Trace amine-associated receptor
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), sometimes referred to as trace amine receptors (TAs or TARs), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that were discovered in 2001.[1][2] TAAR1, the first of six functional human TAARs, has gained considerable interest in academic and proprietary pharmaceutical research due to its role as the endogenous receptor for the trace amines phenylethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine – metabolic derivatives of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively – ephedrine, as well as the synthetic psychostimulants, amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy).[3][4][5][6][7][8] In 2004, it was shown that mammalian TAAR1 is also a receptor for thyronamines, decarboxylated and deiodinated relatives of thyroid hormones.[5] TAAR2–TAAR9 function as olfactory receptors for volatile amine odorants in vertebrates.[9]
Animal TAAR complement[]
The following is a list of the TAARs contained in selected animal genomes:[10][11]
- Human — 6 genes (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, TAAR9) and 3 pseudogenes (TAAR3, TAAR4P, TAAR7P)[12]
- Chimpanzee — 3 genes and 6 pseudogenes
- Mouse — 15 genes and 1 pseudogene
- Rat — 17 genes and 2 pseudogenes
- Zebrafish — 112 genes and 4 pseudogenes
- Frog — 3 genes and 0 pseudogenes
- Medaka — 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
- Stickleback — 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
Human trace amine-associated receptors[]
Six human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) – hTAAR1, hTAAR2, hTAAR5, hTAAR6, hTAAR8, and hTAAR9 – have been identified and partially characterized. The table below contains summary information from literature reviews, pharmacology databases, and supplementary primary research articles on the expression profiles, signal transduction mechanisms, ligands, and physiological functions of these receptors.
TAAR subtype |
Prior names |
Signal transduction |
Expression profile |
Known or putative function in humans[note 1] | Known ligands | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hTAAR1 | TA1 TAR1 |
Gs, Gq, GIRKs, β-arrestin 2 |
CNS: brain (widespread), spinal cord Periphery: pancreatic β-cells, stomach, duodenum, intestines, leukocytes, elsewhere[note 2] |
• CNS: modulation of monoamine/glutamate neurotransmission • CNS: regulation of cognitive processes & mood states • Periphery: leukocyte chemotaxis • Periphery: regulation of GI hormone release & blood glucose • Regulation of satiety & body weight |
• Trace amines (e.g., tyramine, PEA, NMPEA) • Monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine) • Amphetamine and some structural analogs |
[3][13] [15][16] |
hTAAR2 [note 3] |
GPR58 | Golf, other G protein coupling unknown[note 4] | CNS: brain (restricted)[note 5] Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, heart, testes, leukocytes |
• Periphery: leukocyte chemotaxis • Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants[note 6] |
[9][13] [15][16] [17][18] | |
TAAR3 | GPR57 | N/A | N/A | Pseudogene in humans – N/A | N/A | [12][13] [15] |
TAAR4 | TA2 | N/A | N/A | Pseudogene in humans – N/A | N/A | [12][13] [15] |
hTAAR5 | PNR | Gs, Golf, Gq, G12/13 |
CNS: brain (restricted), spinal cord Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, testes, leukocytes |
• Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile & foul odorants[note 6] | • Agonists: trimethylamine, N,N-DMEA • Inverse agonists: 3-iodothyronamine |
[9][13] [15][20] [21][22] [23] |
hTAAR6 | TA4 TAR4 |
Golf, other G protein coupling unknown | CNS: brain Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, testes, leukocytes, kidneys |
• Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants[note 6] | • Agonists: putrescine and cadaverine[24] | [9][13] [15][25] |
TAAR7 | – | N/A | N/A | Pseudogene in humans – N/A | N/A | [9][13] [15] |
hTAAR8 | TA5 GPR102 |
Golf, Gi/o | CNS: brain Periphery: olfactory epithelium, stomach, intestines, heart, testes, leukocytes, kidneys, lungs, muscle, spleen |
• Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants[note 6] | • Agonists: putrescine and cadaverine[24] | [9][13] [15][26] |
hTAAR9 [note 7] |
TA3 TAR3 |
Golf, other G protein coupling unknown | CNS: spinal cord Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, leukocytes, pituitary gland, skeletal muscle, spleen |
• Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants[note 6] | • Agonist: N-Methyl piperidine (CAS: 626-67-5) [27] | [9][13] [15][28] |
|
Disease links and clinical significance[]
![]() | This section needs expansion with: coverage of relevant material from this review[13]. You can help by . (March 2018) |
See also[]
- Olfactory receptor
- Odorant
- Pheromone
- Pheromone receptor
- Psychostimulant
- Thyronamine
- Trace amine
References[]
- ^ Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, Durkin MM, Lakhlani PP, Bonini JA, Pathirana S, Boyle N, Pu X, Kouranova E, Lichtblau H, Ochoa FY, Branchek TA, Gerald C (2001). "Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". PNAS. 98 (16): 8966–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929.
- ^ Bunzow JR, Sonders MS, Arttamangkul S, Harrison LM, Zhang G, Quigley DI, Darland T, Suchland KL, Pasumamula S, Kennedy JL, Olson SB, Magenis RE, Amara SG, Grandy DK (2001). "Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor". Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (6): 1181–8. doi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181. PMID 11723224.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Miller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". J. Neurochem. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
- ^ Lam VM, Espinoza S, Gerasimov AS, Gainetdinov RR, Salahpour A (June 2015). "In-vivo pharmacology of Trace-Amine Associated Receptor 1". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 763 (Pt B): 136–42. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.026. PMID 26093041.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Scanlan TS, Suchland KL, Hart ME, Chiellini G, Huang Y, Kruzich PJ, Frascarelli S, Crossley DA, Bunzow JR, Ronca-Testoni S, Lin ET, Hatton D, Zucchi R, Grandy DK (2004). "3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone". Nat. Med. 10 (6): 638–42. doi:10.1038/nm1051. PMID 15146179.
- ^ Lindemann L, Hoener MC (2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (5): 274–81. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
- ^ Hart ME, Suchland KL, Miyakawa M, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Scanlan TS (2006). "Trace amine-associated receptor agonists: synthesis and evaluation of thyronamines and related analogues". J. Med. Chem. 49 (3): 1101–12. doi:10.1021/jm0505718. PMID 16451074.
- ^ Grandy DK (2007). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1-Family archetype or iconoclast?". Pharmacol. Ther. 116 (3): 355–390. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.007. PMC 2767338. PMID 17888514.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Liberles SD (October 2015). "Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 34: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001. PMC 4508243. PMID 25616211.
Roles for another receptor are supported by TAAR5-independent trimethylamine anosmias in humans [32]. ... Several TAARs detect volatile and aversive amines, but the olfactory system is capable of discarding ligand-based or function-based constraints on TAAR evolution. Particular TAARs have mutated to recognize new ligands, with almost an entire teleost clade losing the canonical amine-recognition motif. Furthermore, while some TAARs detect aversive odors, TAAR-mediated behaviors can vary across species. ... The ability of particular TAARs to mediate aversion and attraction behavior provides an exciting opportunity for mechanistic unraveling of odor valence encoding.
Figure 2: Table of ligands, expression patterns, and species-specific behavioral responses for each TAAR - ^ Hussain A, Saraiva LR, Korsching SI (2009). "Positive Darwinian selection and the birth of an olfactory receptor clade in teleosts". PNAS. 106 (11): 4313–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803229106. PMC 2657432. PMID 19237578.
- ^ Maguire JJ, Parker WA, Foord SM, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Davenport AP (March 2009). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXXII. Recommendations for trace amine receptor nomenclature". Pharmacol. Rev. 61 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1124/pr.109.001107. PMC 2830119. PMID 19325074.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Davenport AP, Alexander SP, Sharman JL, Pawson AJ, Benson HE, Monaghan AE, Liew WC, Mpamhanga CP, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Spedding M, Harmar AJ (July 2013). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands". Pharmacol. Rev. 65 (3): 967–86. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007179. PMC 3698937. PMID 23686350.
TAAR2 and TAAR9 Two of the trace amine receptors are inactivated in a portion of the human population. There is a polymorphism in TAAR2 (rs8192646) producing a premature stop codon at amino acid 168 in 10–15% of Asians. TAAR9 (formerly TRAR3) appears to be functional in most individuals but has a polymorphic premature stop codon at amino acid 61 (rs2842899) with an allele frequency of 10–30% in different populations (Vanti et al., 2003). TAAR3 (formerly GPR57) and TAAR4 (current gene symbol, TAAR4P) are thought to be pseudogenes in man though functional in rodents (Lindemann et al., 2005).
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M (December 2017). "Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 180: 161–180. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002. PMID 28723415.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Liberles SD, Buck LB (August 2006). "A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium". Nature. 442 (7103): 645–650. doi:10.1038/nature05066. PMID 16878137.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Trace amine receptor: Introduction". International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Importantly, three ligands identified activating mouse Taars are natural components of mouse urine, a major source of social cues in rodents. Mouse Taar4 recognizes β-phenylethylamine, a compound whose elevation in urine is correlated with increases in stress and stress responses in both rodents and humans. Both mouse Taar3 and Taar5 detect compounds (isoamylamine and trimethylamine, respectively) that are enriched in male versus female mouse urine. Isoamylamine in male urine is reported to act as a pheromone, accelerating puberty onset in female mice [34]. The authors suggest the Taar family has a chemosensory function that is distinct from odorant receptors with a role associated with the detection of social cues. ... The evolutionary pattern of the TAAR gene family is characterized by lineage-specific phylogenetic clustering [26,30,35]. These characteristics are very similar to those observed in the olfactory GPCRs and vomeronasal (V1R, V2R) GPCR gene families.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Babusyte A, Kotthoff M, Fiedler J, Krautwurst D (March 2013). "Biogenic amines activate blood leukocytes via trace amine-associated receptors TAAR1 and TAAR2". J. Leukoc. Biol. 93 (3): 387–94. doi:10.1189/jlb.0912433. PMID 23315425.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "TAAR2". International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Comments: TAAR2 is found to be coexpressed with Gα proteins. However, the transduction pathway of TAAR2 is yet to be determined. - ^ Jump up to: a b Khan MZ, Nawaz W (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system". Biomed. Pharmacother. 83: 439–449. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002. PMID 27424325.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015). "Timberol® Inhibits TAAR5-Mediated Responses to Trimethylamine and Influences the Olfactory Threshold in Humans". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144704. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704. PMC 4684214. PMID 26684881.
While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans [19], indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior to TMA [19]. Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.
- ^ Offermanns, Stefan (2008). Walter Rosenthal (ed.). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 1219–1222. ISBN 978-3540389163.
- ^ Wallrabenstein I, Kuklan J, Weber L, Zborala S, Werner M, Altmüller J, Becker C, Schmidt A, Hatt H, Hummel T, Gisselmann G (2013). "Human trace amine-associated receptor TAAR5 can be activated by trimethylamine". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e54950. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054950. PMC 3564852. PMID 23393561.
- ^ Zhang J, Pacifico R, Cawley D, Feinstein P, Bozza T (February 2013). "Ultrasensitive detection of amines by a trace amine-associated receptor". J. Neurosci. 33 (7): 3228–39. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4299-12.2013. PMC 3711460. PMID 23407976.
We show that [human TAAR5] responds to the tertiary amine N,N-dimethylethylamine and to a lesser extent to trimethylamine, a structurally related agonist for mouse and rat TAAR5 (Liberles and Buck, 2006; Staubert et al., 2010; Ferrero et al., 2012).
- ^ Dinter J, Mühlhaus J, Wienchol CL, Yi CX, Nürnberg D, Morin S, Grüters A, Köhrle J, Schöneberg T, Tschöp M, Krude H, Kleinau G, Biebermann H (2015). "Inverse agonistic action of 3-iodothyronamine at the human trace amine-associated receptor 5". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0117774. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117774. PMC 4382497. PMID 25706283.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Izquierdo C, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Nebel JC, Pardo L, Gonzalez A (January 2018). "Identifying human diamine sensors for death related putrescine and cadaverine molecules". PLOS Computational Biology. 14 (1): e1005945. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005945. PMC 5783396. PMID 29324768.
- ^ "TAAR6". International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Tissue Distribution
Kidney, amygdala, hippocampus; Species: Human; Technique: RT-PCR ...
Human brain tissues (with the level of expression descending from hippocampus, substantia nigra, amygdala, frontal cortex to basal ganglia), human fetal liver. Not detected in the cerebellum or placenta.; Species: Human; Technique: RT-PCR - ^ Mühlhaus J, Dinter J, Nürnberg D, Rehders M, Depke M, Golchert J, Homuth G, Yi CX, Morin S, Köhrle J, Brix K, Tschöp M, Kleinau G, Biebermann H (2014). "Analysis of human TAAR8 and murine Taar8b mediated signaling pathways and expression profile". Int J Mol Sci. 15 (11): 20638–55. doi:10.3390/ijms151120638. PMC 4264187. PMID 25391046.
- ^ Liberles SD (October 2015). "Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 34: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001. PMC 4508243. PMID 25616211.
- ^ "TAAR9". International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Tissue Distribution Comments ... No expression of TAAR9 was detected by RT-PCR in the Grueneberg ganglion [2]. TAAR9 expression was not detected by Northern blot analysis in thalamus, amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, putamen, caudate, frontal cortex, pons, prostate, stomach, heart, bladder, small intestine, colon or uterus [4].
External links[]
- "Trace Amine Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
- G protein-coupled receptors