduced in 1950–1951. Handball teams succeeded in joining the first and second leagues in the former Yugoslavia, which at that time (1970–1980) was among the strongest leagues in the world.[citation needed]

From 13 to 23 October 1979, the women's World Junior Championships, Kosova '79, were held in Kosovo. The participants were: Austria, USSR, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Yugoslavia, Norway, DR Germany, FR Germany and United States.[22]

Teams such as Borci, Prishtina and Trepca reached the first league of the former Yugoslavia. Some of the players that played for the Yugoslav national team were Aziz Makiqi, Hasan Bajrami, and Tahir Sojeva.

After the Kosovo War, many attempts were made for the internationalization of handball however this did not happen until December 18, 2004 when Kosovo handball federation was accepted in the European handball federation with conditional rights. After that year, Kosovo's teams such as KH Prishtina, KH Besa Famiglia and KH Kastrioti participated in European competitions.[23] The greatest success so far was achieved in the Cell Cup tournament in Hungary in 2013, where the Kosovo U18 team took second place in a competition with teams from across Europe.[24]

Nowadays in Kosovo there is a handball super league (major league), cup of Kosovo, first league, juniors' league, and cadets' league in both the women's and men's categories. Another part of Kosovo Handball Federation is beach handball. Participating clubs in the super league are: Besa Famiglia, Prishtina, Kosova, Kastrioti, Zhegra, Drenica, Vëllaznimi, Trepça, Samadrexha, Llapi, and Drita. The 2014 champion was KH Prishtina.[25]

Volleyball[]

Volleyball first appeared in Kosovo in 1936 in the high schools of cities like Prishtinë, Pejë, and Prizren. The first championship was held in Pristina from 24 to 26 October 1948, with six teams participating: Proleteri, Buduçnosti, Trepça, Borac, Metohia, and Brastvo. During 1966–1967, four teams from Kosovo took part in the second division of the league of former Yugoslavia. In 1990 KV Prishtina-Elektroekonomia took part in qualification to enter the first division of the former Yugoslavia but did not succeed. The first League of Women was organized in 1975. Universiteti from Prishtina was the first team of women who took part in the second division league of Yugoslavia.[26] Today the volleyball federation of Kosovo organizes competitions in the category of women and men. Major league called Superleague of Kosovo then come cup of Kosovo, the first league and junior's league. Also part of the Volleyball Federation of Kosovo are competitions : Cup of Kosovo and beach volley. Teams participating in Super league of Kosovo are: Theranda, KV Drenica, KV R&Rukolli, KV Besa, KV Luboteni, KV Ferizaji.[27] The current champion is KV Luboteni.[28]

Athletics[]

Athletics is a sport that includes running, walking, jumping, and throwing and is evidenced since the Illyrian period. The Athletics Federation of Kosovo is an association of athletes and their clubs that organize sports competitions in the discipline of athletics in Kosovo.[29] The Athletics Federation of Kosovo was founded on 25 September 1991 in Prishtine. Some of the main responsibilities of the federation are to promote athletics in Kosovo, lead the development of athletics, coordinate the progress of the quality of athletics, and to adapt and implement short and long curriculum development in athletics.[30] This association would not be so successful without the important achievements of their respective clubs. There are 13 active clubs, but the most successful ones are Atberia, Besa, Juniku, Llapi, Prishtina, Prizreni, and Trepca.[31] From 25 clubs there are 196 males registered and 125 females registered, comprising a total of 330 active athletics in Kosovo.[32] Among many other activities, the ones in which athletics from their respective clubs were part recently are Krosi i Bardhe in Prishtina, Vrapimi i Paversise in Junik, Pranvera Studentore in Gjilan, and Kampionati i Kosoves ne Kros in Prishtina. Currently, the association is preparing for the half marathon in Prishtina, one of the most important events that will be held on 11 May 2014.[33]

Chess[]

Chess is a very common sport in Kosovo. Most chess events are organized by the Kosovo Chess Federation. Annual events organized by the federation include the Kosovan Chess Championship and the traditional Java e Minatoreve, Pervjetori i Pavaresis, and Hyzri Talla tournaments.[34] Kosovan chess clubs are divided by the federation into two categories. The first category is the First League, where some of the clubs are Minatori, NLB Prishtina, Hyzri Talla, Istogu, and Lamkos.[35] Clubs in the Second League are Ferizaji, Shpeta, Vitia and Shara.[36]

Tennis[]

Tennis in Kosovo is governed by the Federation of Tennis in Kosovo. Kosovo Tennis Federation, founded in 1992, has 300 active players belonging to different age groups. KT Prishtina was founded on the 27 June 1992 and is the oldest club in Kosovo. It has many players who are ranked highly in the Kosovo rankings list and it has its own tennis school and many coaches. The club consists of 230 members, 55% of which are females. KT Trepca was founded on 15 July 2003 and has its own tennis school which consists of 47 students. The main objective of the association is to group the teams and organized games between the clubs.[37][clarification needed] Presently, there are ten clubs such as KT Prishtina, KT DielliX, KT Trepca, and KT Rahoveci.[38] The federation is officially accepted in the International Tennis Federations (ITF) as the players from Kosovo are permitted to play in international games under the banner of ITF.[39] This is a significant step toward the internationalization of tennis. The most famous tournaments with the highest participation are Sporek Open, Dielli Open, Trepca Open, Drenica Open, Prishtina Open and Masters.[40]

Rugby[]

R.K Qikat is Kosovos first all-female rugby sevens team. They have entered regional competitions since 2017, and have a youth program for children under 12, in cooperation with the men's team. They have contributed to the path towards recognition of Kosovo Rugby Association by the World Rugby Organization and IOC.[41]

Traditional sports[]

Young and old people playing traditional sports.

Albaniada is an event that is aimed at being traditional; it gathers together both young and old from all Albanian territories to play traditional games and sports. The main goal of this event is to 'bring back to life' games and sports that have been traditionally played in Albania.[42] Some of the traditional sports are hats (Kapuça), measure and stick (Kut e Kleçkë), crouch (Guxhas), ball-on-horse (top-n-kali), arm wrestling (rrëzim i duarve), bag hopping (vrapim me thes), leg wrestling (rrëzim i këmbëve), boards (rrasash), capture the handkerchief (kapja e shamise), rope pull (tërheqja e litarit), stone throwing sideways (gurapesh me dy duar anash), overhead stone throwing (gurapesh prapa), single-hand stone throwing and swords (Shpatash).[43] These kinds of sports can be played in an indoor environment like Oda or outside.[44]

Sports fan clubs[]

Kosovan people are known for the support they show for their local teams. There are four big fan clubs: Plisat, supporting Pristina; Shqiponjat, supporting Peja; Intelektualët, supporting FC Drita; and Skifterat, supporting SC Gjilani.

Plisat[]

Plisat
Founded1987; 34 years ago (1987)
ArenaFadil Vokrri Stadium
LocationPristina, Kosovo
Team colorsWhite and blue
   

This fan club was founded in 1987 by the supporters of FC Prishtina. They got their name from the traditional Albanian cap called Plis. Usually, the members of Plisat stay in the east stand of the Pristina City Stadium while supporting their team in football.[45] They are popularly known as "the 12th player" of FC Prishtina because of the massive support they provide during the games – no matter if losing or winning. In the early 1980s they made notable travels to Čačak, but particularly notable was when, in 1983, more than 7000 supporters followed FC Prishtina to the Marakana stadium in Belgrade in the club's historical victory over Red Star Belgrade in the at-the-time strong Yugoslav First League.

Besides supporting the football team, after the Kosovo war, Plisat started to also support their basketball team, Sigal Prishtina, and handball teams. They started to shape their 'support style' by cheering for their teams in different ways – followed by different choreography in the stands of the city stadium in Pristina. Plisat these days are the most famous fan club in Kosovo.[46]

Shqiponjat[]

Shqiponjat
Founded1993; 28 years ago (1993)
ArenaKaragaq Sports Hall
Peja
LocationPeja, Kosovo
Team colorsBlack and yellow
   

Shqiponjat (English:The Eagles) fan club was founded on December 13, 1993, in Peja. This fan club got their name from the symbol of the Albanian mountains – the Albanian Eagle. They support the Peć teams like KF Besa in football, KB Peja in basketball and KH Besa in handball.

Intelektualët[]

Main article: Intelektualët
Intelektualët
Founded1998; 23 years ago (1998)
TypeUltras group
TeamAll clubs with name Drita from Gjilan
MottoNo one likes us, we don't care
LocationGjilan,  Kosovo
ArenaGjilan City Stadium
Colors   
AffiliationsBKHooligans, Bojanina Blue Boys, Brigada 138, DH-B Hools, E7 Hools, Hienat, PM Mahalla, Q.Q Hools, ULH and GC Hools

This fan club got this name (English:The Intellectuals) after the club was founded in 1947 by the intellectuals and the society of the city in Gjilan. They support all of the ten clubs that share the name Drita. This fan club mostly supports the biggest club of Gjilan – the football club Drita in the matches organized in the City Stadium of Gjilan, but the Intellectuals also cheer for the teams in basketball, volleyball and handball for both genres.[clarification needed] The colors that characterize this fan club are white and blue, as those are the colors all clubs named Drita use.[47]

There are several theories about the origin of the name of the fan club. One is that the name came from the good behavior of the fans, and the good organization of their matches in comparison with other clubs at that time in Kosovo. Another theory is that the name came from the patriotic factions within the club which used the club and its infrastructure as camouflage to organise clandestine meetings with other patriots of the Kosovo Albanian patriotic movement. Initially, the fan club was spontaneous and had no name, but after 1998, they became well-organized, with several well-identified subgroups which helped the team and the club in their different activities. The most powerful of these subgroups in the period around 2000 to 2002 were "Holy Blue" and "White and Blue Hooligans".

Nowadays, Intelektualët are the biggest and most active tifo groups after the war.

Arpagjik't[]

Arpagjik't
Founded2000; 21 years ago (2000)
Arena"Përparim Thaçi" Stadium, Prizren
LocationPrizren, Kosovo
Team colorsBlack and orange
   

The fan clubs in Prizren started when the local football club, KF Liria, played in the Yugoslav Second League. People from the city organized with traditional songs, costumes and traditional dances, and headed to the local stadium now called Përparim Thaçi to support their football club at that time.

After the war in Kosovo, their presence in the matches became regular, and the fans started to call themselves Arpagjik't. After the first season, the groups Arpagjik't and The Panthers merged under one same name – Arpagjik't.

The first flag for the Panthers was prepared in 2001, measuring 20 by 7 meters, on which was written "Go Bashkimi, Go Panthers". The first days under the name Arpagjik't were very successful because the fan club distributed over 400 fan membership cards, with which the fans could watch the matches without paying anything. This was a new era for the ultras in Prizren under one name. The aim of the fan club is to prepare the city stadium and local indoor arenas in which the local clubs play games, prepare the stands with requisites, flags and club scarfs.

Skifterat
Founded1999; 22 years ago (1999)
TypeSupporters' group
ClubSC Gjilani
LocationGjilan
StadiumGjilan City Stadium
Colours  

Skifterat[]

Skifterat, in English 'Falcons', was founded on September 1999 in the city of Gjilan.

Their colours are red and white and they support SC Gjilani. The name Skifterat ('Falcons') is a tribute to a battalion of soldiers within the KLA, where most of the soldiers were from the city of Gjilan.

The fan club is located in the city of Gjilan and it supports the football team SC Gjilani. They supported SC Gjilani many years before the war, but did not have a name prior to September 1999. They formed a group which they named Skifterat in the first football season after the war in Kosovo.

Skifterat take pride in being the most unique fan base in Kosovo. Most of the other fan clubs have teams from other sports to support which associate with their team's name. Skifterat only has one team, SC Gjilani, which does not have any other sports associated with their name.

Skifterat take pride in supporting a club which has not had any success lately[when?] and still they have always been there being their 12th player through rough times.

Skifterat were very active in the early days, being one of the first organized fan bases in Kosovo and bringing new things to the tifo scene in Kosovo.

Skifterat are one of the most organized fans in Kosovo, supporting their team home and away.

Sports venues[]

Source:[48]

Rank Stadium Capacity City Home team
1 Olympic Stadium Adem Jashari 28,500 Mitrovica KF Trepça
2 Fadil Vokrri Stadium 16,200 Pristina FC Prishtina
3 Gjilan City Stadium 15,000 Gjilan FC Drita & SC Gjilani
4 Përparim Thaçi Stadium 15,000 Prizren KF Liria
5 Riza Lushta Stadium 12,000 Mitrovica KF Trepça'89
6 Agron Rama Stadium 10,000 Obilić KF KEK
7 Shahin Haxhiislami Stadium 8,500 Peć KF Besa
8 Gjakova City Stadium 6,000 Gjakova KF Vëllaznimi
9 Demush Mavraj Stadium 6,000 Istok KF Istogu
10 Ferki Aliu Stadium 5,000 Vučitrn KF Vushtrria
11 Llukar Stadium 3,000 Pristina KF Beselidhja
12 Ismet Shabani Stadium 2,000 Ferizaj KF Ferizaj
13 Zahir Pajaziti Stadium 2,000 Podujevo KF Llapi
14 Merdare Stadium 2,000 Podujevo KF Hysi
15 Flamurtari Stadium 2,000 Pristina KF Flamurtari
16 Bajram Aliu Stadium 2,000 Skenderaj KF Drenica

International sports membership[]

See also: Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations

For a long time in Kosovo the people have missed international activities, so it has been a vacuum about organizing international sports events and the opportunity to represent the quality of the young athletes of Kosovo in the international level, who would give a positive impact in advancing in the local sport.[49] Kosovo was a part of several international sports federations in the 1990s and has applied to become a member of many more after its 17 February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia. Currently Kosovo federations are full members of seven international federations, provisional members of four international federations, associated members of two international federations and members of one European federation. On 22 October 2014 the International Olympic Committee announced that it had granted provisional recognition to the Kosovo Olympic Committee and proposed that it be granted full recognition at the IOC Session to be held in December 2014.[50] On 8 December, 2014, Olympic Committee of Kosovo became a full member of International Olympic Committee.[51] The acceptance of Kosovo in the International Olympic Committee can have a significant positive impact in accepting other sport federations in the international level.

Accepted membership applications[]

The following sports federations have either admitted or have received the application from Republic of Kosovo to be admitted into their membership.

Medal winners in Olympics and European Games[]

Kosovo at the Mediterranean Games[77]
Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank
2018 Tarragona 3 1 0 4 —
Total 3 1 0 4

Kosovar sportspeople[]

Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia[]

Other countries[]

See also[]

Annotations[]

  1. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 97 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 112 UN member states are said to have recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.
  2. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after
  3. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after
  4. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after
  5. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after
  6. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after
  7. ^ Began to represent Serbia prior to 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and continued after

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