CD97
ADGRE5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aliases | ADGRE5, TM7LN1, CD97, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 601211 MGI: 1347095 HomoloGene: 8050 GeneCards: ADGRE5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 19: 14.38 – 14.41 Mb | Chr 8: 84.45 – 84.47 Mb | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cluster of differentiation 97 is a protein also known as BL-Ac[F2] encoded by the ADGRE5 gene.[5][6][7][8] CD97 is a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family.[9][10] Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.[11]
CD97 is widely expressed on, among others, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, immune cells, epithelial cells, muscle cells as well as their malignant counterparts.[12][13][14][15][16][17] In the case of CD97 the N-terminal domains consist of alternatively spliced epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene and three variants have been found.[7] The N-terminal fragment of CD97 contains 3-5 EGF-like domains in human and 3-4 EGF-like domains in mice.[18]
Ligands[]
Decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55), a regulatory protein of the complement cascade, interacts with the first and second EGF-like domains of CD97;[19] chondroitin sulfate B with the fourth EGF-like domain;[20] α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins with an RGD downstream the EGF-like domains;[21] and CD90 (Thy-1) with the GAIN domain.[22] N-glycosylation of CD97 within the EGF domains is crucial for CD55 binding.[23]
Signaling[]
Transgenic expression of a CD97 in mice enhanced levels of nonphosphorylated membrane-bound β-catenin and phosphorylated Akt.[24] Furthermore, ectopic CD97 expression facilitated RhoA activation through binding of Gα12/13 as well as induced Ki67 expression and phosphorylated ERK and Akt through enhancing lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) signaling.[25][26] Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE; a plasma membrane component) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) use heterodimeric LPAR1–CD97 to drive Gi/o protein–phospholipase C–inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling and induce [Ca2+] in breast cancer cells.[27]
Function[]
In the immune system, CD97 is known as a critical mediator of host defense. Upon lymphoid, myeloid cells and neutrophil activation, CD97 is upregulated to promote adhesion and migration to sites of inflammation.[28] Moreover, it has been shown that CD97 regulates granulocyte homeostasis. Mice lacking CD97 or its ligand CD55 have twice as many granulocytes as wild-type mice possibly due to enhanced granulopoiesis.[29] Antibodies against CD97 have been demonstrated to diminish various inflammatory disorders by depleting granulocytes.[30] Notably, CD97 antibody-mediated granulocytopenia only happens under the condition of pro-inflammation via an Fc receptor-associated mechanism.[31] Finally, the interaction between CD97 and its ligand CD55 regulates T-cell activation and increases proliferation and cytokine production.[32][33]
Changes in the expression of CD97 have been described for auto-inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The expression of CD97 on macrophage and the abundant presence of its ligand CD55 on fibroblast-like synovial cells suggest that the CD97-CD55 interaction is involved in the recruitment and/or retention of macrophages into the synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis.[34] CD97 antibodies and lack of CD97 or CD55 in mice reduced synovial inflammation and joint damage in collagen- and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis.[35][36] In brain tissue, CD97 is undetectable in normal white matter, and expression of CD55 is fairly restricted to the endothelium. In pre-active lesion, increased expression of CD55 in endothelial cells and robust CD97 expression on infiltrating leukocytes suggest a possible role of both molecules in immune cell migration through the blood-brain barrier.[37] Additionally, soluble N-terminal fragment (NTF)s of CD97 are detectable in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.[34]
Outside the immune system, CD97 is likely involved in cell–cell interactions. CD97 in colonic enterocytes strengthens E-cadherin-based adherens junctions to maintain lateral cell-cell contacts and regulates the localization and degradation of β-catenin through glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and Akt signaling.[24] Ectopic CD97 expression upregulates the expression of N-cadherin and β-catenin in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells leading to enhanced cell-cell aggregation.[38] CD97 is expressed at the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the peripheral sarcolemma in skeletal muscle. However, lack of CD97 only affects the structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but not the function of skeletal muscle.[17] In addition, CD97 promotes angiogenesis of the endothelium through to α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins, which contributes to cell attachment.[21]
Clinical significance[]
CD97 expression in cancer was first reported for dedifferentiated thyroid carcinoma and their lymph node metastases.[39] CD97 is expressed on many types of tumors including thyroid, gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, colorectal, and oral squamous carcinomas as well as glioblastoma and glioblastoma-initiating cells.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45] In addition, enhanced CD97 expression has been found at the invasion front of tumors,[46] suggesting a possible role in tumor migration/invasion,[43][46] and correlated with a poorer clinical prognosis.[44][41][42][47][48] CD97 has isoform-specific functions in some tumors. For instance, the small EGF(1,2,5) isoform promoted tumor invasion and metastasis in gastric carcinoma;[49] the small EGF(1,2,5) isoform induced but the full length EGF(1-5) isoform suppressed gastric carcinoma invasion.[50]
Forced CD97 expression induced cell migration, activated proteolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and enhanced secretion of the chemokines interleukin (IL)-8.[51] Tumor suppressor microRNA-126, often downregulated in cancer, was found to target CD97 thereby modulating cancer progression.[52] CD97 can heterodimerize with the LPAR1, a canonical GPCR that is implied in tumor progression, to modulate synergistic functions and LPA-mediated Rho signaling.[26][25] It has been shown that CD97 regulates localization and degradation of β-catenin.[24] GSK-3β, inhibited in some cancer, regulates the stability of β-catenin in cytoplasm and subsequently, cytosolic β-catenin moves into the nucleus to facilitate expression of pro-oncogenic genes.[53][54] Because of its role in tumor invasion and angiogenesis, CD97 is a potential therapeutic target. Several treatments reduce CD97 expression in tumor cells such as cytokine tumor growth factor (TGF)β as well as the compounds sodium butyrate, retinoic acid, and troglitazone.[41][42][55] Taken together, experimental evidence indicates that CD97 plays multiple roles in tumor progress.
References[]
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000123146 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002885 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ Hamann J, Hartmann E, van Lier RA (Feb 1996). "Structure of the human CD97 gene: exon shuffling has generated a new type of seven-span transmembrane molecule related to the secretin receptor superfamily". Genomics. 32 (1): 144–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0092. PMID 8786105.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CD97 CD97 molecule".
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- ^ Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT (Mar 2012). "A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis". The EMBO Journal. 31 (6): 1364–78. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.26. PMC 3321182. PMID 22333914.
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- ^ a b Aust G, Eichler W, Laue S, Lehmann I, Heldin NE, Lotz O, Scherbaum WA, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C (May 1997). "CD97: a dedifferentiation marker in human thyroid carcinomas". Cancer Research. 57 (9): 1798–806. PMID 9135025.
- ^ Aust G, Steinert M, Schütz A, Boltze C, Wahlbuhl M, Hamann J, Wobus M (Nov 2002). "CD97, but not its closely related EGF-TM7 family member EMR2, is expressed on gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal carcinomas". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 118 (5): 699–707. doi:10.1309/A6AB-VF3F-7M88-C0EJ. PMID 12428789.
- ^ a b c Steinert M, Wobus M, Boltze C, Schütz A, Wahlbuhl M, Hamann J, Aust G (Nov 2002). "Expression and regulation of CD97 in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues". The American Journal of Pathology. 161 (5): 1657–67. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64443-4. PMC 1850798. PMID 12414513.
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- ^ a b Wobus M, Huber O, Hamann J, Aust G (Nov 2006). "CD97 overexpression in tumor cells at the invasion front in colorectal cancer (CC) is independently regulated of the canonical Wnt pathway". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 45 (11): 881–6. doi:10.1002/mc.20262. PMID 16929497. S2CID 24924901.
- ^ Wu J, Lei L, Wang S, Gu D, Zhang J (2012). "Immunohistochemical expression and prognostic value of CD97 and its ligand CD55 in primary gallbladder carcinoma". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2012: 587672. doi:10.1155/2012/587672. PMC 3324160. PMID 22547928.
- ^ He Z, Wu H, Jiao Y, Zheng J (Feb 2015). "Expression and prognostic value of CD97 and its ligand CD55 in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Letters. 9 (2): 793–797. doi:10.3892/ol.2014.2751. PMC 4301556. PMID 25624904.
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- ^ Liu D, Trojanowicz B, Radestock Y, Fu T, Hammje K, Chen L, Hoang-Vu C (Jun 2010). "Role of CD97 isoforms in gastric carcinoma". International Journal of Oncology. 36 (6): 1401–8. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000625. PMID 20428763.
- ^ Galle J, Sittig D, Hanisch I, Wobus M, Wandel E, Loeffler M, Aust G (Nov 2006). "Individual cell-based models of tumor-environment interactions: Multiple effects of CD97 on tumor invasion". The American Journal of Pathology. 169 (5): 1802–11. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2006.060006. PMC 1780199. PMID 17071601.
- ^ Lu YY, Sweredoski MJ, Huss D, Lansford R, Hess S, Tirrell DA (Feb 2014). "Prometastatic GPCR CD97 is a direct target of tumor suppressor microRNA-126". ACS Chemical Biology. 9 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1021/cb400704n. PMC 3944050. PMID 24274104.
- ^ Wong NA, Pignatelli M (Feb 2002). "Beta-catenin--a linchpin in colorectal carcinogenesis?". The American Journal of Pathology. 160 (2): 389–401. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64856-0. PMC 1850660. PMID 11839557.
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- ^ Park JW, Zarnegar R, Kanauchi H, Wong MG, Hyun WC, Ginzinger DG, Lobo M, Cotter P, Duh QY, Clark OH (Mar 2005). "Troglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, induces antiproliferation and redifferentiation in human thyroid cancer cell lines". Thyroid. 15 (3): 222–31. doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.222. PMID 15785241.
External links[]
- GPCR consortium
- Human ADGRE5 genome location and ADGRE5 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Genes on human chromosome 19
- G protein-coupled receptors