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As an independent scientist, he has made advances in understanding olfactory and pheromone signaling in mammalian systems as well as uncovering the roles of the vagus nerve.[1] He is also known for uncovering the molecular basis of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds in joint work with Maude Baldwin and Scott V. Edwards.[2] A second study of his of importance in mechanistic molecular evolution characterized the compounds rodents recognize to avoid carnivore predators.[3]