Tenmei eruption

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Tenmei eruption
天明大噴火
Mt.Asama 05.jpg
Onioshidashi lava flow erupted in 1783
VolcanoMount Asama
Start dateMay 9, 1783 (1783-05-09)[1]
End dateAugust 5, 1783 (1783-08-05)[1]
TypePlinian eruption
VEI4[1][2]
Deaths1,500-1,624 dead

The Tenmei eruption (Japanese: 天明大噴火) was a large eruption of Mount Asama that occurred in 1783 (Tenmei 3).[3][4][5][6][7][8] This eruption was one of the causes of the Great Tenmei famine. It is estimated that about 1500-1624 people were killed in the eruption.[9][10]

Overview[]

Onioshidashi lava flow in 1783

Mount Asama erupted in 1783, causing widespread damage.[11][12] The three-month-long Plinian eruption that began on 9 May 1783, produced andesitic pumice falls, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and enlarged the cone. The climactic eruption began on 4 August and lasted for 15 hours,[13] and contained pumice falls and pyroclastic flows. The complex features of this eruption are explained by rapid deposits of coarse pyroclastic ash near the vent and the subsequent flows of lava; and these events which were accompanied by a high eruption plume which generated further injections of pumice into the air.[14]

Dutch diplomat Isaac Titsingh's account of the Asama-Yama eruption was posthumously published in French in Paris in 1820;[15] and an English translation was published in London in 1822.[16] These books were based on Japanese sources, and the work represented the first of its kind to be disseminated in Europe and the West.[17]

The volcano's devastation exacerbated what was already known as the "Great Tenmei Famine". Much of the agriculturally productive land in Shinano and Kōzuke provinces would remain fallow or under-producing for the next four or five years.[18] The effects of this eruption were made worse because, after years of near or actual famine, neither the authorities nor the people had any remaining reserves.[19] The 4 August eruption killed up to 1,400 people,[20] with an additional 20,000 more deaths caused by the famine.[21]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Asamayama". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  2. ^ "浅間山 有史以降の火山活動". www.data.jma.go.jp. 気象庁. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  3. ^ "浅間山・天明大噴火（天明3年7月7日） ｜ 災害カレンダー". Yahoo!天気・災害 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  4. ^ 天明3年浅間山噴火
  5. ^ 天明3年浅間山噴火の経過と災害
  6. ^ "歴史的大規模土砂災害地点を歩く - いさぼうネット". isabou.net. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  7. ^ 1783年天明浅間山大噴火
  8. ^ "天明3年（1783年）浅間山噴火 | 利根川水系砂防事務所 | 国土交通省　関東地方整備局". www.ktr.mlit.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  9. ^ 小項目事典, ブリタニカ国際大百科事典. "天明浅間山噴火とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  10. ^ "浅間山が噴火 １７８３年に火砕流で約１５００人死亡、天明の大飢饉も起こした強暴火山（巽好幸） - Yahoo!ニュース". Yahoo!ニュース 個人 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  11. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 420.
  12. ^ "災害史に学ぶ（火山編）" (PDF). Retrieved 令和3年4月26日. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ Richards, John F. (2003). The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. University of California Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780520939356. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  14. ^ Yasui, Maya and Takehiro Koyaguchi. "Sequence and eruptive style of the 1783 eruption of Asama Volcano, central Japan: a case study of an andesitic explosive eruption generating fountain-fed lava flow, pumice fall, scoria flow and forming a cone," Journal Bulletin of Volcanology (Kasan). Vol. 66, No. 3 (March 2004). pp. 243–262.
  15. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1820). Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon.
  16. ^ Titisngh, Isaac. (1822). Illustrations of Japan: consisting of private memoirs and anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of the Djogouns, or sovereigns of Japan.
  17. ^ Screech, T. (2006), Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, pp. 146–148.
  18. ^ Hall, John. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan, p. 122.
  19. ^ Hall, p. 170.
  20. ^ Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, Lisa M. (11 March 2007). International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences. Springer. pp. 172–73. ISBN 9781402028519. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  21. ^ Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780231110044. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

External links[]

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