Swarmandal

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For 1997 film by the same name, see Dance of the Wind.
Swarmandal (स्वरमण्डल)
Musician Jasraj with a swarmandal
Pundit Jasraj with a swarmandal
String instrument
Other namesSurmandal
Classification (Chordophone), String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification314.122-5,6
(Resonated box zither, plucked by fingers or a plectrum)
DevelopedProbably imported with conquerors or traders in medieval period and adapted to suit Indian culture. May have roots in a native instrument called the mattakokilā.
Related instruments

The swarmandal (Hindi: स्वरमण्डल [s̪ʋərmən̪ɖəl̪]), surmandal or Indian harp is a plucked box zither, originating from India, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music.[1] It is part of the culture of Northern India, used in concerts to accompany vocal music.[2] The name combines Sanskrit words svara (notes) and maṇḍala (circle),[1] representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument may be the same as the 13th century 21-string instrument called the mattakokilā (intoxicated cuckoo).[3] The instrument was seen as equivalent by Ā'īn-i-akbarī in the Mughal period to the qanun.[1]

Modern swarmandals are similar to European psaltries. Autoharps are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are "trapezoid or semi-trapezoid", and measure about 20 inches in length and 11 in width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings; older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings.[1][4] The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key.[1] Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the autoharp or zither in many respects.

In the 19th century, a writer commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because the instrument was difficult to play, and at the time was expensive to buy.[4] Today, there are modern artists who have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used this instrument extensively are Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (1902–1968), Salamat Ali Khan (1934–2003), Jasraj (1930–2020), Kishori Amonkar (1932–2017), Rashid Khan (b. 1966) and Ajoy Chakrabarty (b. 1952).

After travelling to India in late 1966, George Harrison introduced the swarmandal into the Beatles' sound on their 1967 single "Strawberry Fields Forever".[5] He also played it on his Indian classical-style composition "Within You Without You", from the band's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.[6][7]

  • Bade Ghulam Ali Khan featured on an Indian stamp with the swarmandal

  • Kishori Amonkar performing with her swarmandal

  • Rashid Khan playing swarmandal

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e Alastair Dick (1984). "Swarmandal". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. p. 477. Volume 3.
  2. ^ "SWARMANDAL". Government of India.
  3. ^ Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Surmandal". The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. p. 477. Volume 3. in...Sangītaratnākara, a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...
  4. ^ a b Charles Russell Day (1891). "Plate VIII Svarmandala". The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan. New York & London: Novello, Ewer & Company. pp. 131–134.
  5. ^ Babiuk, Andy (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-87930-731-8.
  6. ^ Elwood, Philip (3 June 1967). "Last Respects to Beatles in an Album That Turns on". San Francisco Examiner. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  7. ^ Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. pp. 212–13. ISBN 1-86074-489-3.
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