Stack Exchange

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"Super User" redirects here. For a user account with special privileges, see superuser.

Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange logo and wordmark.svg
Type of businessPrivate
Type of site
Knowledge market
Question and answer
HeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.
OwnerStack Exchange Inc.[1]
Created byJeff Atwood
Joel Spolsky
URLstackexchange.com Edit this at Wikidata
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes
LaunchedSeptember 2009; 11 years ago (2009-09)[2]
(relaunched in January 2011)[3]
Content license
User contributions under CC BY-SA 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0[4][5]

Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating.[6] As of August 2019, the three most actively-viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow, Super User,[7] and Ask Ubuntu.[8]

All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow, a Q&A site for computer programming questions created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky. Further Q&A sites in the network are established, defined and eventually – if found relevant – brought to creation by registered users through a special site named Area 51.[8][9]

User contributions since May 2, 2018 are copyright of the contributor and are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International, while older content is under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported or the 2.5 version of the same license.[5][4][10] In June 2021, Prosus acquired Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion, which was the first complete acquisition of Prosus in educational technology.[11]

History[]

Foundation and growth[]

In 2008, Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky created Stack Overflow, a question-and-answer web site for computer programming questions, which they described as an alternative to the programmer forum Experts-Exchange.[12] In 2009, they started additional sites based on the Stack Overflow model: Server Fault for questions related to system administration and Super User for questions from computer power users.[13]

In September 2009, Spolsky's company, Fog Creek Software, released a beta version of the Stack Exchange 1.0 platform[2] as a way for third parties to create their own communities based on the software behind Stack Overflow, with monthly fees.[14] This white label service was not successful, with few customers and slow growing communities.[15]

In May 2010, Stack Overflow (as its own new company) raised US$6 million in venture capital from Union Square Ventures and other investors, and it switched its focus to developing new sites for answering questions on specific subjects,[15] Stack Exchange 2.0. Users vote on new site topics in a staging area called Area 51, where algorithms determine which suggested site topics have critical mass and should be created.[12] In November 2010, Stack Exchange site topics in "beta testing" included physics, mathematics, and writing.[16] Stack Exchange publicly launched in January 2011 with 33 Web sites; it had 27 employees[17] and 1.5 million users at the time, and it included advertising.[3] At that time, it was compared to Quora, founded in 2009, which similarly specializes in expert answers.[3] Other competing sites include WikiAnswers and Yahoo! Answers.[18]

In February 2011, Stack Overflow released an associated job board called Careers 2.0, charging fees to recruiters for access, which later re-branded to Stack Overflow Careers.[19] In March 2011, Stack Overflow raised US$12 million in additional venture funding, and the company renamed itself to Stack Exchange, Inc.[20] It is based in Manhattan, New York City.[21] In February 2012, Atwood left the company.[22]

On April 18, 2013 CipherCloud issued Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices in an attempt to block discussion of possible weaknesses of their encryption algorithm.[23][24] The Stack Exchange Crypto group discussion on the algorithm was censored, but it was later restored without pictures.[25]

As of September 2015, "Stack Exchange" no longer refers to the company, only the network of question-and-answer websites. Instead, the company is now referred to as Stack Overflow.[26]

In 2016, Stack Exchange added a variety of new sites which pushed the boundaries of the typical question-and-answer site.[27] For example, Puzzling offers a platform for users who already know the answer to questions to challenge their peers to solve the problems unlike traditional Q–A sites where the poster does not know the answer.[27]

Declining relationship between users and company[]

In 2016, Stack Exchange announced the second iteration of the Stack Exchange Quality Project, in which they attempt to implement specific important features requested by the community to meet a distinct high-priority set of goals. After users enthusiastically responded with feature ideas, they complained that there was insufficient action on the company's part.[28]

In October 2018, the company removed its Interpersonal Skills site from the Hot Network Questions list after a complaint on Twitter, and an employee (who was part of the SRE team, which was not community-facing) posted tweets attacking moderators.[29]

On September 27, 2019, a moderator of multiple Stack Exchange sites was dismissed from her moderator position, allegedly connected to behavior associated with upcoming changes to the Code of Conduct (CoC) relating to gender pronouns.[30][31][32] Many other moderators resigned or suspended their moderator activity in response to the dismissal. The company responded with two very-poorly-received messages which have since been deleted,[33] and by a slightly less negatively-received apology several days later.[34] In December 2019, the company posted a message, stating that they and the moderator had come to an agreement and expressing regret for any damage to her reputation.[35][36] Nevertheless, this, plus the sudden departure of multiple community managers (Stack Exchange employees who interact with the community), led to an erosion of trust between the community and the company — convincing many of the site's most prolific users, including many community-elected moderators and a community manager, to depart within the next few months.[37][38][39]

2019–2020 licensing change announcements[]

On September 2, 2019, the terms of service (and the footer of every page served) changed to referencing the "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike" (CC BY-SA) license's 4.0 version instead of its 3.0 version.[40] Users were puzzled as to how Stack Overflow acquired the rights for this relicensing of their past contributions,[41] with some users explicitly stating that they did not intend their contributions to be licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.[42][43] Users were concerned that, if the relicensing was found to be a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0, Stack Exchange would have made itself unable to distribute the content under any CC BY-SA license (and that the footer's license statement could be erroneous), and would have to rely on its "perpetual and irrevocable right and license to use, copy, cache, publish, display, distribute, modify, create derivative works and store" the content instead.[44] On September 27, an official Stack Exchange reply stated it had been an "important step", but declined to discuss with the community the legal basis for the relicensing.[45]

In March 2020, a post announced that content contributed before May 2, 2018 was available under a CC BY-SA 3.0 licence.[5] In the ensuing discussion, several users asked about the similar situation in August 2010, when Stack Exchange switched from accepting CC BY-SA 2.5 contributions to 3.0. A representative of the corporation noted "we are looking [...] to show v2.5 for posts predating this change but cannot commit to it yet". Some users were unconvinced that the September 2019 announcement wasn't a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0 that would have caused its termination, and some answers weren't placated by the dateline chosen.[46]


Site features[]

Reputation and badges[]

The primary purpose of each Stack Exchange site is to enable users to post questions and answer them.[16] Users can vote on both answers and questions, and through this process users earn reputation points, a form of gamification.[22][47] This voting system was compared to Digg when the Stack Exchange platform was first released.[14] Users receive privileges by collecting reputation points, ranging from the ability to vote and comment on questions and answers to the ability to moderate many aspects of the site.[47] Due to the prominence of Stack Exchange profiles in web search results and the Stack Overflow Careers job board, users may have reason to game the system.[19] Along with posting questions and answers, users can add comments to them and edit text written by others.[48] Each Stack Exchange site has a "meta" section where users can settle disputes, in the style of MetaFilter's "MetaTalk" forum, because the self-moderation system for questions and answers can lead to significant arguments.[49]

Badges are awarded for asking and answering, participating in meta, and for moderating the site. There are bronze, silver and gold badges and appear on users' profile pages as well as their posts.[50][51]

Moderators and election process[]

Moderators are responsible for managing the site, such as by following up on flagged posts, locking and protecting posts, suspending users, and deleting the worst posts on the site. According to the Stack Exchange philosophy, they should be minimally involved in the site. They are also expected to lead by example, as well as to show respect to other users.[52]

To become a moderator, users have to participate in an election. Elections are called as needed by the Stack Exchange Community Team for a designated number of seats. Users must first nominate themselves and have at least 300 reputation (3,000 on Stack Overflow and 1,000 on Math Stack Exchange), while also being in good standing, such as not having been suspended during the past year. Aside from introducing themselves and explaining why they would be a good moderator, users must also answer questions written by the community. Nominations can be withdrawn at any time.[53]

After this, users vote on the candidates in a primary, where the vote tally is made public. The top 10 nominees advance to the election stage, where any user with at least 150 reputation is allowed to vote. A ranked-choice voting system is used where users can rank all the candidates if they wish. Votes are tallied using the Meek STV method (single transferable vote) which allows fractional parts of a vote to be counted.[54]

Bounties[]

Stack Exchange allows users to donate some of their reputation to help questions receive answers or better answers, as well as to incentivize users to answer. This is called a 'bounty' and can be applied on questions 48 hours after being asked, lasting for 7 days plus a grace period of 24 hours. The minimum bounty is set at 50 reputation, except if the user has already answered the question or has offered a previous bounty on the question. Bounties cannot be cancelled, and reputation cannot be refunded from a bounty, even if the question did not receive an answer.[55][56]

Technologies used[]

Stack Exchange uses IIS, SQL Server,[57] and the ASP.NET framework,[57] all from a single code base for every Stack Exchange site (except Area 51, which runs off a fork of the Stack Overflow code base[58]). Blogs formerly used WordPress, but they have been discontinued.[59] The team also uses Redis, HAProxy and Elasticsearch.[57]

Stack Exchange tries to stay up to date with the newest technologies from Microsoft, usually using the latest releases of any given framework. The code is primarily written in C# ASP.NET MVC using the Razor View Engine. The preferred IDE is Visual Studio and the data layers uses Dapper for data access.[60]

The site makes use of URL slugs in addition to numeric identifiers for question URLs.

Site creation process[]

Every new site created in the Stack Exchange Network goes through a detailed review process consisting of six steps:[9][61][62]

  1. Discussion: The Stack Exchange meta site should provide a forum for discussing potential new ideas labeled a future Stack Exchange site.
  2. Proposal: A public proposal must be drafted and posted so that any member of the community can discuss the proposal and vote on it. This allows a collaborative proposal to emerge over time. The proposal must address these four key issues:
    1. the topic of the site
    2. the targeted audience
    3. forty exemplary questions, upvoted at least 10 times from the community
    4. 60 followers from the community
  3. Commitment: 200 users interested in the new site are asked to formally commit and support the site by actively participating and contributing to it by asking or answering 10 questions during the FIRDR six months of the public beta.
  4. Private Beta: If the concept receives 100% commitment, the site enters the private beta phase, where committed members begin actively using the site and publicizing it.
  5. Public Beta: The site is open to the public for a long period. This allows the creators to ensure that the site reaches critical mass before it is fully launched.
  6. Graduation: The site is evaluated on multiple criteria such as the number of answered questions, new questions per day, and registered users. If it meets these criteria and is deemed "sustainable", it is granted a "graduation" and fully launched.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Mager, Andrew (September 27, 2009). "Find the Answer to Anything with StackExchange". The Web Life. ZDNet. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Swartz, Jon (January 24, 2011). "Q&A websites like Quora and Stack Exchange take off". USA Today. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow are moving to CC BY-SA 4.0". meta.stackexchange.com. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "An Update On Creative Commons Licensing". Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  5. ^ Atwood, Jeff (May 17, 2009). "A Theory of Moderation". Stack Exchange Blog. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  6. ^ "Super User". Super User. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "All Sites". Stack Exchange. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "FAQ – Area 51 – Stack Exchange". Stack Exchange, Inc. 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  9. ^ "Legal — Terms of Service". Stack Exchange. December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  10. ^ Dummett, Ben (June 2, 2021). "WSJ News Exclusive | Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Perez, Sarah (July 8, 2010). "With Debut of Web Apps Q&A Site, Stack Exchange Perfects Automated Site Launch Process". ReadWriteWeb. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  12. ^ Clarke, Jason (August 20, 2009). "Super User – question and answer site for power users". DownloadSquad. AOL. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Oshiro, Dana (October 12, 2009). "StackOverflow Shares its Mojo: White Label Q&A for All". ReadWriteWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Kirkpatrick, Marshall (May 4, 2010). "All-Star Team Backs StackOverflow to Go Beyond Programming Questions". ReadWriteWeb. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Keller, Jared (November 18, 2010). "Stack Overflow's Crowdsourcing Model Guarantees Success". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  16. ^ Jeffries, Adrienne (January 25, 2011). "Forget Quora, New York's Stack Overflow Is Killing It". BetaBeat. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  17. ^ Jenna Wortham (February 6, 2011). "The Answers Are Out There, and New Q. and A. Sites Dig Them Up". New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Needleman, Rafe (February 23, 2011). "Stack Exchange launches programmer recruiting site". CNet. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  19. ^ Ha, Anthony (March 9, 2011). "Q&A startup Stack Overflow gets new name, more funding". VentureBeat. Reuters. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
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  23. ^ "CipherCloud Invokes DMCA To Block Discussions of Its Crypto System".
  24. ^ "How is CipherCloud doing homomorphic encryption".
  25. ^ Hanlon, Jay (September 15, 2015). "We're Changing Our Name (Back) to Stack Overflow". Stack Overflow Blog. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Ericson, Jon (January 26, 2017). "Stack Exchange Year in Review 2016". Stack Overflow Blog. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  27. ^ "Answer by user jscs to We need to stop hoping for change in, or help from, SO Inc". Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  28. ^ "Revisiting the "Hot Network Questions" feature, what are our shared goals for having it?". Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  29. ^ "Firing Mods and Forced Relicensing: Is Stack Exchange Still Interested in Cooperating with the Community?". Meta Stack Exchange. September 29, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  30. ^ "Stack Overflow Inc., sinat chinam, and the goat for Azazel". Mi Yodeya Meta Stack Exchange. September 29, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
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  32. ^ "An Update to our Community and an Apology". Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  33. ^ An apology to our community, and next steps
  34. ^ Update: an agreement with Monica Cellio. Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  35. ^ at 22:16, Thomas Claburn in San Francisco Jan 2, 2020. "Stack Overflow makes peace with ousted moderator, wants to start New Year with 2020 vision on codes of conduct". TheRegister.co.uk. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
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  38. ^ "Why I left Stack Overflow". jlericson.com. January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  39. ^ "Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow have moved to CC BY-SA 4.0". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  40. ^ "Was the retroactive change to CC BY-SA 4.0 approved by Stack Exchange's lawyers?". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  41. ^ Owens, Thomas. "'I do not grant anyone the right to change the license of my contributions'".
  42. ^ andreymal. "Review on 'Stack Exchange Data Dump'". Internet Archive.
  43. ^ SE infringes copyright. "Discussion on 'Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow have moved to CC BY-SA 4.0'".
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  45. ^ ""Under CC BY-SA 3.0, any violations terminate (sic) your CC license"". Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b "FAQ: What is Reputation?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
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  49. ^ "Badges". Stack Overflow. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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  53. ^ "Could we please clarify just the Primary phase of the election?". Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  54. ^ Co-Founder, Jeff Atwood (June 19, 2010). "Improvements to Bounty System". Stack Overflow Blog. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  55. ^ "How does the bounty system work?". Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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  58. ^ Grace Note (March 1, 2017). "We will no longer be hosting Blog Overflow". Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  59. ^ "Stack Meta". Stack Meta.
  60. ^ Sewak, M.; et al. (May 18, 2010). "Finding a Growth Business Model at Stack Overflow, Inc" (PDF). Stanford CasePublisher. Stanford University School of Engineering. Rev. July 20, 2010 (2010–204–1): 31. 204-2010-1. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  61. ^ "Changes to Stack Exchange – Stack Overflow Blog". April 13, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2016.

External links[]

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