Swachh Bharat Mission

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Mission Logo.svg
PM Modi launches the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (1).jpg
PM Modi launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
SloganOne step towards cleanliness.
CountryIndia
Prime Minister(s)Narendra Modi
Key peopleParameswaran Iyer
LaunchedRaj Ghat
2 October 2014; 6 years ago (2014-10-02)
StatusPhase 1 ended,
phase 2 launched[1]
Websiteswachhbharat.mygov.in

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.[2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and 2024-25.[4]

Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi.[5] The objectives of the first phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging, generating awareness and bringing about a behavior change regarding sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at the local level. The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open defecation free status and improve the management of solid and liquid waste.[6] The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nations in 2015.

The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.[7]

The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[8][9][10][11]

As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches to sanitation (CAS) at the village level.[7] Other activities included national real-time monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling).[12]

The government provided subsidy for construction of nearly 110 million toilets between 2014 and 2019,[13][5] although some Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them.[14] The campaign was criticized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets.[15] Some people were stopped from defecating in open and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits.[16] The Government of India released 40,700 crore funds, under Swachh Bharat Mission, for achieving waste management in 200,000 villages. [17][18][19]

Background[]

See also: Sanitation in India

Coverage about open defecation and contamination of drinking and bathing water in India prompted government to take measures to deal with the problem.[20][21][22] In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation, around 530 million people.[23]

Launch[]

India's prime minister Modi at a rally to promote Swachh Bharat Mission

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, launched on 2 October 2014 on birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, aimed to eradicate open defecation by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 90 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$27 billion).[20][24][25] The national campaign spanned 4,041 statutory cities and towns.[26][27] conceived in March 2014 at a sanitation conference organised by UNICEF India and the Indian Institute of Technology as part of the larger Total Sanitation Campaign, which the Indian government launched in 1999.[28]

Previous sanitation campaigns[]

A formal sanitation programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999 and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012.[29][30][31][32] A limited randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the TSC programme did modestly increase the number of households with latrines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecation. However, there was no improvement in the health of children."[33][34] The earlier "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitation program was hampered by the unrealistic approach.[35][36][37] Consequently, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[27] The rural household toilet coverage in India increased from 1% in 1981 to 11% in 1991, to 22% in 2001, to 32.7% in 2011.[38] Since 2014, the Government of India, has made remarkable strides in reaching the Open Defecation Free targets. 36 states and union territories, 706 districts and over 603,175 villages have been declared open defecation free as of Jan 2020.[39] India has made rapid progress in ending open defecation across the Country which is having a huge impact on improving water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has changed the behaviour of hundreds of millions of people with respect to toilet access and usage. 500 million people have stopped defecating in the open since 2014, down from 550 million to less than 50 million today. A tremendous achievement, only possible because of the Swacch Bharat Mission (SBM) (Clean India Campaign), led by the Prime Minister.[39] Even with these impressive figures, it is vital that social and behavioural change communication approaches keep pace with the service delivery to ensure that families receiving toilets continue to use them regularly.

Structure[]

Components[]

The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.[citation needed] Elimination of open defecation was to be achieved through construction of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit latrines), toilets and public toilets.[40] For improving solid waste management, cities were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.[40]

The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.[6]

Finance[]

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over ₹620 billion (US$8.7 billion).[11][41] The government provides an incentive of ₹12,000 (US$170) for each toilet constructed by a rural family.[20] An amount of ₹90 billion (US$1.3 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[26][42] The World Bank provided a US$1.5 billion loan and $25 million in technical assistance in 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation initiation.[25] The programme has also received funds and technical support from the World Bank, corporations as part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[24]

Promotional campaigns[]

Selected public figures and brand ambassadors[]

Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
One of the posters from cartoon based campaign by MCG drawn by the Cartoonist Shekhar Gurera
Beach cleaning robot Swachh Bot, made by a maker community in Chennai


Brand ambassadors nominated from 2014 to 2018
Early 2014 Late 2014 2015 2017 and 2018
Prime Minister Modi selected the following public figures to propagate this campaign:[43][44]
  • Sachin Tendulkar (Cricketer)
  • Priyanka Chopra (Indian Actress and Singer)
  • Baba Ramdev(Yoga guru)
  • Salman Khan (Actor)
  • Vidya Balan (Actress)
  • Shashi Tharoor(Indian politician, diplomat, author)
  • Team : Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
  • Amitabh Bachchan (Actor)
  • Mridula Sinha(Politician)
  • Kamal Hasan (Actor)
  • Virat Kohli (Cricketer)
  • Mahendra Singh Dhoni (Cricketer)
 Brand ambassadors nominated by Prime Minister Modi in 2 Oct 2014:

On 8 November 2014, Prime Minister carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[45][46]

On 5 January 2015, the minister in-charge nominated followed Telugu icons as brand ambassadors.[47][48] From later dates the following public icons & celebrities were nominated as National Brand Ambassadors by Prime Minister Modi to join and support the Swachh Bharat Mission:

Other notable activities[]

  • Anushka Sharma and the Vice President of India M V Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[56]
  • Prime Minister Modi nominated a number of organisations in October 2014 to be "brand ambassadors", including the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to hundreds of thousands of people in the city.[clarification needed] More than 3 million government employees and school and college students participated in the drive on the occasion.[57][58]
  • A Swachh Bharat Run, attended by 1,500 runners, was organized at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 2 October 2014.[59][60]
  • Kunwar Bai Yadav lived in a village in Dhamtari district and sold seven of her goats to raise the money to build a toilet at her house at age 106 in 2016. She was declared a mascot of the campaign and visited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • Inspired by the Clean India Mission, a robot named Swachh Bot was built by a maker community in Chennai to clean the wastes on Besant Nagar beach.[20][61]
  • , an IAS officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre who first conquered Mount Everest in 2013, scaled the world's highest peak again on May 23 this year and dedicated to Swachh Ganga Swachh Bharat Everest Abhiyaan 2019. Kumar said he scaled the mountain to give a call to people of India from the top of the world towards the urgent need of controlling water pollution, saving rivers and other sources of water and ensuring availability of clean water to all.[62]

Planned initiatives[]

Indian Naval Academy cadets taking part in Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016

The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of waste from Government offices.[63] The Ministry of Railways planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[64][65] The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[66][67]

Performance monitoring[]

Individual household latrines coverage in rural India.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organisations for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission.[68] For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advertisements.[69]

In 2017, the national sanitation coverage rose to 65% from 38.7% on Oct 2, 2014 before the start of the campaign.[70] It was 90% in August 2018.[71] 35 states/Union Territories, 699 districts and 5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019.

The cities and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 percent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 percent door-to-door solid waste collection stood at 50 percent. The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than a 100,000. The number of schools with separate toilet facilities for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 percent) to almost one million (91 percent).[70]

Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey[]

Main article: Swachh Survekshan

Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Ministry of Urban Development and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitation survey across several hundred cities to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of competition among the cities. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters:

Impacts[]

Sunita Devi who was inspired by the campaign won the Nari Shakti Puraskar award in 2019 for constructing toilets in Jharkhand.[72]

According to the dashboards maintained by respective ministries, more than 100 million individual household level toilets have been constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in urban areas. In addition, nearly 6 million community and public toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequently, 4,234 cities and more than 600,000 villages across the country have declared themselves open defecation free (ODF).[73][74]

More than 81.5 thousand wards in urban areas now have 100% door to door collection of solid waste and nearly 65 thousand wards practice 100% segregation of waste at source. Of the nearly 150 thousand metric tonnes of solid waste generated in urban areas, 65% is being processed.[citation needed]

An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, reported that overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage increased to 62.5% and usage of toilets to 91.3%, with Haryana topping the national ranking with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets of 100%.[75]According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million. [76] The World Bank reports that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it.[77]There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according to the world bank 96% of Indians used the toilets they had. World Health Organization (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission.[78] According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by National Statistical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had access to toilets as of 2018. Though this was at odds with the Indian government's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had access to toilets, NSO's numbers still indicated a significant improvement over the situation during the previous survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets.[79]

A study by Ashoka University concluded that the construction of toilets under the program led to a reduction in incidence of sexual assault against women.[80]

Data from the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) demonstrate the increase in access to improved sanitation due to SBM. Post 2015, 3.4% households gained access to better sanitation as compared to just 1.5% earlier[81]

Reception[]

The mission is noted as the world’s largest sanitation program. It claimed to have provided millions of people access to toilet and brought about a change of behavior towards its usage.[82] Many argue that it has not really eliminated open defecation as rapidly as the government claims.[83][84][85] However, It significantly did accelerate the pace of decline in open defecation.[86]

Political sponsorship[]

The SBM received political sponsorship from Prime Minister Modi who started talking about sanitation even before he was elected as the Prime Minister.[87] He made a call to address the issue in his first address to the nation on the occasion of Independence day in 2014. Throughout the mission period, he continued to promote the mission through his speeches and was seen wielding the broom multiple times to clean the streets.[88] In 2019, he plogged on a beach in Mamallapuram during his morning walk; he was there to attend the informal summit with Xi Jinping, then-General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[89] Other political leaders and public figures including actors and actresses, sports men and women, owners of large business houses were roped in as ambassadors to promote the mission.[44]

Allocation of funds[]

Constructing toilets became the mission's singular focus, even though the core objectives were elimination of open defecation and improving solid waste management. Funds for solid waste management under the mission were diverted towards toilet construction.[90] Allocations for other sectors were also drastically reduced. Though behavioral change is one of the goals of the mission, only 1% of the mission’s outlay was spent on education and awareness.[91][92] Most of the allocation for the category, “information, education and communication”, that was to be used for awareness generation was spent towards print, radio and television advertisements.[92][90] No part of the Central Government’s allocation was spent on awareness generation at the grass roots.[90][92]

Target driven approach[]

The mission was implemented with a target driven approach; villages, districts, towns and cities and even states declared themselves open defecation free (ODF) based on achievement of construction targets.

The SBM has also been criticized for being subsidy-driven rather than community-driven.[93]

Inappropriate containment system[]

For lack of sewerage systems, most of the toilets constructed under the mission rely on single pit or twin pits or septic systems for containment of faecal sludge. However, their appropriateness for the local context was not considered in the haste of achieving construction targets. For example, most of the 7.85 million toilets constructed at an estimated cost of INR 94,205 million in the 15 extreme flood-prone districts of Northern Bihar become unusable during the annual floods.[94] Besides the toilet itself being inaccessible, the containment structure is also inundated with flood waters making it unusable.[94]

The SBM does not even acknowledge the issues of the existing sewerage systems and the deaths of numerous sanitation workers caused in cleaning them.[95]

Survey results[]

Even though elimination of open defecation was the core objective of the mission, it was never monitored by either of the Ministries. They both kept a track of toilets constructed and funds spent.[86] Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different from that reported by Government sponsored surveys.[96] Researchers found divergence between findings of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a few months apart.[86]

Interconnected challenges[]

By adding millions of on-site sanitation systems and not considering fecal sludge management, it will further add to pollution of the rivers in India.[97]

There is skepticism about the success of SBM which relates to sanitation workers. The people who make India clean, the sanitation workers, remain "invisible in the participation, process or consequences of this national level movement".[98]: 7  In 2015, one year after the launch of the program, hundreds of thousands of Indian people were still employed as manual scavengers in emptying bucket toilets and pit latrines.[99][100][101] Many continueto work on contractual arrangements without safety of their job and benefits that would accrue from a government job. The SBM has instead burdened the contractual sanitation workers to keep public places clean while keeping it voluntary for the public to deface public places by urinating, defecating or littering them.[95]

A report by WSSCC in 2019 found that the impact of the SBM for the most vulnerable was limited. The report stated that "Barriers due to physical disabilities, social/economic disparities, geography, sexual orientation, gender and caste were not addressed."[102]

Irregularities with regards to the funds have been reported. In Odisha hundreds of beneficiaries have filed complaints that money has been siphoned off without constructing the toilets.[103] In Madhya Pradesh almost half a million Swachh Bharta toilets have "vanished" in a multi billion rupees scam.[104] In Bihar crores of rupees meant for Swachh Bharat Mission were siphoned off by Government officials in collusion with banks[105] Police complaints were filed against those who have misused Swachh Bharat funds for personal household expenses.[106]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2 launched with an outlay of Rs 1.4 lakh crore". cnbctv18.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  2. ^ Business Standard
  3. ^ Livemint.com
  4. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission Phase II guidelines released". downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "An Indian village's fight to take the 'poo to the loo'". AFP. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b GoI (2020). Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2: Operational guidelines. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jalshakti.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Satyagraha to Swachhagrah: Narendra Modi addresses rally in Champaran". Business Standard. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti".
  9. ^ "Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement: Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  10. ^ "PM reviews preparations for launch of Mission Swachh Bharat". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "Swachh Bharat: PM Narendra Modi launches 'Clean India' mission". Zee News. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  12. ^ "SWACH". Archived from the original on 22 August 2009.
  13. ^ CNN
  14. ^ "Changes in open defecation in rural north India: 2014 – 2018 | 231". riceinstitute.org. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission: other name for coercion and deprivation". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  16. ^ Downtoearth.org
  17. ^ "The Government of India released 40,700 crore funds, under Swachh Bharat Mission, for achieving waste management in 2 lakh villages".
  18. ^ "Govt allocates Rs 40,700 crore for waste management in 2 lakh villages under Swacch Bharat Mission".
  19. ^ "Govt allocates Rs 40,700 crore for waste management in 2 lakh villages under Swacch Bharat Mission".
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "MDWS Intensifies Efforts with States to Implement Swachh Bharat Mission", Business Standard, 18 March 2016 (press release)
  21. ^ Spears, Dean; Ghosh, Arabinda; Cumming, Oliver (2013). "Open Defecation and Childhood Stunting in India: An Ecological Analysis of New Data from 112 Districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.
  22. ^ "India has 60.4 per cent people without access to toilet: Study". The Indian Express. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017.
  23. ^ Grojec, Anna, ed. (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January". timesofindia-economictimes.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission", The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore", The Economic Times, 29 February 2016
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b "Restructuring of the Nirmal USA Abhiyan into Swachh Bharat Mission". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  28. ^ Poo2Loo to break open defecation taboo
  29. ^ Mridula Sinha & Dr. R.K. Sinha 2016, pp. 21–22.
  30. ^ "Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times
  31. ^ "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: CAG jdjgjfi", Mint, 16 December 2015
  32. ^ "Salient Features of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  33. ^ Patil, Sumeet; Arnold, Benjamin; Salvatore, Alicia; Briceno, Bertha; Ganguly, Sandipan; Colford Jr., John; Gertler, Paul (26 August 2014). "The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial". PLOS Medicine. 11 (8): e1001709. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709. PMC 4144850. PMID 25157929.
  34. ^ "An Open Letter in response to the World Development Report 2019". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  35. ^ IRC:India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 1 June 2007
  36. ^ Institute of Development Studies:Community-led total sanitation:India
  37. ^ Benny George, Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009
  38. ^ Mridula Sinha & Dr. R.K. Sinha 2016, p. 22.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/ending-open-defecation
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b MoHUA (2017). Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (PDF). Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  41. ^ "PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event". Zee News.
  42. ^ "Modi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh Bharat Kosh", The Economic Times, 11 March 2016
  43. ^ "PM Modi's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Anil Ambani dedicates himself to the movement". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b "PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  45. ^ "PM India". Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  46. ^ "Press Information Bureau". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  47. ^ "18 Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  48. ^ "18 Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors | 9 people each in AP and Telangana as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors". Andhra Pradesh Political News, Telugu Cinema News - APToday. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b admin. "swachh bharat brand ambassador List". Telangana State Portal - Latest News Updates.
  50. ^ "Lakshmi Manchu Is Telangana Swachh Bharat's Brand Ambassador" Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine MovieNewz.in, Retrieved 04.09.2015
  51. ^ Times of India
  52. ^ MCG announces Shekhar Gurera as official Brand Ambassador UNI, Jan 30 2018.
  53. ^ "पार्षदों ने उठाए सवाल- अब निगम के पास जिम्मा, फिर क्यों नहीं हो रही सफाई?". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 28 August 2018.
  54. ^ "Rajasthan Patrika Private Limited Ajmer epaper dated Mon, 17 Sep 18". epaper.patrika.com.
  55. ^ "सड़कों की हालत खराब, बड़े गड्ढे, , गांव से ही बुरी हालत ... रोड पर बीचों-बीच बैठे मवेशी।". www.patrika.com (in Hindi).
  56. ^ "Venkaiah Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam - indtoday.com - indtoday.com". indtoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
  57. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM Narendra Modi to wield broom to give India a new image". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  58. ^ "Swachh Bharat campaign is beyond politics, PM Narendra Modi says". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  59. ^ "Swachh Bharat Run organized at Rashtrapati Bhavan". The Times of India.
  60. ^ "Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race". The Times of India.
  61. ^ Sinha, Vipasha (14 February 2015). "Robot joins Clean India mission". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  62. ^ "UP cadre IAS officer scales Mt Everest for second time, dedicates it to Swachh Bharat mission"
  63. ^ "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting 'zero-value goods' from government offices and buildings", The Economic Times, 17 May 2016
  64. ^ "'Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital India'", The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016
  65. ^ "When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar-powered trash cans to send alerts when full", The Economic Times, 18 March 2016
  66. ^ Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya Archived 29 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^ Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign
  68. ^ "Digital India Week: Digital Locker, MyGov.in, and other projects thact were unveiled", The Indian Express, 5 July 2015
  69. ^ "Swachh Bharat goes hi-tech, govt to track toilet use with iPads". The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
  70. ^ Jump up to: a b "At The Half-way Mark", The Indian Express, 31 July 2017
  71. ^ Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats, 18 November 2016, archived from the original on 22 May 2016
  72. ^ "Award for woman who took up a trowel to turn mason". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  73. ^ Sbm.gov.in
  74. ^ Eduvoice.in
  75. ^ "Kerala, Haryana top sanitation survey", The Hindu, 9 August 2017
  76. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  77. ^ "96% households in Rural India having toilet access use them - NARSS". Green Clean Guide. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  78. ^ "How Swachh Bharat transformed the way public hospitals function", Hindustan Times, 29 September 2018
  79. ^ Jebaraj, Priscilla (24 November 2019). "Open defecation-free India: National Statistical Office survey debunks Swachh Bharat claims". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  80. ^ Mahajan, Kanika; Sekhri, Sheetal (November 2020). "Access to Toilets and Violence Against Women". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  81. ^ "New Welfarism of Modi govt represents distinctive approach to redistribution and inclusion". The Indian Express. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  82. ^ "Findings of annual rural sanitation survey questionable". downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  83. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission a failure: Jairam". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 6 October 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 May 2019.CS1 maint: others (link)
  84. ^ Pareek, Shabdita (13 November 2017). "UN Dismisses Swachh Bharat Saying It Has Failed To Eliminate Manual Scavenging From India". ScoopWhoop. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  85. ^ SHARMA, NIDHI (5 June 2018). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Where progress on paper hits quicksand of ground reality". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  86. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hathi, Payal; Srivastav, Nikhil (1 October 2018). "Why we still need to measure open defecation in rural India". Ideas for India. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  87. ^ "Make toilets before temples: Narendra Modi redefines his brand of 'Hindutva'". India Today. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  88. ^ "Narendra Modi launches Clean India Campaign by sweeping street". South China Morning Post. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  89. ^ "PM Narendra Modi's 'plogging' on Mamallapuram beach". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  90. ^ Jump up to: a b c Johari, Aarefa. "Is India cleaner after Modi's Swachh Bharat?". Quartz India. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  91. ^ http://accountabilityindia.in/sites/default/files/pdf_files/SBM.pdf
  92. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Rs 530 Cr Spent In Two Years On Swachh Bharat Mission Media Advertisements: RTI". The Logical Indian. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  93. ^ Mara, Duncan (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083.
  94. ^ Jump up to: a b Prasad, Eklavya (27 July 2020). "Why alluvial flood plains of north Bihar need alternative sanitation system". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  95. ^ Jump up to: a b Bathran, Ravichandran (21 August 2018). "What Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ignores". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  96. ^ Alexander, Sneha (9 January 2019). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Why India's toilet data is too good to be true". Livemint. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  97. ^ "Blind spot in Namami Gange". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  98. ^ PRIA (2019): Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India
  99. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging". hindustantimes. 13 July 2015.
  100. ^ Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  101. ^ Venkat, Vidya (9 July 2015). "Manual scavenging still a reality". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  102. ^ WSSCC (2019) CONSULTATION ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF SWACHH BHAARAT MISSION TOWARDS ACHIEVING SDG-6 IN INDIA FOR THOSE FURTHEST BEHIND.
  103. ^ "Swachh Bharat Scam - Beneficiaries File Complaint". Odisha TV. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  104. ^ "In MP 4.5 Lakh Toilets Disappear in Rupees 450 Crore Scam". Times of India. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  105. ^ "Bihar Toilet Scam - Govt Officers and Bankers Loot Swachh Bharat Funds". India Today. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  106. ^ "Swachh Bharat Scam - Toilet Money Used for Household Expenses". Hindustan Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""