Spotted lanternfly

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Spotted lanternfly
Temporal range: 48.6–0 Ma Ypresian to Recent[1]
Spotted lanternfly in BBG (42972).jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Fulgoridae
Genus: Lycorma
Species:
L. delicatula
Binomial name
Lycorma delicatula
(White, 1845)
Subspecies[2]
  • L. d. delicatula
  • L. d. jole
  • L. d. operosa
Synonyms
  • Aphaena delicatula White, 1845
  • Aphaena operosa Walker, 1858

The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China, India, and Vietnam. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Its host plants include grapes, stone fruits, and Malus species, although its preferred host is Ailanthus altissima (Chinese sumac or tree of heaven). In its native habitat, Lycorma delicatula populations are kept in check by natural predators and pathogens, namely the eupelmid wasp .

The species was accidentally introduced into South Korea in 2006, and has since been considered a pest. In September 2014, L. delicatula was first recorded in the United States, and as of 2020, it is an invasive species in the Delaware Valley, northern Delaware, eastern Maryland, eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, northern Virginia, Indiana, and Ohio. Additionally, dead specimens have been found in Michigan, Kansas, Oregon and California but no evidence of established populations in these states has been confirmed. Ongoing pest control efforts have sought to limit population growth and prevent further spread due to the threat L. delicatula possess the United States' and Canada's grape, fruit tree, and logging industries.

Description[]

Spotted lanternfly in New York, where it is an invasive species

The spotted lanternfly is originally native to parts of China, India, Vietnam, and Taiwan.[3] It is a large planthopper, belonging to the family of Fulgorid plant hoppers (subfamily Aphaeninae), and measuring about 25 mm (0.98 inches) long and 12 mm (0.47 inches) wide. It was originally described by Adam White in 1845 as Aphaena delicatula with habitat outside of Nankin, China.[4] Adult lanternflies have a black head and gray-brown forewings adorned with the eponymous black spots. When resting, the crimson hind wings are partially visible through the semi-translucent forewings, giving the lanternfly a red cast. Neatly spaced black rectangular markings color the tips of the forewings in a pattern sometimes likened to brick and mortar. In flight, the spotted lanternfly displays red hind wings with black spots on the proximal third, a white wedge in the middle of the wing, and a solid black wing tip. The abdomen is yellowish with black and white bands on the top and bottom.[5] Females have a set of red valvifers at the distal end of the abdomen, and when gravid (mated), the females' abdomens swell to the point where they have difficulty moving.[6] The lanternfly is a planthopper, and uses its wings to assist these jumps rather than making sustained flights.[7] In traditional Chinese medicine, the spotted lanternfly is believed to be poisonous, and is used topically for relief from swelling.[8]

Host associations[]

Ailanthus altissima is a tree native to China and invasive to many other areas worldwide; it is considered to be the key host for L. delicatula and plays an important role in the lanternfly life cycle.[9][10] This tree is the preferred host at all documented locations where the lanternfly and A. altissima co-occur.[11] However, the spotted lanternfly has a host range of over 70 plant species, including grape vines, fruit trees, ornamental trees, and woody trees, including apple trees and several Rosaceae with stone fruits.[8] This range can include many agricultural crops and common forest plants, as the nymphs have been known to associate with other plants beyond A. altissima.[11] The lanternfly has also been recorded causing serious damage on at least 12 ornamental plants such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Phellodendron amurense, and Toona sinensis. In the United States, high populations are seen infesting common forest trees, such as maple, birch, and walnut; in Pennsylvania alone, L. delicatula has been found on more than 20 newly recorded host species of woody plants.[11] Lycorma delicatula feeds on woody and nonwoody plants, piercing the phloem tissue of foliage and stems with specialized mouthparts, and sucking the sap;[8] it does not eat the fruit or the leaves per se.[7] The sugary waste fluid they produce can coat leaves and stems, which encourages mold growth.[3]

Life cycle[]

Spotted lanternflies nymphs on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States in early July 2018
Young spotted lanternflies on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in late July 2018

Beginning in late April to early May, nymphs hatch from their egg cases. A nymph passes through several immature stages (instars), all of which are wingless. In the first instar, it is black with white spots. Later instars have red patches in addition to the white spots. The final nymphal instar has red wing pads and a red upper body, before molting to the adult form, with a black head and grayish wings with black spots.[8] Nymphs hop or crawl to search for plants on which to feed.[5] Young nymphs (first through third instars) appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older.[8][12] Though lanternflies have been recorded feeding on several herbaceous plants, this is most likely due to early-instar nymphs climbing or falling onto these plants; late-instar nymphs and adult lanternflies have no reliable association with herbaceous plants.[11]

As early as July, adults can be seen, and they mate and lay eggs from late September through the onset of winter. In their native Indomalayan habitat, they lay their eggs preferably on tree of heaven (A. altissima), which has toxic metabolites, and is an introduced invasive tree in North America. This host choice is thought to have evolved as a mechanism of protection from natural enemies.[8] Whether the lanternfly can complete its life cycle on any host other than A. altissima is unclear, and further experiments are planned in the US. Many hypotheses are given as to why L. delicatula may have preferences for feeding on certain plants. Two examples of possible factors being investigated are the contribution of the overall sugar composition in the plant[13] and the presence of toxic chemicals.[12] The lanternfly lays eggs upon any smooth-trunked tree, stone, or vertical smooth surface, including man-made items such as vehicles, yard furniture, farm equipment, or other items stored outside.[5] The egg masses contain 30–50 eggs[14] covered in a yellowish-brown, waxy deposit, often referred to as an egg case.[8] The lanternfly's life expectancy is one year.[8]

Testing has been done to determine how overwintering affects the eggs of the species. The highest temperature that will still kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between −12.7 and −3.4 °C (9.1 and 25.9 °F) on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009/2010.[15] This estimate contrasts with eggs having survived the much colder winter 2013/14 temperatures in Pennsylvania, United States.[16] Another study done at The State University of New Jersey suggested that −25 °C (−13 °F) is about the temperature at which no eggs are hatched, while −15 °C (5 °F) still had limited hatching, depending upon how long they were chilled and where they were kept.[17]

Signs of host plant infestation[]

Lycorma delicatula feed on sap from the trunk or branches of their host plants; because they can appear in such large numbers on a single plant, they can directly cause substantial damage to, and effectively kill parts or the whole of the host.[18]

L. delicatula also indirectly affect the health and productivity of their hosts and nearby plants through the production of large amounts of honeydew, the lanternfly's sugary secretions of excess waste and sap, as well as by leaving feeding scars in the host plant’s branches that continue to drip sap.[19] The accumulation of this thick honeydew and tree sap on leaves below the host plant canopy can lower plants’ photosynthetic potential and affect their health; this reduction is even more pronounced by the possible growth of molds over the sugary compound, which further limits light available to affected plants. The accumulation of sap and honeydew has also been found to attract many species of ants, bees, and wasps; infestations of L. delicatula may thus be hinted at by unusual amounts of molds or stinging insects around specific plants.[20]

Pathway for entry[]

Lycorma delicatula normally uses A. altissima for feeding and laying eggs, but if A. altissima is not present, it can lay its eggs on any stationary object, natural or man-made, and feeds on a wide variety of plants. Eggs can easily be moved from place to place without being noticed, giving them an easy way to spread to new areas. Its initial introduction to the United States is believed to be through this pathway, hitchhiking on an object imported from Asia into Pennsylvania. Adults of L. delicatula jump around the area to find new host plants, but generally do not thrive unless A. altissima is present. As nymphs, they feed on whatever host plant the egg was laid on before moving to another in the area. Whether L. delicatula requires A. altissima to complete its life cycle or if it could complete its development on a less-desirable host is still unclear, but recent laboratory studies suggest that the species can survive in conditions where A. altissima is completely absent, albeit with greatly reduced fitness.[21]

Accidental Introduction[]

In South Korea[]

Projected map by the US Department of Agriculture and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography on potentially suitable habitats for the Spotted Lanternfly globally.

In 2006, the spotted lanternfly was introduced in Korea, and has been considered a pest since about 2007. It has since expanded its host range, attacking at least 65 plant species, uninhibited by natural predators.[7] The distribution of L. delicatula has since been predicted using a modeling approach, which showed that this pest had the potential to occur in the majority of South Korea.[22] Furthermore, a possible correlation seems to exist between the widespread distribution of A. altissima and the overall damage on grapevines, as the tree is commonly found growing on the peripheries of Korean vineyards.[11] L. delicatula has been documented to be a pest to grapevines, leading to a decline in the total number and overall quality of the harvested grapes. No quantitative data have been published supporting this correlation, but has been widely hypothesized.[23][11]

In the United States[]

On September 29, 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Game Commission first confirmed the presence of the spotted lanternfly in Berks County, Pennsylvania, northwest of Philadelphia.[18][24] Based on its host affinities, it presented a threat to the state's grape, fruit tree, and logging industries. The greatest risk of spread was seen in transportation of materials containing egg masses laid on smooth bark, stone, and other vertical surfaces.[5] The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture has banned the transport of items that could harbor the egg masses, including firewood, lawn mowers, outdoor chairs, trucks, and RVs, from seven municipalities on November 1, 2014.[5] Given the presence of old egg masses found, is has been estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been in the United States since at least 2012, having survived the unusually cold 2013/14 winter.[16] Since then, over 34 counties in Pennsylvania have declared quarantine.[25] A national working group led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, consisting of Penn State Researchers and USDA scientists, was organized "to determine what is known about the lanternfly and what research is needed, including DNA analysis to pinpoint where the infestation originated."[7]

Spotted lanternfly caught and eaten by a spider in Delaware County, Pennsylvania

Other states began seeing spotted lanternflies as soon as 2018, and by 2021, they were also confirmed to be established in at least parts of Connecticut[26], Maryland[26], Massachusetts[27], Delaware[28], New Jersey[29], New York[30], Ohio[31][32], Indiana[33], Virginia[34], and West Virginia[26], with several of these states issuing quarantine orders.[26] A large potential range exists for the spotted lanternfly to become established if not prevented, covering almost all of the eastern part of the country, as well as critical wine- and hop-growing valleys of the Pacific coastal states.[35]

Interceptions of dead spotted lanternfly specimens have been reported in Michigan,[36] Kansas,[37][38] Oregon[39] and California,[40] though no live sightings have been reported from these states as of 2021. This increases concerns for possible accidental introduction of the insect to yet more states where they can potentially become established.[41]

Canada[]

The risk of spread from the United States into Canada has been described as "minimal".[35] Canadian governments are very concerned about maintaining quarantine and have expressed hope that quarantine efforts in the United States are successful.[42][43] Although most of Canada is an unsuitable habitat for L. delicatula , southwestern Ontario and southerly parts of other provinces are modeled to have low suitability.[35] L. delicatula has been theorized to be capable of maintained a small population in the region although no specimen have yet been discovered.[35]

Possible pest control[]

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture has been recommending based on information from PennState Extension:[44]

Adult spotted lanternflies on an Acer rubrum in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in mid-October 2019
  1. Kill eggs between the months of October and May by scraping them off of surfaces, "double bag them and throw them in the garbage."[5] Additionally, people can scrape the eggs directly into Ziploc bags of alcohol and/or hand sanitizer to kill them.[44]
  2. Remove spotted lanternfly hosts, the tree Ailanthus altissima (Chinese sumac or tree of heaven), saving only male trees to use as "trap" trees, since the spotted lanternfly requires a meal from this tree before laying eggs.[45] The remaining male "trap trees" should be wrapped with sticky bands starting in early spring to catch any nymphs. Wildlife experts have warned to cover the sticky bands on trees with chicken wire or another similar wire after many reports of other animals (e.g. birds) becoming trapped on them, resulting in injured and/or death.[46]
  3. Infested trees can be treated with systemic pesticides June–August. The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) recommends tree injection and bark sprays, applied by professional applicators, and soil drench and foliar sprays, which can be applied by homeowners.[45]

As of 2020, the PDA recommended several different pesticides to treat infestations, including insecticidal soaps, neem oil, pyrethrins, and essential oils, as well as bifenthrin, carbaryl, dinotefuran as bark spray, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebuconazole, and zeta-cypermethrin.[45]

In Pennsylvania and Korea, use of brown sticky traps has been effective at capturing nymphs, though adults may be strong enough to escape the adhesive.[11] [47] Also, L. delicatula has been found to be attracted to certain kairomones released by their host plants, and adults and second- to fourth-instar nymphs are also attracted to spearmint oil. Such chemicals (like methyl salicylate) may be used to lure them into sticky traps to augment this pest control method.[48]

In 2019, researchers from the Hajek Lab at Cornell University have found that two native North American fungal pathogens, Beauveria bassiana and (in the Entomophthoraceae), kill spotted lanternflies,[49][50] and Beauveria bassiana has also shown an ability to kill spotted lanternflies in biopesticide trials.[51]

Researchers are looking into another method of controlling lanternfly populations through reduction of Ailanthus altissima populations; the use of a fungal pathogen, Verticillium nonalfalfae, has recently been found to effectively kill the invasive trees by causing vascular wilt.[52] It is thought that lanternflies, which feed on this host plant by piercing and sucking the sap from its vasculature, may be able to “aid” in the ongoing removal of A. altissima by functioning as a vector for the V. nonalfalfae pathogen between different individuals of the insects’ preferred host. Unfortunately, in lab settings this has not yet been found to be an effective method, and more research is needed to confirm if this is possible in field settings with V. nonalfalfae or other pathogens.[53]

A few natural predators have been identified in the lanternfly's native habitat in China, but are not yet used in biocontrol. The most notable one being tested is the eupelmid wasp , due to its high rates of parasitism of eggs; it is being investigated in South Korea[54] and in the United States, where it is being evaluated under quarantine until researchers are certain it will not become an invasive species and attack other insects.[55]

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