Page semi-protected

Thrash metal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a subgenre of heavy metal music. For the similar subgenre of heavy metal music, see Crossover thrash.

Thrash metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly 1980s, United States, United Kingdom, Latin America and Germany
Derivative forms
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Other topics

Thrash metal (or simply thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its overall aggression and often fast tempo.[4] The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, overlaid with shredding-style lead guitar work. The lyrical subject matter often deals with criticisms of The Establishment and concern over the destruction of the environment, and at times shares a disdain for Christian dogma resembling that of their black metal counterparts. The language is typically direct and denunciatory, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk.

The genre emerged in the early 1980s as musicians began fusing the double bass drumming and complex guitar stylings of the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk.[5] Philosophically, thrash metal developed as a backlash against both the conservatism of the Reagan era[6] and the much more moderate, pop-influenced and widely accessible heavy metal subgenre of glam metal which also developed concurrently in the 1980s.[7]

Characteristics

Kirk Hammett and James Hetfield of Metallica (pictured in 2008). Metallica's early work is regarded as essential to the development of the genre in the 1980s.

Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex guitar riffs, high-register guitar solos and double bass drumming.[8] The rhythm guitar parts are played with heavy distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter and more precise sound.[9] Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from melodic singing to shouted vocals. Most guitar solos are played at high speed and technically demanding, as they are usually characterized by shredding, and use advanced techniques such as sweep picking, legato phrasing, alternate picking, tremolo picking, string skipping, and two-hand tapping.

New York band Anthrax were among the earliest and most successful thrash acts

The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, instead of using conventional single scale based riffing. For example, the intro riff of Metallica's "Master of Puppets" (the title track of the namesake album) is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone.

Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal. Thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two bass drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo. Some common characteristics of the genre are fast guitar riffs with aggressive picking styles and fast guitar solos, and extensive use of two bass drums as opposed to the conventional use of only one, typical of most rock music.

To keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo and Cliff Burton. Several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörhead's Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, and other maladies that afflict the individual and society. In addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands. Humor and irony can occasionally be found (Anthrax for example), but they are limited, and are exception rather than a rule.[10][11]

History

Origins

Venom's early work is considered a major influence on thrash metal.

Among the earliest songs credited with influencing future thrash musicians was Queen's "Stone Cold Crazy", recorded and released in 1974. The song was described as being thrash metal "before the term had been invented".[12] Black Sabbath's "Symptom of the Universe", released in 1975, is often referred to as a compelling early influence on thrash, and was a direct inspiration for Diamond Head's pioneering song "Am I Evil?".[13] The NWOBHM bands emerging from Britain in the late 1970s further influenced the development of early thrash. The early work of artists such as Diamond Head, Iron Maiden, Venom, Motörhead, Tygers of Pan Tang, Raven, and Angel Witch, among others, introduced the fast-pace and intricate musicianship that became core aspects of thrash. Phil Taylor's double-bass drumming featured in Motörhead's 1979 song "Overkill" has been acknowledged by many thrash drummers, most notably Lars Ulrich, as a primary influence on their playing. Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel played a key role in bringing the emerging genre to a larger audience, as he was responsible for discovering both Metallica and Slayer and producing their earliest studio recordings.

Void is hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore/heavy metal crossover, whose chaotic musical approach is often cited as particularly influential.[14] Their 1982 split LP with fellow Washington band The Faith showed both bands exhibiting quick, fiery, high-speed punk rock. It has been argued that those recordings laid the foundation for early thrash metal, at least in terms of selected tempos.[15]

In Latin America this genre also gained a lot of strength, and its creation is also attributed to it, since it began to gain popularity due to the dictatorships that many countries faced at that time, with bands like: V8 (1979) with their debut albums Demo 1982 or Luchando por el metal,[16] and Bloke (1980)[17] from Argentina, Transmetal (1987) from México, also the band Massakre (1985) in Chile.

Album cover Luchando por el Metal, by the Argentinian band V8, which formed in 1979.

In Europe, the earliest band of the emerging thrash movement was Venom from Newcastle upon Tyne, formed in 1979. Their 1982 album Black Metal has been cited as a major influence on many subsequent genres and bands in the extreme metal world, such as Bathory, Hellhammer, Slayer, and Mayhem. The European scene was almost exclusively influenced by the most aggressive music Germany and England were producing at the time. British bands such as Tank and Raven, along with German band Accept (whose 1982 song "Fast as a Shark" is often credited as one of the first-ever thrash/speed metal songs),[18][19][20] motivated musicians from central Europe to start bands of their own, eventually producing groups such as Sodom, Kreator, and Destruction from Germany, as well as Switzerland's Coroner.

Early 1980s

In 1981, Southern California band Leather Charm wrote a song entitled "Hit the Lights". Leather Charm soon disbanded and the band's primary songwriter, vocalist/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield, met drummer Lars Ulrich through a classified advertisement. Together, Hetfield and Ulrich formed Metallica, one of the "Big Four" thrash bands, with lead guitarist Dave Mustaine, who would later form Megadeth, another of the "Big Four" originators of thrash, and bassist Ron McGovney. McGovney would be replaced by Cliff Burton (formerly of Trauma), and Mustaine was later replaced by Kirk Hammett of the then-unsigned Bay Area thrash metal act Exodus, and at Burton's insistence the band relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area. Before Metallica had even settled on a definitive lineup, Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel asked Hetfield and Ulrich (credited as "Mettallica") to record "Hit the Lights" for the first edition of his Metal Massacre compilation in 1982. An updated version of "Hit the Lights" would later open their first studio album, Kill 'Em All, released in mid-1983.[21]

The term "thrash metal" was first used in the music press by Kerrang! magazine's journalist Malcolm Dome while making a reference to another of the "Big Four", Anthrax, and their song "Metal Thrashing Mad".[22] Prior to this, Metallica frontman James Hetfield referred to his band's sound as speed metal or power metal.

Another "Big Four" thrash band formed in Southern California in 1981, when guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King met while auditioning for the same band and subsequently decided to form a band of their own. Hanneman and King recruited vocalist/bassist Tom Araya and drummer Dave Lombardo, and Slayer was formed. Slayer was discovered by Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel; the band's live performance of Iron Maiden's "Phantom of the Opera" so impressed him that he promptly signed them to his label. In December 1983, four months after the release of Metallica's debut Kill 'Em All, Slayer released their debut album, Show No Mercy.

To the north, Canada produced influential thrash and speed metal bands such as Annihilator, Anvil, Exciter, Razor, Sacrifice and Voivod.

Mid-1980s

The popularity of thrash metal increased in 1984 with the release of Metallica's sophomore record Ride the Lightning, as well as Anthrax's debut Fistful of Metal. Overkill and Slayer released extended plays on independent labels the same year. This led to a heavier sounding form of thrash, which was reflected in Exodus' Bonded by Blood and Slayer's Hell Awaits. In 1985, the German band Kreator released their debut album Endless Pain and the Brazilian band Sepultura released their EP Bestial Devastation. Overkill and Megadeth, which was formed by former Metallica guitarist Dave Mustaine, released their debut albums Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! and Feel the Fire respectively, and Anthrax released the critically acclaimed Spreading the Disease in 1985. That year also saw the release of the debut album Energetic Disassembly by Watchtower, which has been cited as the first progressive/technical thrash metal album.[23]

From a creative standpoint, the year 1986 was perhaps the pinnacle of thrash metal,[citation needed] as a number of critically acclaimed and genre defining albums were released. Metallica's major label debut Master of Puppets was released in March, becoming the first thrash album to be certified platinum, being certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Kreator released Pleasure to Kill in April, which would later be a major influence on the death metal scene.[24] Megadeth released Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? in September, an album which proved to be the band's commercial and critical breakthrough and which AllMusic later cited as "a classic of early thrash".[25] Slayer, regarded as one of the most sinister thrash metal bands of the early 1980s,[26][unreliable source?] released Reign in Blood in October, an album considered by some to have single-handedly inspired the death metal genre.[27] Also in October, Nuclear Assault released their debut album Game Over, followed a month later by Dark Angel's Darkness Descends, which marked the debut of renowned drummer Gene Hoglan.

Also during the mid-to-late 1980s, bands such as Suicidal Tendencies, D.R.I., S.O.D. (who featured three-fifths of Anthrax) and Corrosion of Conformity paved the way to what became known as crossover thrash, a fusion genre that lies on a continuum between heavy metal and hardcore punk, and is arguably more faster and aggressive than thrash metal.[28] Other notable crossover thrash bands that emerged during this period include California-based acts such as Attitude Adjustment, Cryptic Slaughter, Excel, Hirax and Verbal Abuse, and East Coast bands including Agnostic Front, Carnivore, the Cro-Mags, the Crumbsuckers, Gang Green, Ludichrist, M.O.D. (fronted by former S.O.D. frontman Billy Milano) and Murphy's Law.

Late 1980s

Slayer (pictured in 2007) released Reign in Blood in 1986, considered a landmark achievement in the genre's history.

In 1987, Anthrax released their third album Among the Living, which borrowed elements from their two previous releases, with fast guitar riffs and pounding drums. Death Angel took a similar approach with their 1987 debut, The Ultra-Violence. In 1988, Suicidal Tendencies, who had previously been a straightforward hardcore punk band, released their major label debut How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today, which helped pioneer the crossover thrash genre. Another pioneering crossover thrash band, D.R.I., had garnered considerable attention in the late 1980s with their thrash-laden albums, Crossover (1987), 4 of a Kind (1988) and Thrash Zone (1989).[28]

Sepultura's third album, Beneath the Remains, earned them some mainstream appeal as it was released by Roadrunner Records. Testament continued through the late 1980s with The New Order and Practice What You Preach, both albums showing the band's musical growth and gaining Testament nearly the same level of popularity as the "Big Four".[29][30] Vio-lence and Forbidden, two relative latecomers to the Bay Area thrash metal scene, released their debut albums Eternal Nightmare and Forbidden Evil, respectively, in 1988. Canadian thrashers Annihilator released their highly technical debut Alice in Hell in 1989, which was praised for its fast riffs and extended guitar solos. Sadus appeared later, demonstrating a sound which was primarily driven by the fretless bass of Steve DiGiorgio. In Germany, Sodom released Agent Orange, and Kreator would release Extreme Aggression. Several critically acclaimed albums associated with the subgenre of technical thrash metal were also released in 1989, including Coroner's No More Color, Toxik's Think This and Watchtower's Control and Resistance, which has been recognized and acknowledged as one of the cornerstones of jazz-metal fusion and a major influence on the technical death metal genre,[31][32] while Forced Entry's debut album Uncertain Future helped pioneer the late 1980s Seattle music scene.[33][34]

From 1987 to 1989, Overkill released Taking Over, Under the Influence and The Years of Decay, three albums considered their best. In 1988, Slayer released South of Heaven, Megadeth released So Far, So Good... So What!, Anthrax released State of Euphoria while Metallica's ...And Justice for All spawned the band's first video and Top 40 hit, the World War I–themed song "One".

A substantial number of thrash metal groups pay tribute to punk rock and hardcore punk. Metallica has covered Discharge ("Free Speech for the Dumb"), Anti-Nowhere League ("So What?"), Killing Joke ("the Wait"), Ramones ("53rd & 3rd", among others), and The Misfits ("Die, Die My Darling", "Last Caress/Green Hell"),[35] and Slayer recorded Undisputed Attitude, an album of punk rock covers, including Minor Threat, early D.R.I., and Iggy and the Stooges.[36] Megadeth have covered two Sex Pistols songs ("Anarchy in the UK" and "Problems"), as have Anthrax ("God Save the Queen" and "Friggin' in the Riggin"). Anthrax have also covered "Protest and Survive" by Discharge on their album Attack of the Killer B's, "We're a Happy Family" by Ramones, and "New Noise" by the Swedish band Refused as a hidden track on Worship Music. Overkill have covered the Sex Pistols ("No Feelings"), Ramones ("I'm Against it"), Subhumans ("Fuck You") and Dead Boys ("Sonic Reducer", and "Ain't Nothing to Do"). In addition, Pantera covered Poison Idea ("the Badge").[37]

1990s

A number of more typical but technically sophisticated albums were released in 1990, including Megadeth's Rust in Peace, Anthrax's Persistence of Time, Slayer's Seasons in the Abyss, Suicidal Tendencies' Lights...Camera...Revolution!, Testament's Souls of Black, Kreator's Coma of Souls, Destruction's Cracked Brain, Forbidden's Twisted into Form, Exodus' Impact Is Imminent, Sacred Reich's The American Way, and the more groove-oriented Pantera's Cowboys from Hell. All of those albums were commercial high points for the aforementioned artists. During this period, Megadeth and Slayer co-headlined one of the most successful tours in thrash metal history called the Clash of the Titans; the first leg in Europe included support from Testament and Suicidal Tendencies, while the second leg in the US had Anthrax and then-emerging Seattle band Alice in Chains, who were the supporting act.[38][39]

Several albums, which had come to be known as technical thrash metal, were released in 1991, including Overkill's Horrorscope, Heathen's Victims of Deception, Dark Angel's Time Does Not Heal, Sepultura's Arise, Coroner's Mental Vortex, and Forced Entry's As Above, So Below.

In 1991, Metallica released their eponymous album, known as "The Black Album". The album marked a stylistic change in the band, eliminating much of the speed and longer song structures of the band's previous work, and instead focusing on more concise and slower songs. The album was a change in Metallica's direction from the thrash metal style of the band's previous four studio albums towards a more commercial, contemporary heavy metal sound with original hard rock elements, but still had remnant characteristics of thrash metal.[40][41] It would go on to become the band's best selling album, and began a wave of thrash metal bands releasing more commercially oriented albums, or else more experimental ones.

After the commercial and artistic climax for the genre, the energy of the thrash metal was exhausted and it was overtaken by the rising alternative metal and grunge movements.[42] In the 1990s many veteran thrash metal bands began changing to more accessible, radio-friendly styles.[43] Metallica was a notable example of this shift, particularly with their mid–to–late 1990s albums Load, and ReLoad, which displayed minor blues and southern rock influences, and were seen as a major departure from the band's earlier sound.[44] Megadeth took a more accessible heavy metal route starting with their 1992 album Countdown to Extinction,[45] and Testament released the melodic The Ritual that same year.[46] One of the pioneers of crossover thrash, Corrosion of Conformity, began changing their sound into a more slower and Black Sabbath-influenced heavy metal direction with their post-1980s output, adapting influences and textures of sludge, doom metal, blues and southern rock on several of their albums, including Blind (1991), Deliverance (1994) and Wiseblood (1996).[47]

Pantera (along with other bands like Exhorder, Prong and White Zombie) helped to lay the groundwork for the groove metal style that emerged in the early 1990s.[48][49][50] In response, several established bands started to expand their thrash metal sound by adding elements and influences from the groove metal genre. Anthrax, who had recently replaced Joey Belladonna with John Bush as their singer, began stepping away from their previously established thrash metal formula to a more accessible alternative/groove metal approach for the remainder of their 1990s output, starting with and including Sound of White Noise (1993).[51][52][53] Sacred Reich, Overkill, Coroner, Testament and Forbidden followed this trend with their respective albums Independent, I Hear Black, Grin, Low and Distortion.[54][55][56][57][58] Sepultura's 1993 album Chaos A.D. also marked the beginning of their transition away from death/thrash metal to groove metal which had influenced then-up-and-coming bands like Korn, who reciprocally became the inspiration behind the nu metal style of the band's next album Roots (1996).[59] Roots would influence a generation of bands from Linkin Park to Slipknot, which during the 1990s meant the replacement of death, thrash and speed, by nu metal and metalcore as popular epicenters of the hardest metal scene.[60]

Staying away from this new commercial mainstream of groove metal, metalcore and specially nu metal, the second wave of black metal emerged as an opposed underground music scene, initially in Norway. This new bands differenced themselves of the "first wave" by totally distilled black metal from the combined origins with thrash metal, but they preserved from all this subgenres the emphasis on atmosphere over rhythm.[61]

As further extreme metal genres came to prominence in the 1990s (industrial metal, death metal and black metal each finding their own fanbase), the heavy metal "family tree" soon found itself blending aesthetics and styles.[62] For example, bands with all the musical traits of thrash metal began using death growls, a vocal style borrowed from death metal, while black metal bands often utilized the airy feel of synthesizers, popularized in industrial metal. Today the placing of bands within distinct subgenres remains a source of contention for heavy metal fans, however, little debate resides over the fact that thrash metal is the sole proprietor of its respective spinoffs.

2000s and 2010s

Many 1980s-era thrash bands who split or were inactive during the 1990s – such as Dark Angel, Death Angel, Nuclear Assault, and Forbidden – reunited in the 2000s. Notable bands returned to their roots with releases such as Kreator's Violent Revolution (2001), Metallica's Death Magnetic (2008), Megadeth's Endgame (2009), Slayer's World Painted Blood (2009), Exodus' Exhibit B: The Human Condition (2010), Overkill's Ironbound (2010), Anthrax's Worship Music (2011), Testament's Dark Roots of Earth (2012), and Flotsam and Jetsam's Ugly Noise (2012).

Spinoff genres

Thrash metal is directly responsible for the development of underground metal genres, such as death metal, black metal[63] and groove metal.[64] In addition to this, metalcore, grindcore and deathcore employ similar riffs in their composition, the former with more focus on melody rather than chromaticism. The blending of punk ethos and metal's brutal nature led to even more extreme, underground styles after thrash metal began gaining mild commercial success in the late 1980s.[65] With gorier subject matter, heavier downtuning of guitars, more consistent use of blast beat drumming, and darker, atonal death growls, death metal was established in the mid-1980s. Black metal, also related to thrash metal, has emerged at the same time, with many black metal bands taking influence from thrash metal bands such as Venom.[66] Black metal continued deviating from thrash metal, often providing more orchestral overtones, open tremolo picking, blast beat drumming, shrieked or raspy vocals and pagan or occult-based aesthetics to distinguish itself from thrash metal. Thrash metal would later combine with its spinoffs, thus giving rise to genres like blackened thrash metal and deathrash.[67][68][69][70]

Groove metal takes the intensity and sonic qualities of thrash metal and plays them at mid-tempo, with most bands making only occasional forays into fast tempo,[64] but since the early 1990s it started to favor a more death metal–derived sound.[71] Thrash metal with stronger punk elements is called crossover thrash. Its overall sound is more punk-influenced than traditional thrash metal, but has more heavy metal elements than hardcore punk and thrashcore.[72]

Regional scenes

Thrash metal emerged predominantly from a handful of regional scenes, each of which was generally distinguished by the unique characteristics of its bands.

  • Bay Area thrash metal: In addition to being the most commercially successful, San Francisco Bay Area thrash tended to be the most progressive and technical of the major regional thrash scenes, being strongly NWOBHM influenced. Metallica, Testament, Exodus, Death Angel, Vio-lence, and Forbidden are prominent examples of bands to emerge from this region.
  • East Coast thrash metal: Centered in New York City, the East Coast's thrash metal tended to display a sound that incorporated a strong hardcore punk influence. An emphasis was placed on aggression and speed rather than technicality. Anthrax, Overkill, Nuclear Assault, Toxik, and Whiplash exemplified the style to emerge from this regional scene.
  • British thrash metal: The British thrash bands leaned towards a more traditional heavy metal approach, often heavier though less aggressive than their American counterparts. The most notable bands from this scene are Onslaught and Sabbat.
  • Brazilian thrash metal: The Brazilian thrash scene is notable for producing a handful of bands that would become principal parts of thrash metal's prevalence in the early 1990s. There were three scenes where Brazilian thrash metal was originated: Belo Horizonte (the most prominent), São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. The most notable bands from this scene are Sepultura, Dorsal Atlântica, Executer, Chakal, MX, Korzus, and Sarcófago.
  • Teutonic thrash metal: The German and Swiss region spawned dozens of bands since the mid-1980s that developed its own style. The most prominent bands from this scene are Kreator, Destruction, Sodom, Tankard, Coroner, Holy Moses, and Exumer.
  • Canadian thrash metal: The Canadian region has seen numerous thrash metal bands create a unique blend of speed metal, progressive and hardcore punk into their music, influenced by a variety of acts such as Rush, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Motörhead and D.R.I., as well as fellow American thrash metal bands like Metallica and Slayer. Anvil and Exciter are considered to be the pioneers of this scene, while Voivod, Sacrifice, Razor and Annihilator are often referred to as the country's "big four".[73] Other notable Canadian thrash metal bands include Infernäl Mäjesty, Slaughter, DBC and Obliveon.[74]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Janosik, MaryAnn (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: The video generation, 1981-1990. Greenwood Press. p. 231. Heavy hardcore was considered hardcore based more in metal, adding heavier thrash metal riff stylings
  2. ^ Packard, Michael T. (November 9, 2001). "Heavy Metal". The Harvard Crimson.
  3. ^ Prato, Greg (16 September 2014). Primus, Over the Electric Grapevine: Insight into Primus and the World of Les Claypool. Akashic Books. ISBN 978-1-61775-322-0.
  4. ^ Kahn-Harris, Keith, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, pp. 2–3, 9. Oxford: Berg, 2007, ISBN 1-84520-399-2.
  5. ^ McIver, Joel (April 29, 2010). "A History of Thrash Metal". Total Guitar. MusicRadar. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  6. ^ Farrar, Justin (December 26, 2017). "The 30 Greatest Thrash Bands of All Time". Spin Magazine. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  7. ^ Weinstein 2000, p. 48.
  8. ^ Bowar, Chad. "What Is Thrash Metal?". About.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  9. ^ Pillsbury 2006, p. 20.
  10. ^ Anthony, David (August 1, 2014). "Anthrax's ode to Judge Dredd became thrash metal's missing link". The A.V. Club. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  11. ^ Weinstein 2000, p. 50-51.
  12. ^ "This Months Q's 50, Stone Cold Crazy". Q. February 2011.
  13. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Black Sabbath: Symptom of the Universe". AllMusic. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  14. ^ Burton, Brent (August 30, 2011). "Two classic D.C. hardcore bands empty their vaults". Washington City Paper. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  15. ^ Raggett, Ned. "The Faith/Void Split LP". AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  16. ^ Chaves, Sebastian (July 1, 2020). "Los 40 años de metal argentino: la historia detrás de la génesis de V8 y la fundación del heavy metal en el país". La Nacion. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  17. ^ "Bloke: La génesis del Metal Argentino no solo fue V8". Infobae. December 4, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  18. ^ "ACCEPT's WOLF HOFFMANN: 'We Wrote The First Speed Metal Song Ever'". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  19. ^ "ACCEPT's WOLF HOFFMANN: How We Wrote 'Fast As A Shark'". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  20. ^ "10 Pioneering Speed Metal Songs Released Before Thrash's Birth". Loudwire. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  21. ^ Heller, Jason (March 28, 2013). "An introduction to the snarling, belligerent rebelliousness of thrash". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  22. ^ Dome, Malcolm (February 23, 1984). "Anthrax: Fistful Of Metal". Kerrang!. London, UK: Spotlight Publications Ltd. 62: 8.
  23. ^ "Watchtower – Energetic Disassembly (1985)". The Metal Files. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  24. ^ Lee, Cosmo (2006). "Interview with Cannibal Corpse". Invisible Oranges. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
  25. ^ Huey, Steve. "Megadeth: Peace Sells...But Who's Buying?". AllMusic. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  26. ^ "Slayer band page". Rockdetector.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  27. ^ Huey, Steve. "Slayer: Reign in Blood". AllMusic. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b "D.R.I. - Biography - Dirt Rotten Imbeciles - DRI - Crossover Thrash - Kurt Brecht - Spike Cassidy". Fullinbloommusic.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  29. ^ Lee, Cosmo (May 7, 2007). "Get Thrashed: The Story of Thrash Metal". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  30. ^ Ferris, D.X. (August 8, 2007). "Talkin' Thrash". Cleveland Scene. Archived from the original on November 10, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  31. ^ "Agoraphobic News' Top 45 metal albums of 1989!". Agoraphobic News. June 26, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  32. ^ ""Control was just the natural progression for us"". metalindex.hu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  33. ^ "The Seattle Metal Scene". KNAC.com. March 7, 2002. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  34. ^ "20 Of The Greatest Technical Thrash Albums Of The 1980's!". Worship Metal. March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  35. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Metallica: Garage, Inc". AllMusic. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  36. ^ Jurek, Thom. "Slayer: Undisputed Attitude". AllMusic. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  37. ^ "Poison Idea's Pig Champion Was Large in Life, Large in Passing". Blabbermouth.net. February 6, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  38. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (April 13, 2010). "Clash of the Titans Tour: Iron Giants". Guitar World. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  39. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (July 11, 1991). "Heavy Metal Thunder: Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  40. ^ Adam Dubin, Metallica (James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, Kirk Hammett, Jason Newsted), Bob Rock, Spinal Tap, A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica: Part 1, VHS, Elektra Entertainment, 1992
  41. ^ Hodgson, Peter (August 2, 2011). "Metallica Producer: 'Black Album' 'Wasn't Fun'". Gibson Guitar Company. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  42. ^ Mclver, Joel (2009). The Bloody Reign of Slayer. Omnibus Press.
  43. ^ "Speed/Thrash Metal". AllMusic. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  44. ^ Sharpe-Young 2007, p. 256.
  45. ^ Sharpe-Young 2007, p. 241.
  46. ^ Syme, Anthony. "Interview with Chuck Billy". MetalUpdate.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
  47. ^ "Reed Mullin, Corrosion of Conformity Drummer, Dead at 53". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  48. ^ "Rediscovering The '90s Post-Thrash Groove Metal Scene". VH1.com. August 12, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  49. ^ "Every Prong Album Ranked From Worst To Best By Tommy Victor". Kerrang!. August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  50. ^ "Top 7 Iconic Groove Metal Albums That Helped Metal Survive". Ultimate-Guitar.com. August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  51. ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. (September 14, 2011). "Anthrax and Joey Belladonna Keep It In the Family". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2011-12-01. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  52. ^ Kielty, Martin (May 25, 2018). "How Anthrax's 'Sound of White Noise' Kicked Off the John Bush Era". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  53. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (July 1993). "Anthrax - Sound of White Noise review". 9 (4). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  54. ^ Bergman, Keith. "CD Reviews - Independent (Reissue) Sacred Reich". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  55. ^ Jennings, Chris (March 9, 2016). "I Hear Black: Is It Overkill's Most Underrated Album?". Worship Music. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  56. ^ Wolfers, Jeremy (December 18, 2012). "Coroner - Grin (album review 2)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  57. ^ Geadom (September 14, 2017). "Testament - Low (album review)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  58. ^ "Forbidden – Distortion Review". Metal-Nerd Blog. October 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  59. ^ "Iggor Cavalera: Korn did influence Sepultura on Roots album but so did others". Loudwire, 2016
  60. ^ "Why Sepultura's 'Chaos A.D.' Is More Relevant Now Than Ever", We Are The Pit, September 2, 2020
  61. ^ "10 of the Most Important Cultural Shifts in Metal", Kerrang, February 2, 2020
  62. ^ Dunn, Sam (2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey. IMDB.
  63. ^ Weinstein 2000, p. 288.
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b "Best Pantera Albums". About.com. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  65. ^ Sharpe-Young 2007, p. 162.
  66. ^ Sharpe-Young 2007, p. 208.
  67. ^ "The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres".
  68. ^ "Top Ten Black-Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson (Daeva) - Decibel Magazine". 6 December 2017.
  69. ^ FORD, LEYLA (3 January 2012). "ALBUM OF THE DAY: DEATHCHAIN'S DEATHRASH ASSAULT". Metal Sucks. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  70. ^ Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 9780979616310. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  71. ^ Christe (2003), Sound of the Beast, p. 264, As close to death metal as any other gold-selling record before it, Chaos A.D. stripped down Sepultura's sound into a coarse metallic loop. The CD sold half a million copies, and alongside Pantera the band forged a streetwise, death-derived groove metal that inspired an upcoming generation of mavens in the 1990s.
  72. ^ Claes, Sean. "Superjoint Ritual Feature Interview". Blistering. Archived from the original on August 20, 2004. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  73. ^ "13 Canadian Metal Albums Everyone Should Own". Kerrang!. May 2, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  74. ^ "Canadian Thrash: The 10 Greatest Old School Albums". Worship Metal. December 1, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.

Bibliography

  • Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0-9796163-1-0.
  • Pillsbury, Glenn (2006). Damage Incorporated: Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity. Routledge. ISBN 1-136-09122-X.
  • Sharpe-Young, Garry (2007). Thrash Metal. Zonda Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-9582684-3-1.
  • Weinstein, Deena (2000). Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80970-5.
Retrieved from ""