Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BCE). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.^[1]

10th millennium BCE[]

Mounted skeleton of Teratornis merriami.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Eurasian cave lion	Panthera spelaea	Northern Eurasia and Beringia	10045-9905 BCE (confirmed) 8580-8260 BCE (dubious)	Undetermined.^[2]
Highland gomphothere	Cuvieronius hyodon	Northern and central Andes^[3]	9790 BCE	Hunting?^[4]
Patagonian panther	Panthera onca mesembrina	Patagonia	9705-9545	Undetermined.^[5]
Toronto subway deer	Torontoceros hypnogeos	Toronto, Canada	9690-9040 BCE	Undetermined.^[6]
Western bison	Bison occidentalis	North America; Eastern Siberia and Japan?	9590-9250 BCE^[6]	Possibly hybridization with ancient bison resulting in modern American bison.^[7]
Dwarf pronghorn	Capromeryx minor	Western United States and northern Mexico	9580-8860 BCE	Undetermined.^[8]
Chinese cave hyena	Crocuta crocuta ultima	East Asia	9550 BCE (confirmed) 5850 BCE (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[9]
Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Southwestern North America	9550 BCE	Undetermined.^[10]
American mountain deer	Odocoileus lucasi	Rocky Mountains	9550 BCE	Hunting?^[11]
Stock's pronghorn	Stockoceros sp.	Mexico and Southwestern United States	9550 BCE	Hunting?^[11]
Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States	c. 9515 BCE	Undetermined.^[12]
Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia	9500-9300 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
American lion	Panthera atrox	North America; Western South America?	9460-9350 BCE (confirmed) 8570-8270 BCE (dubious)	Undetermined.^[2]
Macrauchenia	Macrauchenia patachonica	Southwestern South America	9381-9281 BCE^[14]	Hunting.^[15]
Long-nosed peccary	Mylohyus nasutus	Eastern United States	9350 BCE 9050-7550 BCE (dubious)^[16]	Habitat loss and competition with the American black bear.^[11]
Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersonii	North America	9190-8870 BCE	Undetermined.^[11]
Flat-headed peccary	Platygonus compressus	North America	9170-9050 BCE^[5]	Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear.^[11]
Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Channel Islands of California, United States	9130-9030 BCE	Undetermined.^[5]
Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States	c. 9050 BCE	Undetermined.^[12]
Ryukyu tortoise	Manouria oyamai	Ryukyu, Japan	c. 9050 BCE	Undetermined.^[12]
Cypriot genet	Genetta plesictoides	Cyprus	9050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Miyako roe deer	Capreolus tokunagai	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan	9050-8050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Asphalt stork	Ciconia maltha	Americas	9050-8050 BCE	Undetermined.^[18]
Miyako long-tailed rat	Diplothrix miyakoensis	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan	9050-8050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Merriam's teratorn	Teratornis merriami	California, United States	9050-8050 BCE	Undetermined.^[18]

9th millennium BCE[]

Mounted skeleton of a North American short-faced bear.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
North American short-faced bear	Arctodus simus	North America	8995-8845 BCE^[5]	Competition with the grizzly bear.^[11]
Mexican horse	Equus conversidens	North America	8965-8875 BCE^[5] 7250-6750 BCE (dubious)^[19]	Hunting.^[5]
Giant beaver	Castoroides ohiensis	North America	8960-8840 BCE	Undetermined.^[5]
Schneider's duck	Anas schneideri	Converse County, Wyoming, United States	8800-8300 BCE	Undetermined.^[18]
Large-billed blackbird	Euphagus magnirostris	North America	8800-8300 BCE	Undetermined.^[18]
Yukon horse	Equus lambei	Eastern Beringia	8550 BCE	Undetermined.^[20]
Argentinian short-faced bear	Arctotherium tarijense	Argentina^[21]	8470-8320 BCE	Undetermined.^[5]
Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Eastern United States	8430-8130 BCE	Undetermined.^[7]
Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America	8420 BCE	Undetermined.^[8]
Shasta ground sloth	Nothrotheriops shastensis	Southwestern United States	8350-7550 BCE^[7]	Hunting.^[22]
Giant Cape zebra	Equus capensis	Southern Africa	8340-3950 BCE	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[23]
Giant pika	Ochotona whartoni	Northern North America; Eastern Siberia?	8301-7190 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Vero tapir	Tapirus veroensis	Southern United States	8200-7660 BCE^[7]	Hunting.^[11]
Harrington's mountain goat	Oreamnos harringtoni	Southern Rocky Mountains	8100 BCE^[7]	Hunting.^[22]
Little South American horse	Hippidion saldiasi^[24]	Eastern South America^[25]	8059 BCE^[26]	Hunting.^[15]
South American palmate-antlered deer	Morenelaphus brachyceros	Temperate South America	8050-5845 BCE	Undetermined.^[27]

8th millennium BCE[]

Tracing of paleo-American petroglyphs depicting two Columbian mammoths and an ancient bison.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
South American pointed-antlered deer	Antifer ultra	River Plate and central Chile	c. 7950 BCE	Undetermined.^[28]
North American pampathere	Holmesina septentrionalis	Southeastern United States	7930 BCE	Undetermined.^[11]
Cuvier's small ground sloth	Catonyx cuvieri	Eastern South America	7830-7430 BCE	Undetermined.^[5]^[13]
Panamerican ground sloth	Eremotherium laurillardi^[29]	Southern United States to Brazil	7800-7740 BCE	Undetermined.^[30]
North American sabertooth	Smilodon fatalis	Southern North America and northern South America	7615-7305 BCE	Prey loss.^[11]
Asian straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon namadicus	South and east Asia	7330-6250 BCE (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[31]
South American sabertooth	Smilodon populator	Eastern South America	7330-7030 BCE^[13]	Competition with human hunters.^[15]
American camel	Camelops hesternus	Western North America	7250-5330 BCE	Hunting.^[11]
Scott's horse	Equus scotti	Western North America	7250-6750 BCE (dubious)^[19] 900-720 BCE (dubious)^[6]	Hunting?
Chilean scelidodont	Scelidodon chiliensis	Western South America^[32]	7160-6760 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Northern Mexico, western and southern United States	7100-6300 BCE^[6] 3095-2775 BCE (dubious)	Hunting.^[11]
Giant ghost-faced bat	Mormoops magna	Cuba	7043-6503 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Greater Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes major	Cuba	7043-6507 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Cuban pauraque	Siphonorhis daiquiri	Cuba	7043-6507 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]

7th millennium BCE[]

Mounted skeleton of Glyptodon asper.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Long-legged llama	Hemiauchenia macrocephala	North and Central America	6833-6321 BCE	Hunting.^[11]
Glossothere	Glossotherium sp.	South America	6810-6650 BCE^[13]	Hunting.^[15]
Lowland gomphothere	Notiomastodon platensis	South America^[3]	6810-6650 BCE^[13]	Hunting?^[11]
Darwin's mylodon	Mylodon darwini	Pampas and Patagonia	6689 BCE^[11]	Hunting.^[15]
Large South American horse	Equus neogeus	South America^[33]	6660-4880^[13]	Hunting.^[15]
Common glyptodont	Glyptodon sp.	Eastern South America	6660-4880 BCE (confirmed)^[13] 5850-4350 BCE (unconfirmed) 2350 BCE (dubious)	Hunting.^[15]
Brazilian glyptodont	Hoplophorus euphractus	Eastern Brazil	6660-4880 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Stout-legged llama	Palaeolama mirifica	North, Central, and South America	6660-4880 BCE^[13]	Hunting.^[15]
Eastern giant armadillo	Propraopus sulcatus	Eastern South America^[34]	6660-4880 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Narrow-headed ground sloth	Scelidotherium leptocephalum	Southern South America	6585-6403 BCE^[35]	Hunting?^[11]
Pampean giant armadillo	Eutatus seguini	Northern Argentina and Uruguay^[36]	6389-6060 BCE	Undetermined.^[35]
Giant hartebeest	Megalotragus priscus	Southern Africa; Eastern Africa?	6130-3950 BCE	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[23]
Dire wolf	Aenocyon dirus	North America and western South America	6050-5050 BCE^[7]	Competition with the gray wolf.^[11]
American mastodon	Mammut americanum	North America	6050-5050 BCE^[7]	Possibly habitat fragmentation as a result of climate change, and competition with the moose.^[11]

6th millennium BCE[]

Mounted skeleton of Megatherium.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Kambuaya's triok	Dactylopsila kambuayai	New Guinea	5941-5596 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
New Guinea greater glider	Petauroides ayamaruensis	New Guinea	5941-5596 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Bond's springbok	Antidorcas bondi	Southern Africa	5740-5500 BCE	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[23]
Sardinian giant deer	Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia^[37]	5550 BCE	Undetermined.^[38]
Unnamed South African caprine	?Makapania sp.	South African mountains	5483-5221 BCE	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[23]
Ibiza rail	Rallus eivissensis	Ibiza, Spain	5295-4848 BCE	Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization.^[39]
Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	5271-5131 BCE^[40]	Possibly hibridization with western bison resulting in modern American bison.^[7]
Giant ground sloth	Megatherium americanum	Temperate South America and the Andes	5270-4310 BCE^[41]	Hunting.^[15]

5th millennium BCE[]

Tracings of male and female Irish elk cave art from Cougnac.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and southern Siberia	4901-4831 BCE^[42] 600-500 BCE (dubious)	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period, and possibly hunting.^[43]
North African horse	Equus algericus	Maghreb	4855-4733 BCE	Aridification.^[23]
Majorcan giant dormouse	Hypnomys morpheus	Mallorca, Spain	4840-4690 BCE	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.^[44]
Club-tailed glyptodont^[35]	Doedicurus clavicaudatus	South American Pampas	4765-4445 BCE 3023-2809 BCE (dubious)^[45]	Undetermined.^[41]
Algerian giant deer	Megaceroides algericus	Northern Maghreb	4691-4059 BCE	Possibly habitat fragmentation.^[46]
Toxodont	Toxodon platensis	South America	4650-1450 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
North African aurochs	Bos primigenius africanus	North Africa	c. 4000 BCE	Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.^[23]
North African zebra	Equus mauritanicus	North Africa	c. 4000 BCE	Aridification.^[23]

4th millennium BCE[]

Tracing of a steppe bison painted in Altamira Cave.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	6950-6870 BCE (Eurasia)^[47] 3628-3377 BCE (America)^[48]	Hunting.^[47]
Kauaʻi mole duck	Talpanas lippa	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	3540-3355 BCE	Undetermined.^[49]
Radofilao's sloth lemur	Babakotia radofilai	Northern coast of Madagascar	3340-2890 BCE	Undetermined.^[50]
Smaller Cuban ground sloth	Parocnus brownii	Cuba	3290-2730 BCE^[5]	Hunting.^[51]
Giant long-horned buffalo	Pelorovis antiquus	North Africa; south, east, and central Africa (Pleistocene)	3060-2470 BCE	Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures.^[13]
Sardinian shrew	Asoriculus similis	Sardinia, Italy	3050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat	Melomys spechti	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea	3050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Buka Island solomys	Solomys spriggsarum	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea	3050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece	3040-1840 BCE (confirmed) c. 1470-1445 BCE (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[52]
Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	3030-2690 BCE	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.^[44]

3rd millennium BCE[]

Representation of the Egyptian god Bennu, allegedly inspired by the Bennu heron.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Balearic cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	2830-2470 BCE	Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity.^[53]^[54]
Bennu heron	Ardea bennuides	Arabian Peninsula	2550 BCE	Wetland degradation.^[13]
Niue night heron	Nycticorax kalavikai	Niue	2550-1550 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis	Hispaniola	2508-2116 BCE	Undetermined.^[55]
Small Hispaniola ground sloth	Neocnus comes	Hispaniola	2483-2399 BCE	Undetermined.^[5]
Larger Cuban ground sloth	Megalocnus rodens	Cuba	2280-2240 BCE	Undetermined.^[56]
Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	2134-1408 BCE (confirmed) c. 1350 CE (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[13]

2nd millennium BCE[]

Woolly mammoth cave art from Grotte de Rouff, depicting it alongside extant Alpine ibexes.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
New Caledonian terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus inexpectatus	New Caledonia and Isle of Pines	1950-1050 BCE (confirmed) 140-180 CE (unconfirmed)	Hunting.^[57]
Sumba Island giant rat	Raksasamys tikusbesar	Sumba Island, Indonesia	1935-1700 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Indian aurochs	Bos primigenius namadicus	Indian Subcontinent	1800 BCE	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[58]
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	7780-7660 BCE (Eurasia)^[59] 6390-6270 BCE (America)^[6] 3580-3480 BCE (Saint Paul)^[60] 1795-1675 BCE (Wrangel)^[59]	Hunting.^[61]
Short-horned water buffalo	Bubalus mephistopheles	South, central, and east China^[35]	1750-1650 BCE	Undetermined.^[62]
Puerto Rican ground sloth	Acratocnus odontrigonus	Puerto Rico	1738-1500 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea	1738-1385 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
New Caledonian giant megapode	Sylviornis neocaledoniae	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	1500 BCE	Hunting.^[63]
Puerto Rican flower bat	Phyllonycteris major	Puerto Rico and Antigua	c. 1500 BCE	Undetermined.^[64]
Leeward Islands curlytail	Leiocephalus cuneus	Antigua and Barbuda	c. 1500 BCE	Undetermined.^[64]
European wild ass	Equus hydruntinus	Southern Europe and Southwest Asia; Northern Europe (Pleistocene)	1294-1035 BCE (confirmed) 983 BCE - 635 CE (estimated)	Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[65]
Dune shearwater	Puffinus holeae	Canary Islands, Spain; mainland Portugal (Pleistocene)	1159-790 BCE	Predation by introduced house mice.^[66]
Mona Island tortoise	Chelonoidis monensis	Mona Island of Puerto Rico	c. 1050 BCE	Undetermined.^[12]
Alor Island giant rat	Alormys aplini	Alor Island, Indonesia	1050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Hooijer's giant rat	Hooijeromys nusantenggara	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia	1050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Vanuatu terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus kalpokasi	Efate, Vanuatu	1050 BCE	Hunting.^[57]
Verhoeven's giant tree rat	Papagomys theodoverhoeveni	Flores, Indonesia	1050 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]

1st millennium BCE[]

A Sardinian pika's mounted skeleton.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Noble megapode	Megavitiornis altirostris	Fiji	c. 950 BCE	Hunting.^[67]
Fiji giant iguana	Lapitiguana impensa	Fiji	c. 950 BCE	Hunting.^[67]
Fiji terrestrial crocodile	Volia athollandersoni	Fiji	c. 950 BCE	Hunting.^[67]
Tongan tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus placopedetes	Tonga	900-750 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Balsam shrew	Crocidura balsamifera	Nile gallery forests, Egypt	821-171 BCE	Habitat destruction.^[13]
Eurasian muskox	Ovibos moschatus^[68]	Northern Eurasia	820-680 BCE	Hunting.^[47] The same species survived in North America and was reintroduced to Eurasia in the 20th century.^[69]
Vanuatu horned turtle	?Meiolania damelipi	Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji	c. 810 BCE^[12]	Hunting.^[70]
Syrian elephant	Elephas maximus asurus	Mesopotamia	800-700 BCE	Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification. However, it's been suggested that it was introduced by humans in the area, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[71]
MacPhee's shrew tenrec	Microgale macpheei	Southeastern Madagascar	790-410 BCE	Aridification.^[72]
Jamaican ibis	Xenicibis xympithecus	Jamaica	787 BCE - 320 CE	Undetermined.^[13]
Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon, United States	770-400 BCE	Hunting.^[73]
Consumed scrubfowl	Megapodius alimentum	Tonga and Fiji	760-660 BCE	Hunting.^[74]
Kaua'i stilt-owl	Grallistrix auceps	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	744-202 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	701-119 BCE (confirmed) c. 1350 CE (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[13]
Large Tongan iguana	Brachylophus gibbonsi	Tonga	650-570 BCE	Hunting.^[74]
David's imperial pigeon	Ducula david	Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia	550-50 BCE	Undetermined.^[13]
Plate-toothed giant hutia	Elasmodontomys obliquus	Puerto Rico	511-407 BCE	Undetermined.^[75]
Lena horse	Equus lenensis	Northern Siberia	440-280 BCE (confirmed) 701-900 CE (unconfirmed)	Hunting.^[47]
Gorilla lemur	Archaeoindris fontoynontii	Central Madagascar	412-199 BCE^[50]	Hunting.^[76]
Corsican giant shrew	Asoriculus corsicanus	Corsica, France	348 BCE - 283 CE	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[77]
Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica and Sardinia	348 BCE - 283 CE (confirmed)^[77] 1774 CE (unconfirmed)	Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals.^[78]
Hensel's field mouse	Rhagamys orthodon	Corsica and Sardinia	348 BCE - 283 CE	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[77]
Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli	Corsica and Sardinia	348 BCE - 283 CE	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[77]
Maui flightless ibis	Apteribis brevis	Maui, Hawaii, United States	170 BCE - 370 CE	Undetermined.^[79]
Ancient coua	Coua primaeva	Madagascar	110 BCE - 130 CE	Undetermined.^[50]
Buhler's coryphomys	Coryphomys buehleri	Timor	50 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
Timor giant rat	Coryphomys musseri	Timor	50 BCE	Undetermined.^[17]
São Miguel scops owl	Otus frutuosoi	São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal	49 BCE - 125 CE	Introduced predators?^[80]

1st millennium CE[]

1st-5th century[]

Ancient coin from Cyrene depicting a silphium stalk.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Eyles's harrier	Circus teauteensis	New Zealand	1-1000 (confirmed)^[81] c. 1280 (unconfirmed)^[13]	Undetermined.
South Island goose	Cnemiornis calcitrans	South Island, New Zealand	1-1000 (confirmed)^[81] c. 1280 (unconfirmed)^[13]	Undetermined.
Silphium	?Ferula sp.	Cyrenaica coast	54-68	Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting.^[82]
Powerful goshawk	Accipiter efficax	New Caledonia	86-428	Undetermined.^[13]
Gracile goshawk	Accipiter quartus	New Caledonia	86-428	Undetermined.^[13]
Kanaka pigeon	Caloenas canacorum	New Caledonia and Tonga	86-428	Undetermined.^[13]
Pile-builder megapode	Megapodius molistructor	New Caledonia and Tonga	86-428	Undetermined.^[13]
New Caledonian ground dove	Pampusana longitarsus	New Caledonia	86-428	Undetermined.^[13]
New Caledonian gallinule	Porphyrio kukwiedei	New Caledonia	86-428 (confirmed) 1860 (unconfirmed)	Undetermined.^[13]
Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelaea	Madagascar	210	Undetermined.^[83]
Ball-headed sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus globiceps	Southwestern Madagascar	245-429^[50]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Atlas wild ass	Equus africanus atlanticus	North Africa	c. 300	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.^[84]
Marquesas cuckoo-dove	Macropygia heana	Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands	300-1200	Undetermined.^[13]
New Ireland forest rat	Rattus sanila	New Ireland, Papua New Guinea	347-535	Undetermined.^[13]
North African elephant	Loxodonta africana pharaoensis	Northwest Africa	370^[85]	Hunting and aridification.^[86]
Southern Malagasy giant rat	Hypogeomys australis	Central and southern Madagascar	428-618	Undetermined.^[50]
Jamaican monkey	Xenothrix mcgregori	Jamaica	439-473 (confirmed) 1050 (estimated)	Undetermined.^[55]
Oʻahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	440-639	Undetermined.^[13]
Chatham duck	Pachyanas chathamica	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	448-657 (confirmed) c. 1350 (unconfirmed)	Hunting?^[13]
New Caledonian horned turtle	Meiolania mackayi	New Caledonia	c. 450	Hunting.^[87]

6th-10th century[]

Mounted skeleton of Grandidier's koala lemur.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Cuban spectacled owl	Pulsatrix arredondoi	Cuba	530-590	Undetermined.^[88]
Malagasy shelduck	Alopochen sirabensis	Madagascar	530-860	Undetermined.^[50]
Large baboon lemur	Hadropithecus stenognathus	Central and southern Madagascar	535-876^[35]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Monkey-like sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Central Madagascar	600-765^[35]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Forsyth Major's baboon lemur	Archaeolemur majori	Madagascar	650-780^[50]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Lesser elephant bird	Mullerornis modestus	Central and southern Madagascar	650-890^[50]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Small O'ahu crake	Porzana ziegleri	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	650-869	Undetermined.^[13]
Cayman Islands geocapromys	Geocapromys caymanensis	Cayman Islands	666-857	Undetermined.^[89]
Cayman Islands nesophontes	Nesophontes cingulus	Cayman Islands	666-857	Undetermined.^[89]
Huahine starling	Aplonis diluvialis	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	700-1150	Undetermined.^[13]
Huahine gull	Chroicocephalus utunui	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	700-1150	Undetermined.^[13]
Huahine rail	Gallirallus storrsolsoni	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	700-1150	Undetermined.^[13]
Huahine cuckoo-dove	Macropygia arevarevauupa	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	700-1150	Undetermined.^[13]
Huahine swamphen	Porphyrio mcnabi	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	700-1150	Undetermined.^[13]
Cuban cave rail	Nesotrochis picapicensis	Cuba	760	Undetermined.^[88]
Insular cave rat	Heteropsomys insulans	Puerto Rico	772-870	Undetermined.^[75]
Sinoto's lorikeet	Vini sinotoi	Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia	810-1025	Hunting.^[90]
Conquered lorikeet	Vini vidivici	Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands	810-1025	Hunting.^[90]
Malagasy aardvark	Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis	Central and southern Madagascar	865-965	Undetermined.^[11]
Grandidier's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys grandidieri	Madagascar	c. 884^[12]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Southern giant ruffed lemur	Pachylemur insignis	Southwestern Madagascar	890-990^[35]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Giant aye-aye	Daubentonia robusta	Southern Madagascar	900-1150	Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing.^[76]
Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California, United States	c. 950	Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion.^[91]
Grandidier's koala lemur	Megaladapis grandidieri	Madagascar	980-1170	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[76]

2nd millennium CE[]

11th-12th century[]

A Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus skeleton compared to a common hippopotamus skull.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus lemerlei	Southwestern Madagascar^[92]	c. 1000^[93]	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[76]
Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus madagascariensis	Northwestern and central Madagascar^[92]	c. 1000^[94]	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[76]
Henderson archaic pigeon	Bountyphaps obsoleta	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	1000-1600	Undetermined.^[13]
Henderson imperial pigeon	Ducula harrisoni	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	1000-1600	Undetermined.^[13]
Henderson ground dove	Pampusana leonpascoi	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	1000-1600	Undetermined.^[13]
Puerto Rican nesophontes	Nesophontes edithae	Puerto Rico	1015-1147	Undetermined.^[75]
Lava shearwater	Puffinus olsoni	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	1020-1260	Predation by introduced black rats and cats.^[95]
Elephant bird	Aepyornis maximus	Southern Madagascar	1040-1380	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[76]
Nēnē-nui	Branta hylobadistes	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1046-1380	Undetermined.^[13]
Edwards' baboon lemur	Archaeolemur edwardsi	Central Madagascar^[96]	1047-1280^[50]	Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[76]
Maui Nui moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1057-1375	Undetermined.^[13]
Maui stilt-owl	Grallistrix erdmani	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1057-1440	Undetermined.^[13]
New Zealand swan	Cygnus sumnerensis	New Zealand and the Chatham Islands	1059-1401	Hunting.^[13]
Tenerife giant rat	Canariomys bravoi	Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain	1100-1300	Hunting.^[97]
Abaco tortoise	Chelonoidis alburyorum	Abaco Islands, Bahamas	c. 1170	Undetermined.^[12]
Barbuda giant rice rat	Megalomys audreyae	Barbuda	1173-1385	Undetermined.^[13]
Atalaye nesophontes	Nesophontes hypomicrus	Hispaniola	1175-1295	Undetermined.^[98]
New Zealand owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles novaezealandiae	New Zealand	1183	Predation by introduced polynesian rats.^[99]

13th-14th century[]

Skeletal mounts of various moa species (1868).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Causes
Abrupt giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys abrupta	Madagascar	c. 1200^[12]	Hunting and aridification.^[76]
Common koala lemur	Megaladapis madagascariensis	Madagascar	1206-1427^[35]	Hunting.^[76]
South Island adzebill	Aptornis defossor	South Island, New Zealand	1234-1445	Undetermined.^[81]
St. Michel nesophontes	Nesophontes paramicrus	Hispaniola	1265-1400	Undetermined.^[98]
Lava mouse	Malpaisomys insularis	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	1270	Possibly disease spread by introduced rats.^[100]
Mantell's moa	Pachyornis geranoides	North Island, New Zealand	1278-1415	Hunting.^[13]
North Island giant moa	Dinornis novaezelandiae	North Island, New Zealand	1286-1390	Hunting.^[101]
Heavy-footed moa	Pachyornis elephantopus	Eastern South Island, New Zealand	1294-1438	Hunting.^[102]
Western Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes micrus	Cuba	1295-1430	Undetermined.^[98]
Haitian nesophontes	Nesophontes zamicrus	Hispaniola	1295-1430	Undetermined.^[13]
Upland moa	Megalapteryx didinus	South Island, New Zealand	1300-1422	Hunting.^[102]
Edwards' koala lemur	Megaladapis edwardsi	Madagascar	1300-1430	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[76]
Bush moa	Anomalopteryx didiformis	New Zealand	1310-1420	Hunting.^[102]
Eastern moa	Emeus crassus	South Island, New Zealand	1320-1350	Hunting.^[103]
Haast's eagle	Hieraaetus moorei	South Island, New Zealand	1320-1350	Hunting?^[103]
Southern sloth lemur	Palaeopropithecus ingens	Southwestern Madagascar	1320-1630	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[76]
Hispaniola woodcock	Scolopax brachycarpa	Hispaniola	1320-1380	Undetermined.^[104]
Waitaha penguin	Megadyptes waitaha	Coastal South Island, New Zealand	1347-1529	Hunting.^[105]
Scarlett's shearwater	Puffinus spelaeus	Western South Island, New Zealand	1350	Predation by polynesian rats.^[95]
Great ground dove	Pampusana nui	French Polynesia and Cook Islands	1390-1470	Undetermined.^[13]
Crested moa	Pachyornis australis	Subalpine South Island, New Zealand	1396-1442	Hunting.^[102]

15th-16th century[]

Taxidermied Falkland Island wolf, the closest relative of the South American Dusicyon avus (both extinct).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Tenerife giant lizard	Gallotia goliath	Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands	1400-1500		Hunting.^[97]
Kauaʻi finch	Telespiza persecutrix	Kaua'i and Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1425-1660		Undetermined.^[13]
South Island giant moa	Dinornis robustus	South Island, New Zealand	1451-1952^[102] (1558-1728)^[106]		Hunting.^[102]
South American wolf	Dusicyon avus	Southern Cone	1454-1626		Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs.^[107]
Broad-billed moa	Euryapteryx curtus	North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand	1464-1637^[102] (1542-1618)^[108]		Hunting.^[102]
Finsch's duck	Chenonetta finschi	New Zealand	1500-1600	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced polynesian rats.^[109]
Olson's petrel	Bulweria bifax	Saint Helena	1502	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and introduced predators?^[110]
Vespucci's giant rat	Noronhomys vespucii	Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil	1503	2008 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[111]
Galápagos giant rat	Megaoryzomys curioi	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1520-1950^[13]	2008 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced predators.^[112]
Puerto Rican hutia	Isolobodon portoricensis	Hispaniola and Gonâve; Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands	1525 (confirmed) c. 1800 (unconfirmed)	1994-2008 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced black rats.^[113]
Cayman Islands hutia	Capromys sp.	Cayman Islands	1525-1625^[5] c. 1700 (estimated)^[89]		Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates.^[89]
Hispaniolan edible rat	Brotomys voratus	Hispaniola	1550-1670^[5]	1994 (IUCN)	Introduced rats.^[114]

17th century[]

Depiction of a live dodo by Ustad Mansur, c. 1625.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Bermuda saw-whet owl	Aegolius gradyi	Bermuda	c. 1600	2014 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[115]
Hodgens's waterhen	Tribonyx hodgenorum	New Zealand	1600-1700	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.^[116]
Bermuda night heron	Nyctanassa carcinocatactes	Bermuda	1610	2014 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[117]
Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	1627	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations.^[118] There are several ongoing projects to re-breed wild-type aurochs and release them into the wild.
Ascension crake	Mundia elpenor	Ascension Island	1656	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[119]
Dodo	Raphus cucullatus	Mauritius, Mascarene Islands	1662 (confirmed) 1688 (unconfirmed)^[120]	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[121]
Larger malagasy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus laloumena	Eastern Madagascar	1670-1950 (confirmed)^[50] 1976 (unconfirmed)		Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming.^[76] Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned.^[122]
Réunion sheldgoose	Alopochen kervazoi	Réunion, Mascarene Islands	1671-1672	1710 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat destruction.^[123]
Réunion kestrel	Falco duboisi	Réunion	1671-1672	2004 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[124]
Réunion fody	Foudia delloni	Réunion	c. 1672	2016 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced rats.^[125]
Broad-billed parrot	Lophopsittacus mauritianus	Mauritius	1673-1675	1693 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[126]
Réunion rail	Dryolimnas augusti	Réunion	1674	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats.^[127]
Réunion pigeon	Nesoenas duboisi	Réunion	1674	1988 (IUCN)	Probably introduced rats and cats.^[128]
Réunion night heron	Nycticorax duboisi	Réunion	1674	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[129]
Giant vampire bat	Desmodus draculae	Eastern South America; Central America (Pleistocene)^[130]	1675-1755		Undetermined.^[131]
Mauritius sheldgoose	Alopochen mauritiana	Mauritius	1693	1698 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[132]
Red rail	Aphanapteryx bonasia	Mauritius	1693	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[133]
Mascarene coot	Fulica newtonii	Mauritius and Réunion	1672 (Réunion) 1693 (Mauritius)	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[134]
Mauritius night heron	Nycticorax mauritianus	Mauritius	1693	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[135]
Mascarene teal	Anas theodori	Mauritius; Réunion?	1696	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[136]

18th century[]

Drawing of Steller's sea cow by Sven Larsson Waxell (1742).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Guadeloupe parakeet	Psittacara labati	Guadeloupe	1724	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[137]
Rodrigues rail	Erythromachus leguati	Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands	1726	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[138]
Rodrigues owl	Mascarenotus murivorus	Rodrigues	1726	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals.^[139]
Rodrigues starling	Necropsar rodericanus	Rodrigues	1726	1761 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[140]
Rodrigues pigeon	Nesoenas rodericanus	Rodrigues	1726	1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced black rats.^[141]
Rodrigues night heron	Nycticorax megacephalus	Rodrigues	1726	1761 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[142]
Réunion swamphen	Porphyrio caerulescens	Réunion, Mascarene Islands	c. 1730	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[143]
Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis inepta	Mauritius	c. 1735^[12]	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[144]
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis triserrata	Mauritius	c. 1735^[12]	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[145]
	Corynanthe brachythyrsus	Cameroon	1746	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[146]
Atlantic gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus	North Atlantic and the Mediterranean	550 (Europe) 1760 (North America)		Whaling. The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean.^[147]
Rodrigues parrot	Necropsittacus rodricanus	Rodrigues	1761	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[148]
Rodrigues solitaire	Pezophaps solitaria	Rodrigues	1761	1778 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[149]
Steller's sea cow	Hydrodamalis gigas	Bering Sea; Northern Pacific coasts from Japan to Baja California (Pleistocene)	1762-1763	1768 1986 (IUCN)	Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins.^[150]
Réunion ibis	Threskiornis solitarius	Réunion	1763	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[151]
Mauritius grey parrot	Lophopsittacus bensoni	Mauritius and Réunion	1764	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[152]
Raiatea parakeet	Cyanoramphus ulietanus	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1773	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.^[153]
Tanna ground dove	Alopecoenas ferrugineus	Tanna, Vanuatu	1774	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting?^[154]
Raiatea starling	?Aplonis ulietensis	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1774	1850 2016 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced rats.^[155]
Moorea sandpiper	Prosobonia ellisi	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1777	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[156]
Tahiti sandpiper	Prosobonia leucoptera	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1777	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[157]
Martinique amazon	Amazona martinicana	Martinique	1779	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[158]
Guadeloupe amazon	Amazona violacea	Guadeloupe	1779	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[159]
Tahiti crake	Zapornia nigra	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1784	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced predators.^[160]
White swamphen	Porphyrio albus	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1790	1834 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[161]
Oceanic eclectus parrot	Eclectus infectus	Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?	1793	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[162]
Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus	Overberg; South Africa (Pleistocene)	1799-1800	1986 (IUCN)^[163]	Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture.^[23]

19th century[]

1800s-1820s[]

Drawing of a spotted green pigeon by John Latham (1823).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis peltastes	Rodrigues	c. 1800^[12]	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[164]
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis vosmaeri	Rodrigues	c. 1800^[12]	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[165]
Kangaroo Island emu	Dromaius baudinianus	Kangaroo Island, Australia	1802 (confirmed) 1827 (unconfirmed)	1837 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[166]
King Island emu	Dromaius minor	King Island, Australia	1802	1805 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[167]
Smooth handfish	Sympterichthys unipennis	Southeastern Tasmania?	1802	2020 (IUCN)	Fishing?^[168]
Wynberg conebush	Leucadendron grandiflorum	Cape Peninsula, South Africa	1806	2020 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction.^[169]
Spotted green pigeon	Caloenas maculata	Tahiti, French Polynesia?	1823 (confirmed) 1928 (unconfirmed)	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting?^[170]
Maupiti monarch	Pomarea pomarea	Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1823	1988 (IUCN)	Probably introduced species.^[171]
Mysterious starling	Aplonis mavornata	Mauke, Cook Islands	1825	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced brown rats.^[172]
ʻĀmaui	Myadestes woahensis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1825	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.^[173]
Mauritius blue pigeon	Alectroenas nitidissimus	Mauritius	1826 (confirmed) 1837 (unconfirmed)^[174]	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and deforestation.^[175]
Kosrae crake	Zapornia monasa	Kosrae, Micronesia	1827-1828	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[176]
Kosrae starling	Aplonis corvina	Kosrae, Micronesia	1828	1880 1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced rats.^[177]
Bonin grosbeak	Carpodacus ferreorostris	Bonin Islands, Japan	1828 (confirmed) 1890 (unconfirmed)	1854 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[178]
Bonin thrush	Zoothera terrestris	Bonin Islands, Japan	1828	1889 1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[179]
Tonga ground skink	Tachygyia microlepis	Tonga	c. 1829^[180]	1996 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats.^[181]

1830s-1840s[]

Only drawing of a live hoopoe starling, by Paul Jossigny (c. 1770).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Delalande's coua	Coua delalandei	Nosy Boraha, Madagascar	1834	1994 (IUCN)	Deforestation.^[182]
Mascarene parrot	Mascarinus mascarin	Réunion, Mascarene Islands	1775 (wild) 1834 (captive)	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[183]
Atlas bear	Ursus arctos crowtheri	Northern Maghreb	1834^[184]		Possibly habitat fragmentation.^[184] Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa.^[185] It is not known which type survived until more recent times.
Oʻahu ʻakialoa	Akialoa ellisana	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1837 (confirmed) 1940 (unconfirmed)	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[186]
Hoopoe starling	Fregilupus varius	Réunion, Mascarene Islands	1837 (confirmed) 1850-1860 (unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation.^[187]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō	Moho apicalis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1837	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.^[188]
Mauritius owl	Mascarenotus sauzieri	Mauritius, Mascarene Islands	1837	1859 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.^[189]
Oʻahu nukupuʻu	Hemignathus lucidus	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1838-1841 (confirmed) 1860 (unconfirmed)	1890	Undetermined.^[190]
Large Samoan flying fox	Pteropus coxi	Samoan Islands	1839-1841	2020 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[191]
Réunion giant tortoise	Cylindraspis indica	Réunion, Mascarene Islands	c. 1840^[12]	1994 (IUCN)^[192]	Undetermined.
Dieffenbach's Rail	Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1840	1872 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire.^[193]
Black-fronted parakeet	Cyanorhamphus zealandicus	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1844	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.^[194]

1850s-1860s[]

Painting of great auks by John James Audubon (1827-1838).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Daudin's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii	Mahé, Seychelles	c. 1850		Undetermined.^[12]
Floreana giant tortoise	Chelonoidis niger	Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	c. 1850^[12]	1996 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and introduced species. Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island.^[195]
Southern black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis bicornis	Southwestern Africa	c. 1850		Undetermined.^[196]
Christmas sandpiper	Prosobonia cancellata	Kiritimati, Kiribati	c. 1850	2014 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[197]
Turquoise-throated puffleg	Eriocnemis godini	Northern Ecuador	1850 (confirmed) 1976 (unconfirmed)		Habitat destruction.^[198]
Spectacled cormorant	Phalacrocorax perspicillatus	Commander Islands; Kamchatka coast?	1850	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[199]
String tree	Acalypha rubrinervis	Central ridge of St Helena island	1850-1875 (captive)	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[200]
Norfolk kaka	Nestor productus	Norfolk Island, Australia	1851 (captive)	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[201]
Great auk	Pinguinus impennis	North Atlantic and western Mediterranean	1852	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[202]
Small Samoan flying fox	Pteropus allenorum	Upolu, Samoa	1856	2020 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[203]
Gould's mouse	Pseudomys gouldii	Southern Australia	1856-1857	1990 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by feral cats, habitat degradation by livestock, and changed fire regime.^[204] A 2021 genetic analysis suggests that Gould's mouse is actually conspecific with the Shark Bay mouse that survives on four islands off the coast of Western Australia.^[205]
Kioea	Chaetoptila angustipluma	Hawaii, United States	1859	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators.^[206]
Sea mink	Neovison macrodon	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	c. 1860 (confirmed) 1894 (unconfirmed)	2002 (IUCN)	Hunting for the fur trade.^[207]
	Pseudoyersinia brevipennis	Hyères, France	1860	2020 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[208]
Gould's emerald	Riccordia elegans	Jamaica?	1860	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[209]
Jamaican poorwill	Siphonorhis americana	Jamaica	1860		Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses.^[210]
Small Mauritian flying fox	Pteropus subniger	Mauritius and Réunion	1862 (confirmed) 1864-1873 (unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and deforestation.^[211]
Cuban macaw	Ara tricolor	Cuba and Juventud	1864 (confirmed) 1885 (unconfirmed)	2000 (IUCN)	Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade.^[212]
Cape lion	Panthera leo melanochaita	Cape Province, South Africa	1865		Extermination campaign.^[213] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name.^[214]
Eastern elk	Cervus canadensis canadensis	Eastern North America	1867^[215]	1880^[216]	Hunting. It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first.^[217]^[218]
Kawaihae hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus bombycinus	Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States^[219]	1868^[220]		Undetermined.

1870s-1880s[]

Quagga painted by Jacques-Laurent Agasse (1821).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
North Island snipe	Coenocorypha barrierensis	North Island, New Zealand	1870	2014 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats.^[221]
Cape warthog	Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus	Cape Province, South Africa	1871		Undetermined.^[222]
Tasmanian emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis	Tasmania, Australia	1845-1846 (wild)^[223] 1873 (captive)^[224]		Hunting.
Tristan moorhen	Gallinula nesiotis	Tristan da Cunha	1873-1900	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire.^[225]
Samoan woodhen	Pareudiastes pacificus	Savai'i, Samoa	1873 (confirmed) 2003 (unconfirmed)		Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs.^[226]
Large Palau flying fox	Pteropus pilosus	Palau	Before 1874	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.^[227]
Percy Island flying fox	Pteropus brunneus	Percy Islands, Australia	1874	1996 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss.^[228]
Newton's parakeet	Alexandrinus exsul	Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands	1875	1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss and hunting. The last pairs may have been killed by the 1876 cyclone season.^[229]
Labrador duck	Camptorhynchus labradorius	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	1875 (confirmed) 1878 (unconfirmed)^[230]	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss.^[231]
New Zealand quail	Coturnix novaezelandiae	New Zealand	1875	1988 (IUCN)	Introduced diseases?^[232]
Broad-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops	Western Australia	1875	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats and habitat loss.^[233]
Falkland Islands wolf	Dusicyon australis	Falkland Islands	1876	1986 (IUCN)	Extermination campaign.^[234]
Himalayan quail	Ophrysia superciliosa	Uttarakhand, India	1876 (confirmed) 2010 (unconfirmed)		Hunting and habitat loss.^[235]
Brace's emerald	Riccordia bracei	New Providence, Bahamas	1877	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[236]
Jamaican rice rat	Oryzomys antillarum	Jamaica	1877	2008 (IUCN)	Competition with introduced rats,^[55] or predation by introduced mongooses.^[237]
Navassa Island iguana	Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis	Navassa Island	1878	2011 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[238]
Jamaican petrel	Pterodroma caribbaea	Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe?	1879		Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.^[239]
Parras characodon	Characodon garmani	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1880-1889?^[240]	1953^[241] 1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss.^[240]
Saint Lucia giant rice rat	Megalomys luciae	Saint Lucia	c. 1881	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced mongooses.^[242]
Quagga	Equus quagga quagga	Cape Province, South Africa	1860-1865 (wild)^[243] 1883 (captive)	1889^[243] 1986 (IUCN)^[244]	Hunting.
Hawaiian rail	Zapornia sandwichensis	Eastern Hawai'i (and Molokai?), United States	1884	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced rats, cats, and dogs.^[245]
Bennett's seaweed	Vanvoorstia bennettiana	Sydney Harbor, Australia	1886	2003 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and pollution.^[246]
Hokkaido wolf	Canis lupus hattai	Hokkaido, Japan	c. 1889		Extermination campaign.^[247]^{[better source needed]}
Bonin wood pigeon	Columba versicolor	Bonin Islands, Japan	1889	1988 (IUCN)	Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[248]
Whiteline topminnow	Fundulus albolineatus	Huntsville, Alabama, United States	1889		Habitat destruction.^[240]
Eastern hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides	Interior southeastern Australia	1889^[249]	1982 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires.^[250]
Sturdee's pipistrelle	Pipistrellus sturdeei	Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan	1889	1994 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[251]

1890s[]

Kauaʻi nukupuʻu by J. G. Keulemans (1893-1900).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Portuguese ibex	Capra pyrenaica lusitanica	Portuguese-Galician border	c. 1890^[252]		Hunting.
New Caledonian rail	Cabalus lafresnayanus	New Caledonia	1890 (confirmed) 1984 (unconfirmed)		Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats.^[253]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu	Hemignathus hanapepe	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	1890 (confirmed)^[254] 2007 (unconfirmed)		Undetermined.
New Zealand bittern	Ixobrychus novaezelandiae	New Zealand	1890-1899	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[255]
Lesser koa finch	Rhodacanthis flaviceps	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1891	1893 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[256]
Maui Nui ʻakialoa	Akialoa lanaiensis	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1892	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[257]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane	Ciridops anna	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1892 (confirmed) 1937 (unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[258]
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat	Nyctimene sanctacrucis	Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands	1892 (confirmed) 1907 (unconfirmed)	1994 (IUCN)	Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat.^[259]
St. Vincent pygmy rice rat	Oligoryzomys victus	St. Vincent	1892	2008 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses.^[260]
Chatham fernbird	Poodytes rufescens	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1892	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.^[261]
Chatham rail	Cabalus modestus	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1893-1895	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals.^[262]
Harelip sucker	Lagochila lacera	Southeastern United States	1893		Possibly water siltation and pollution.^[240]
Seychelles parakeet	Psittacula wardi	Seychelles	1893	1906 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[263]
Kona grosbeak	Chloridops kona	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1894	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[264]
North Island takahē	Porhyrio mantelli	North Island, New Zealand	1894	2000 (IUCN)	Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting.^[265]
Hawkins's rail	Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1895	2005 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[266]
Lyall's wren	Traversia lyalli	New Zealand	1895	1895 1988 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.^[267]
Greater koa finch	Rhodacanthis palmeri	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1896	1906 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.^[268]
Newfoundland wolf	Canis lupus beothucus	Newfoundland, Canada	1896 (confirmed)^[269] 1911 (unconfirmed)		Hunting.
Martinique giant rice rat	Megalomys desmarestii	Martinique	1897 (confirmed) 1902 (unconfirmed)	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced mongooses.^[270]
Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni	Central María Madre Island, Mexico	1897	1996 (IUCN)	Competition with introduced black rats.^[271]
Hawaii mamo	Drepanis pacifica	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1899	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease.^[272]

20th century[]

1900s[]

Painting of pig-footed bandicoots by John Gould.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Caucasian moose	Alces alces caucasicus	Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian shore of the Black Sea^[273]	c. 1900		Hunting. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia recolonized the Caucasian moose's former range naturally over the 20th century.^[274]
Saint Croix racer	Borikenophis sanctaecrucis	Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands	c. 1900		Undetermined.^[275]
Gravenche	Coregonus hiemalis	Lake Geneva	c. 1900	2008 (IUCN)	Eutrophication and overfishing.^[276]
Leafshell	Epioblasma flexuosa	Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States	1900^[277]		Undetermined.
Southern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus ecaudatus	Interior Australia	1901 (confirmed) 1950s (unconfirmed)	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats and red foxes.^[278]
Tennessee riffleshell	Epioblasma propinqua	Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States	1901^[279]		Undetermined.
Greater ʻamakihi	Viridonia sagittirostris	Wailuku river, Hawai'i Island, United States	1901	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for sugarcane agriculture.^[280]
Rocky Mountain locust	Melanoplus spretus	Rocky Mountains and North American Prairie	1902	2014 (IUCN)^[281]	Breeding habitat loss due to irrigation and cattle ranching.
Auckland merganser	Mergus australis	South, Stewart, and Auckland Island, New Zealand	1902	1910 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced animals.^[282]
North Island piopio	Turnagra tanagra	North Island, New Zealand	1902 (confirmed) 1970 (unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[283]
Guadalupe caracara	Caracara lutosa	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1903	1988 (IUCN)	Extermination campaign.^[284]
Stumptooth minnow	Stypodon signifer	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1903		Habitat degradation and pollution.^[240]
Choiseul pigeon	Microgoura meeki	Choiseul, Solomon Islands	1904	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by feral dogs and cats.^[285]
Japanese wolf	Canis lupus hodophilax	Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan	1905 (confirmed)^[286] 1910-1996 (unconfirmed)^[287]^[288]		Hunting and a rabies-like epidemic.^[247]
South Island piopio	Turnagra capensis	South Island, New Zealand	1905 (confirmed) 1963 (unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats.^[289]
Chatham bellbird	Anthornis melanocephala	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1906	1938 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction, predation by rats and cats, and overhunting by collectionists.^[290]
Black mamo	Drepanis funerea	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1907	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by introduced rats and mongooses.^[291]
Huia	Heteralocha acutirostris	North Island, New Zealand	1907 (confirmed)^[292] 1963 (unconfirmed)^[293]	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and deforestation of old growth forests to make pastures for livestock.
Huia louse	Rallicola extinctus	North Island, New Zealand	1907?	1990	Extinction of its host.^[294]
	Persoonia laxa	Sydney's Northern Beaches, Australia	1908	2020 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction.^[295]
Robust white-eye	Zosterops strenuus	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1908	1928 1988 (IUCN)	Predation by black rats.^[296]
Cumberland leafshell	Epioblasma stewardsonii	Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States	1909^[297]		Undetermined.
Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Europe	1879 (wild)^[298] 1909 (captive)		Hunting and hybridization with domestic horses.

1910s[]

Depiction of juvenile, male, and female passenger pigeons, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1910).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Maui hau kuahiwi	Hibiscadelphus wilderianus	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1910^[219]	1978 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[299]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi	Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States	1910		Hybridization with rainbow trout and competition with lake trout, both introduced.^[240]
Slender-billed grackle	Quiscalus palustris	Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico	1910	1988 (IUCN)	Draining of marshlands.^[300]
Cape Verde giant skink	Chioninia coctei	Cape Verde	1912 (confirmed) 2005 (unconfirmed)	1996 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats.^[301]
Guadalupe storm petrel	Oceanodroma macrodactyla	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1912		Predation by feral cats, and habitat degradation by goat grazing.^[302]
New Caledonian lorikeet	Charmosyna diadema	New Caledonia	1913 (confirmed) 1976 (unconfirmed)	1998	Undetermined.^[303]
Canary Islands oystercatcher	Haematopus meadewaldoi	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Spain; Senegal?	1913 (confirmed) 1981 (unconfirmed)		Overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates.^[304]
Passenger pigeon	Ectopistes migratorius	Eastern North America	1901 (wild, confirmed)^[305] 1902-1907 (unconfirmed)^[305]^[306] 1914 (captive)		Hunting and habitat loss.
Laughing owl	Ninox albifacies	New Zealand	1914 (confirmed) 1960 (unconfirmed)^[307]	1988 (IUCN)	Competition or predation by introduced stoats and cats.^[308]
Kenai Peninsula wolf	Canis lupus alces	Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States	c. 1915^[309]		Extermination campaign.
Lord Howe starling	Aplonis fusca hulliana	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1918	1928 1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced black rats.^[310]
Bernard's wolf	Canis lupus bernardi	Banks Island, Canada	1918-1952^[311]		Undetermined. It's been suggested that Bernard's wolf should be merged with the extant arctic wolf^[312] or other wolves from the continent.^[311]
Carolina parakeet	Conorupsis carolinensis	Eastern and central United States	1910 (wild) 1918 (captive) 1930s (wild, unconfirmed)	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced bees.^[313]
Lānaʻi hookbill	Dysmorodrepanis munroi	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1918	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for pineapple agriculture, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[314]
Appalachian Barbara's buttons	Marshallia grandiflora	Henderson and Polk counties, North Carolina, United States	1919	2020	Undetermined.^[315]

1920s[]

A paradise parrot photographed next to its burrow in 1922.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Florida black wolf	Canis rufus^[316] floridanus	Southeastern United States	c. 1920		Hunting and habitat loss.^[316]
True fera	Coregonus fera	Lake Geneva	1920	2008 (IUCN)	Eutrophication and overfishing.^[317]
Great Plains wolf	Canis lupus nubilus	North American prairie	1922^[318]	1926^[319]	Extermination campaign. The Great Plains wolf has been later determined to be continuous morphologically^[312] and genetically^[320] with the still existing Mexican wolf, which would use the name C. l. nubilus if placed in the same subspecies, due to being the older one.
Red-moustached fruit dove	Ptilinopus mercierii	Marquesas, French Polynesia	1922	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced great horned owls, rats, and cats.^[321]
Norfolk Island starling	Aplonis fusca fusca	Norfolk Island, Australia	1923	1968 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[310]
Laysan honeycreeper	Himatione fraithii	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1923	2016 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.^[322]
Nazareno	Monteverdia lineata	Western Cuba	1923	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat degradation.^[323]
Round combshell	Epioblasma personata	Tennessee, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States	1924		Undetermined.^[324]
California grizzly bear	Ursus arctos californicus	California, United States	1924		Hunting.^[325]
Bubal hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus	North Africa and Southern Levant	1925		Hunting.^[326]
Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti anthonyi	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico	1926	2008 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats.^[327]
Thick-billed ground dove	Alopecoenas salamonis	Solomon Islands	1927	2005 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[328]
Caucasian wisent	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus Mountains	1927^[329]		Hunting. Hybrid descendants exist in captivity, and have been reintroduced to the wild.^[330]
Snake River sucker	Chasmistes muriei	Snake River, United States	1927		Hybridization with the Utah sucker after dams changed the river's flow.^[240]
Syrian wild ass	Equus hemionus hemippus	Near East	1927		Hunting.^[331]
Cry pansy	Viola cryana	Cry, Yonne, France	1927	2011 (IUCN)	Overcollection by botanists and limestone quarrying.^[332]
Utah Lake sculpin	Cottus echinatus	Utah Lake, Utah, United States	1928		Increased water pollution and salinity caused by agriculture, and introduced fishes. The last individuals may have been killed by drought in the 1930s.^[240]
Lord Howe gerygone	Gerygone insularis	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1928	1936 1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[333]
Paradise parrot	Psephotellus pulcherrimus	Eastern Australia	1928	1994 (IUCN)	Probably habitat degradation.^[334]
	Acalypha wilderi	Northwestern Rarotonga, Cook Islands	1929	2014 (IUCN)	Deforestation for agriculture and housing development. Doubts exist about it being distinct from still living A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis; if indeed the same, the older name A. wilderi prevails.^[335]

1930s[]

"Benjamin", the last known thylacine, photographed in 1933.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Tahiti rail	Hypotaenidia pacifica	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1930-1939	1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[336]
St Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda, Scotland	1930		Complete evacuation of St Kilda's human population, which it depended on.^[337]
Darwin's Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys darwini	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1930		Competition, predation, and exotic pathogens from introduced black rats.^[338]
Nuku Hiva monarch	Pomarea nukuhivae	Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	1930-1939 (confirmed) 1977 (unconfirmed)	1972 2006 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction and predation by introduced species.^[339]
Silver trout	Salvelinus agassizi	Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States	1930		Overfishing and introduction of exotic fish.^[240]
Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti bunkeri	Coronados Islands, Mexico	1931	2008 (IUCN)	Depletion of food resources and predation by feral cats.^[340]
Heath hen	Tympanuchus cupido cupido	East Coast of the United States	1932		Hunting, predation by feral cats, wildfires, and histomoniasis transmitted by domestic poultry.^[341]^[342]
Wolseley conebush	Leucadendron spirale	Breede River Valley, South Africa	1933	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for timber plantations and agriculture, competition with invasive plants.^[343]
Lost shark	Carcharhinus obsoletus	Southern South China Sea	1934		Fishing.^[344]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō	Moho nobilis	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1934	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss and disease.^[345]
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys indefessus	Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1934	2008 (IUCN)	Introduction of black rats.^[346]
Aguelmame Sidi Ali trout	Salmo pallaryi	Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco	1934^[347]	2006 (IUCN)	Introduction of the common carp.^[348]
Desert rat-kangaroo	Caloprymnus campestris	Central Australia	1935 (confirmed) 1957-2011 (unconfirmed)	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced red foxes and cats.^[349]
Mogollon mountain wolf	Canis lupus mogollonensis	Arizona, United States	1935^[350]^{[better source needed]}		Hunting. The subspecific differences between extinct Great Plains wolf, Mogollon mountain wolf, Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, and surviving Mexican wolf have been denied on morphological grounds.^[312]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf	Canis lupus youngi	Southern Rocky Mountains	1935^[350]^{[better source needed]}
Ryukyu wood pigeon	Columba jouyi	Ryukyu, Japan	1936	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[351]
Thylacine	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Australia and New Guinea	3050 BCE (New Guinea)^[17] 1277-1229 BCE (Australia)^[352] 1931 (Tasmania)^[353] 1936 (captivity) 1937-2000 (unconfirmed)^[354]	1982 (IUCN)^[355]	Competition with humans and dingos, extermination campaign (in Tasmania).
Bali tiger	Panthera tigris balica	Bali, Indonesia	1937 (confirmed)^[213] 1972 (unconfirmed)		Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support a subspecific differentiation with the living Sumatran tiger.^[214]
Marquesas swamphen	Porphyrio paepae	Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, French Polynesia	1937	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and predation by rats and cats.^[356]
Pahranagat spinedace	Lepidomeda altivelis	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States	1938		Competition and predation by introduced common carps, mosquitofish, and American bullfrogs.^[240]
Eastern cougar	Puma concolor couguar	Eastern North America	1938 (confirmed)^[357] 1992 (unconfirmed)	2011^[358]	Hunting. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation between the eastern cougar and living cougars in Florida and Western North America;^[214] if placed under a single subspecies, this would have the name P. c. couguar because of being older.
Grass Valley speckled dace	Rhynichthys osculus reliquus	Lander County, Nevada, United States	1938		Introduction of the rainbow trout.^[240]
Schomburgk's deer	Rucervus schomburgki	Central Thailand	1932 (wild) 1938 (captive)	1994 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[359]
Grand Cayman thrush	Turdus ravidus	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands	1938	1965 1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss.^[360]
Toolache wallaby	Macropus greyi	Southeastern Australia	1924 (wild, confirmed) 1939 (captive) 1943-1970s (wild, unconfirmed)	1982 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture, hunting, and predation by introduced red fox.^[361]

1940s[]

Laysan rail photographed in 1913.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Sugarspoon	Epioblasma arcaeformis	Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, United States	c. 1940	1983 (IUCN)	Damming.^[362]
Lesser ʻakialoa	Akialoa obscura	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1940	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation and introduced disease-carrying mosquitos.^[363]
Cascade mountain wolf	Canis lupus fuscus	Continental Cascadia^[312]	1940^[350]^{[better source needed]}		Hunting.
Las Vegas dace	Rhinichthys deaconi	Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States	1940	1965	Habitat destruction.^[240]
Javan lapwing	Vanellus macropterus	Java, Indonesia	1940		Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[364]
Arabian ostrich	Struthio camelus syriacus	Arabian Peninsula and the Near East	c. 1941 (confirmed) 1966 (unconfirmed)		Hunting.^[365]
Texas gray wolf	Canis lupus monstrabilis	Texas, United States	1942^[350]^{[better source needed]}		Hunting. The Texas gray wolf has been at times included within either the extinct Great Plains wolf or the living Mexican wolf on morphological grounds.^[312]
	Eriocaulon inundatum	Senegal coast	1943	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for salt mining.^[366]
Barbary lion	Panthera leo leo	North Africa	1943 (confirmed)^[213] 1956 (unconfirmed)		Habitat loss from desertification and human activities, followed by extermination campaign. Hybrid descendants are believed to exist in captivity.^[367] However, genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with living wild lions in Asia, West and Central Africa,^[214] which would be named P. l. leo if placed within a single subspecies.
Desert bandicoot	Perameles eremiana	Central Australia	1943 (confirmed) 1960-1970 (unconfirmed)	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.^[368]
American ivory-billed woodpecker	Campephilus principalis principalis	Southern United States	1944 (confirmed)^[369] 2008 (unconfirmed)^[370]^[371]		Logging and hunting.
Laysan rail	Zapornia palmeri	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1944	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and guinea pigs, and predation by introduced rats.^[372]
Wake Island rail	Hypotaenidia wakensis	Wake Island, United States	1945	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and destruction caused by fighting in World War II.^[373]
Ash Meadows killifish	Empetrichthys merriami	Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States	1948		Predation by introduced bullfrogs and red swamp crayfish.^[240]
Pink-headed duck	Rhodonessa caryophyllacea	Northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar	1949 (confirmed) 2011 (unconfirmed)		Habitat loss to agriculture.^[374]

1950s[]

Japanese sea lion drawn by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1823-1829).

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Little Swan Island hutia	Geocapromys thoracatus	Little Swan Island, Honduras	c. 1950	1996 (IUCN)	Introduced rats.^[375]
San Martín Island woodrat	Neotoma bryanti martinensis	Isla San Martín, Mexico	1950-1960	2008 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats.^[376]
Japanese sea lion	Zalophus japonicus	Japanese Islands and Korea	1951 (confirmed) 1975 (unconfirmed)	1994 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[377]
Deepwater cisco	Coregonus johannae	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1952	1986 (IUCN)	Overfishing, predation by introduced lampreys, and hybridization with more common ciscoes.^[240]
Caribbean monk seal	Neomonachus tropicalis	Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico	1952 (confirmed) 1962 (unconfirmed)^[378]	1994 (IUCN) 2008^[379]	Hunting.^[380]
Ilin Island cloudrunner	Crateromys paulus	Mindoro and Ilin Islands, Philippines	50 BCE (Mindoro)^[17] 1953 (Ilin)		Deforestation?^[381]
Raycraft Ranch killifish	Empetrichthys latos concavus	Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States	1953		Predation by introduced carps and bullfrogs.^[240]
Maravillas red shiner	Cyprinella lutrensis blairi	Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States	1954	1987	Introduction of plains killifish.^[240]
Plateau chub	Evarra eigenmanni	Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1954	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution.^[382]
Coosa elktoe	Alasmidonta mccordi	Coosa River, Alabama, United States	1956	2000 (IUCN)	Impoundment of the Coosa River.^[383]
Imperial woodpecker	Campephilus imperialis	North-Central Mexico	1956		Hunting and habitat loss.^[384]
Levuana moth	Levuana iridescens	Viti Levu, Fiji	1956^[385]	1994 (IUCN)^[386]	Introduction of the parasitic fly Bessa remota by coconut farmers, as a form of biological pest control. It's been argued that L. iridescens was not actually native to Fiji and that lack of post-1956 records is the result of diminished enthomological research after Fiji's independence.^[385]
Crescent nail-tail wallaby	Onychogalea lunata	Western and central Australia	1956^[387]	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced foxes and feral cats, human-induced habitat degradation.^[388]
Thicktail chub	Gila crassicauda	California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States	1957		Habitat destruction for agriculture and introduced fish.^[240]
Scioto madtom	Noturus trautmani	Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States	1957	2013 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[389]
Hainan ormosia	Ormosia howii	Hainan and Guangdong, China	1957^[390]	1998 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation for agriculture.^[391]
Pahrump Ranch poolfish	Empetrichthys latos pahrump	Nye County, Nevada, United States	1958		Habitat destruction by excessive water pumping.^[240]
Blue Pike	Stizostedion vitreum glaucum	Lake Erie, Ontario, and Niagara River	1958	1983	Overfishing and hybridization with walleye.^[392]
Santa Barbara song sparrow	Melospiza melodia graminea	Santa Barbara Island, California, United States	1959	1983	Wildfire.^[392]

1960s[]

Only kouprey seen outside Cambodia: a male at Vincennes Zoo, photographed in 1937.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Lesser bilby	Macrotis leucura	Deserts of Australia	c. 1960	1982 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and red foxes, and changes to the fire regime.^[393]
Candango mouse	Juscelinomys candango	Brasilia, Brazil	1960	2008 (IUCN)	Urban sprawl.^[394]
Viesca mud turtle	Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum	Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico	1961		Aridification.^[395]
Semper's warbler	Leucopeza semperi	St Lucia mountains	1961 (confirmed) 2015 (unconfirmed)		Predation by introduced Javan mongooses.^[396]
Durango shiner	Notropis aulidion	Tunal river, Durango, Mexico	1961		Pollution and introduced species.^[240]
Kākāwahie	Paroreomyza flammea	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	1961-1963	1979 1994 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[397]
Red-bellied gracile opossum	Cryptonanus ignitus	Jujuy, Argentina	1962	2008 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture and industry development.^[398]
Hawaii chaff flower	Achyranthes atollensis	The atolls Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, United States	1964	2003 (IUCN)	Habitat loss due to the construction of military installations.^[399]
	Barbodes disa	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)	Overfishing and predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[400]^[401]^[402]^[403]^[404]^[405]
Katapa-tapa	Barbodes flavifuscus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)
Kandar	Barbodes lanaoensis	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)
Bitungu	Barbodes pachycheilus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)
	Barbodes palata	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)
Bagangan	Barbodes resimus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1964	2020 (IUCN)
South Island snipe	Coenocorypha iredalei	South and Stewart islands, New Zealand	1964	2014 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced animals.^[406]
Lake Ontario kiyi	Coregonus kiyi orientalis	Lake Ontario	1964		Overfishing, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication, and water pollution.^[240]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner	Notropis simus simus	Upper Rio Grande	1964		Possibly habitat degradation and introduced species.^[240]
Crested shelduck	Tadorna cristata	Primorye, Hokkaido, and Korea; Northeastern China?	1964 (confirmed) 1971 (unconfirmed)		Undetermined.^[407]
Turgid blossom	Epioblasma turgidula	Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States	1965		Damming and water pollution.^[408]
Independence Valley tui chub	Gila bicolor isolata	Warm Springs, Nevada, United States	1966		Predation by introduced species.^[240]
Narrow catspaw	Epioblasma lenior	Tennessee River system, United States	1967		Damming.^[409]
Saint Helena earwig	Labidura herculeana	Saint Helena	1967		Predation by introduced animals.^[410]
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat	Mystacina robusta	New Zealand	1967	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced Polynesian and black rats.^[411]
Amistad gambusia	Gambusia amistadensis	Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States	1968	1987	Flooding of the spring by the Amistad Reservoir, hybridization and predation.^[392]^[240]
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa	Akialoa stejnegeri	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	1969	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[412]
Blackfin cisco	Coregonus nigripinnis	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1969		Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with other ciscoes.^[240]
Tubercled blossom	Epioblasma torulosa torulosa	Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States	1969		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.^[413]
Kouprey	Bos sauveli	Northeastern Cambodia	1969-1970 (confirmed)^[414] 1982-1983 (unconfirmed)^[415]		Hunting.

1970s[]

A Caspian tiger photographed at the Berlin Zoo in 1899.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Mexican dace	Evarra bustamantei	Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1970	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution.^[416]
Endorheic chub	Evarra tlahuacensis	Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico	1970	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution.^[417]
Saudi gazelle	Gazella saudiya	Arabian Peninsula	1970	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[418]
Clear Lake splittail	Pogonichthys ciscoides	Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States	1970		Habitat destruction and pollution from agriculture.^[240]
Acornshell	Epioblasma haysiana	Tennessee and Cumberland River systems, United States	1970-1979		Exposure to domestic sewage.^[419]
Tecopa pupfish	Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States	1972	1982	Habitat degradation and introduced bluegill sunfish and mosquito fish.^[392]
Tropical acidweed	Desmarestia tropica	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1972		Undetermined.^[420]
Mason River myrtle	Myrcia skeldingii	Mason River, Jamaica	1972	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[421]
Bushwren	Xenicus longipes	New Zealand	1972	1994 (IUCN)	Probably introduced predators.^[422]
Bitungu	Barbodes truncatulus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1973	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[423]
Bar-winged rail	Hypotaenidia poeciloptera	Fiji	1973	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced cats and mongooses.^[424]
	Barbodes herrei	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1974	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[425]
Aragua robber frog	Pristimantis anotis	Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela	1974		Chytridiomycosis?^[426]
Bagangan	Barbodes clemensi	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1975	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[427]
Bitungu	Barbodes palaemophagus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1975	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[428]
Longjaw cisco	Coregonus alpenae	Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie	1975	1986 (IUCN)	Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with introduced ciscoes.^[240]
Phantom shiner	Notropis orca	Rio Grande	1975		Possibly habitat loss, hybridization with the bluntnose shiner, and introduction of exotic fishes.^[240]
	Barbodes tras	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1976	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[429]
Mexican grizzly bear	Ursus arctos nelsoni	Aridoamerica	1976^[430]		Hunting.
	Barbodes katolo	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1977	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[431]
	Barbodes manalak	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1977	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[432]
Colombian grebe	Podiceps andinus	Bogotá wetlands, Colombia	1977	1994 (IUCN)	Habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and predation of chicks by introduced rainbow trout.^[433]
Eiao monarch	Pomarea fluxa	Eiao, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	1977	2006 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced cats, black rats, and Polynesian rats; disease transmitted by introduced chestnut-breasted mannikin, and habitat loss due to grazing by sheep.^[434]
White-eyed river martin	Eurochelidon sirintarae	Central Thailand	1978		Hunting and habitat loss.^[435]
Little earth hutia	Mesocapromys sanfelipensis	Key Juan García, Cuba	1978		Hunting, man-made fires, and competition with black rats.^[436]
Japanese river otter	Lutra lutra whiteleyi	Japan	1979	2012	Hunting and habitat loss.^[437]
Caspian tiger	Panthera tigris virgata	Transcaucasia, Kurdistan, Hyrcania, Afghanistan, and Turkestan	1972 (wild, confirmed) 1979 (captive) 2007 (wild, unconfirmed)		Hunting and desertification.^[213] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation with extant mainland tigers.^[214]
Mount Glorious day frog	Taudactylus diurnus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	1979	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[438]

1980s[]

Ivory-billed woodpecker pair photographed in 1935.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Maui nukupu'u	Hemignathus affinis	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1980^[439]		Undetermined.
Olomaʻo	Myadestes lanaiensis	Maui, Lana'i, and Molokai, Hawaii	1980 (confirmed) 2005 (unconfirmed)		Disease and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs, axis deer, and mosquitos.^[440]
	Anabarilius macrolepis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	1981	2011 (IUCN)	Drying of the lake for 20 days, after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.^[441]
Mariana mallard	Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti	Mariana Islands	1979 (wild) 1981 (captive)^[442]	2004	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[443]
Yilong carp	Cyprinus yilongensis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	1981	1996 (IUCN)	Drying of the lake after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.^[444]
Puhielelu hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1981		Predation by introduced axis deer.^[219]
Bishop's ʻōʻō	Moho bishopi	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	1981	2000 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture and livestock grazing, followed by the introduction of black rats and disease-carrying mosquitos.^[445]
Southern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus silus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	1981	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.^[446]
Galápagos damsel	Azurina eupalama	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1982-1983		1982-83 El Niño event.^[447]
Pait	Barbodes amarus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1982	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced fishes.^[448]
San Marcos gambusia	Gambusia georgei	San Marcos spring and river, Texas, United States	1983	1990	Reduced flow and pollution from agriculture, introduced fishes and plants (Colocasia esculenta), and hybridization with Gambusia affinis.^[449]
24-rayed sunstar	Heliaster solaris	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1983		1982-83 El Niño event.^[450]
Guam flycatcher	Myiagra freycineti	Guam	1983	1994 (IUCN) 2004^[443]	Predation by the introduced brown tree snake.^[451]
Formosan clouded leopard	Neofelis nebulosa brachyura	Taiwan	1983 (confirmed) 2019 (unconfirmed)	2013^[452]^{[better source needed]}	Hunting. Subspecific status has been denied on morphological and genetic grounds.^[214]
Aldabra brush-warbler	Nesillas aldabrana	Malabar Island, Seychelles	1983	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced cats and rats, and habitat degradation by goats and tortoises.^[453]
Atitlán grebe	Podilymbus gigas	Lake Atitlán, Guatemala	1983-1986	1994 (IUCN)	Predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, water level fall after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, and degradation of breeding sites due to reed-cutting and tourism development.^[454]
Green blossom	Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum	Tennessee River system, United States	1984		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.^[413]
Javan tiger	Panthera tigris sondaica	Java, Indonesia	1984	1994	Hunting and habitat loss.^[213] Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with the extant Sumatran tiger; if placed in the same subspecies, this would have the name P. t. sondaica due to being older.^[214]
California condor louse	Colpocephalum californici	North America	c. 1985		Delousing of all surviving California condors as prerequisite for their captive breeding program.^[13]
Christmas Island shrew	Crocidura trichura	Christmas Island, Australia	1985 (confirmed) 1998 (unconfirmed)		Undetermined.^[455]
Kāmaʻo	Myadestes myadestinus	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	1985 (confirmed) 1991 (unconfirmed)	2004 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and disease spread by introduced mosquitos.^[456]
Ua Pou monarch	Pomarea mira	Ua Pou, Marquesas, French Polynesia	1985 (confirmed) 2010 (unconfirmed)		Deforestation and predation by introduced black rats.^[457]
Northern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus vitellinus	Mid-eastern Queensland, Australia	1985	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.^[458]
Alaotra grebe	Tachybaptus rufolavatus	Lake Alaotra, Madagascar	1985 (confirmed) 1988 (unconfirmed)	2010 (IUCN)	Hunting, accidental capture in nylon gillnets, predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, striped snakehead, and Tilapia; habitat degradation from agriculture, and hybridization with the little grebe.^[459]
Zanzibar leopard	Panthera pardus adersi	Unguja Island, Tanzania	1986 (confirmed) 2018 (unconfirmed)		Extermination campaign.^[213] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.^[460]
Banff longnose dace	Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada	1986	1987	Habitat degradation, competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.^[461]
Dusky seaside sparrow	Ammospiza maritima nigrescens	Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States	1980 (wild) 1987 (captive)	1990	Flooding and draining of marshes to reduce mosquito population.^[462]
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker	Campephilus principalis bairdii	Cuba	1987 (confirmed) 1998 (unconfirmed)		Habitat loss.^[369]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho braccatus	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	1987	2000 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and introduced black rats, pigs, and disease-carrying mosquitos. The last female was killed by Hurricane Iwa during the 1982-1983 El Niño event.^[463]
Maui ʻakepa	Loxops ochraceus	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1988		Undetermined.^[464]
Bachman's warbler	Vermivora bachmanii	Southeastern United States and Cuba	1988^[465]		Habitat destruction from swampland draining and sugarcane agriculture.^[466]
Golden toad	Incilius periglenes	Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	1989	2020 (IUCN)	Anthropogenic global warming, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.^[467]

1990s[]

A Chiriqui harlequin frog, one of several recent amphibian extinctions.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Baolan	Barbodes baoulan	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	1991	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced fishes.^[468]
Splendid poison frog	Oophaga speciosa	Western Panama	1992	2020 (IUCN)	Chytridiomycosis.^[469]
Chiriqui harlequin frog	Atelopus chiriquiensis	Talamanca-Chiriqui mountains, Costa Rica	1996		Chytridiomycosis.^[470]
Barbary leopard	Panthera pardus panthera	Atlas Mountains	1996		Hunting.^[213] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.^[460]
Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail	Partula turgida	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1992 (wild) 1996 (captive)	1996 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[471]
Green and red venter harlequin toad	Atelopus pinangoi	Mérida, Venezuela	1997		Chytridiomicosis, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced trout.^[472]
Iberian lynx louse	Felicola isidoroi	Iberian Peninsula	1997		Undetermined.^[473]

3rd millennium CE[]

21st century[]

2000s[]

"Qiqi", the last captive Chinese river dolphin, which died in 2002.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Pyrenean ibex	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees;^[252] Cantabrian Mountains?^[474]	2000 (briefly cloned in 2003)	2000 (IUCN)^[475]	Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates.^[476]^[477]
Glaucous macaw	Anodorhynchus glaucus	Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay	2001		Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed.^[478]
Polynesian tree snail	Partula labrusca	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1992 (wild) 2002 (captive)	2007 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[479]
Saint Helena olive	Nesiota elliptica	Saint Helena	1994 (wild) 2003 (captive)	2003 (IUCN)	Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers.^[480]
Chinese paddlefish	Psephurus gladius	Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China	2003	2019 (IUCN)^[481]	Overfishing; construction of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges dams, causing population fragmentation and blocking the anadromous spawning migration.
Chinese river dolphin	Lipotes vexillifer	Middle and lower Yangtze, China	2002 (captive) 2007-2018 (wild, unconfirmed)	2007^[482]	Hunting, increased pollution and naval traffic, and habitat loss including as a result of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam.
Po'ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States	2004	2019 (IUCN)	Introduced avian malaria and predators.^[483]
Western black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis longipes	South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area	2006	2011 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[484]
South Island kōkako	Callaeas cinereus	South Island, New Zealand	2007 (confirmed) 2018 (unconfirmed)		Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats.^[485]
Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Australia	2009	2015 (IUCN)^[486]	Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming.^[487]
Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi	Christmas Island, Australia	2009	2017 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[488]

2010s[]

"Lonesome George", the last full-blooded Pinta Island tortoise, photographed in 2006.

Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Last record	Declared extinct	Causes
Vietnamese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus	South China and Indochina	2010	2011	Hunting.^[489]
Pinta Island tortoise	Chelonoidis abingdonii	Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1971 (wild) 2012 (captive)	2012 (IUCN)^[490]	Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants of this species still exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human action.^[491]
Christmas Island forest skink	Emoia nativitatis	Christmas Island, Australia	2008 (wild) 2014 (captive)	2017 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[492]
Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog	Ecnomiohyla rabborum	El Valle de Antón, Panama	2008 (wild) 2016 (captive)		Chytridiomycosis.^[493]
Oahu treesnail	Achatinella apexfulva	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1997 (wild) 2019 (captive)		Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[494]

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^ Hume, J. P. (2011). "Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species". Zootaxa. 3124: 1–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-825-5. S2CID 86886330.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alectroenas nitidissimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691601A93318208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691601A93318208.en.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Porzana monasa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Aplonis corvina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ IUCN
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Zoothera terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ The Reptile Database. The only known specimens were collected by Jules Dumont d'Urville during the Astrolabe expedition, which returned to France in that year.
^ Allison, A., Hamilton, A. & Tallowin, O. (2012). "Tachygyia microlepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T21286A2775072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T21286A2775072.en.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Coua delalandei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarinus mascarin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685258A93065531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en. (old version)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
^ Calvignac, S. et al. (2008) "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times." Molecular Ecology, Vol. 17: 1962-1970.
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa ellisiana". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T103823212A119725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823212A119549725.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Fregilupus varius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Moho apicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Mascarenotus sauzieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf
^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus coxi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T84931267A95642285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84931267A95642285.en. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ IUCN
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692455A93354540.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Cyanoramphus zealandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ IUCN
^ Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977) The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
^ Birdlife International (2014). "Prosobonia cancellata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Eriocnemis godini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Urile perspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696750A93584099. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
^ Lambdon, P.W. & Ellick, S. (2016). "Acalypha rubrinervis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T37854A67371775. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37854A67371775.en.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Nestor productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International. (2016). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22694856A93472944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694856A93472944.en. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus allenorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T84882966A84882990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84882966A84882990.en. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ IUCN
^ Roycroft, Emily; MacDonald, Anna J.; et al. (6 July 2021). "Museum genomics reveals the rapid decline and extinction of Australian rodents since European settlement". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (27). doi:10.1073/pnas.2021390118. ISSN 0027-8424.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Chaetoptila angustipluma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Helgen, K. & Turvey, S.T. (2016). "Neovison macrodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40784A45204492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40784A45204492.en.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ IUCN
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Chlorostilbon elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Siphonorhis americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.M.; Bergmans, W. & Howell, K. (2008). "Pteropus subniger". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T18761A8580195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18761A8580195.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Ara tricolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation. In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11).
^ Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (1897), p. 334.
^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2016). "Cervus canadensis canadensis (Eastern Elk)" , fws.gov; retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Cervus canadensis at IUCN
^ Gill et al. (2013) Are elk native to Texas?
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Champion, J.H. (2020) Biogeography and phylogenetics of the Hawaiian endemic Hibiscadelphus, Hau Kuahiwi (Malvaceae).
^ "Hibiscadelphus bombycinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T30774A9577547. 1998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30774A9577547.en.
^ Birdlife International (2014). "Coenocorypha barrierensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015.old-form url
^ Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010) Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review. Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Dromaius novaehollandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678117A131902466. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^ Le Souëf, D. (1904). Extinct Tasmanian Emu. Emu, 3(4), 229-231.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Gallinula nesiotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2013). "Gallinula pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Bonaccorso, F.J.; Helgen, K.; Allison, A. (2019). "Pteropus pilosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18749A22086230.
^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18718A22078015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18718A22078015.en. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psittacula exsul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685465A93074571. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685465A93074571.en.
^ Renko, Amanda. "EXTINCT: Seeking a bird last seen in 1878". Star Gazette. Star Gazette. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Camptorhynchus labradorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680418A92862623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Coturnix novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Australasian Mammal Assessment Workshop (2008). "Potorous platyops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.old-form url Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct
^ IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (2008). "Dusicyon australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2013). "Ophrysia superciliosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Chlorostilbon bracei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ IUCN
^ Powell, R. (2011). "Cyclura onchiopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Pterodroma caribbaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698097A132625182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698097A132625182.en.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Miller, R.R., Williams, J.D., & Williams, J.E. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries, 14(6), 22-38.
^ Koeck, M. (2019). "Characodon garmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T4530A3000349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T4530A3000349.en.
^ IUCN
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bryden, H. (1889). Kloof and Karoo. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 393–403. ASIN B00CNE0EZC.
^ Hack, M. A.; East, R.; Rubenstein, D. I. (2008). "Equus quagga quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Porzana sandwichensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Millar, A.J.K. (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Australia) (2003). "Vanvoorstia bennettiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T43993A10838671. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43993A10838671.en.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf." Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, Nº1.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Columba versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Tim Flannery; Peter Schouten (2001). A gap in nature.
^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes leporides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11163A21954274. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11163A21954274.en. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
^ Fukui, D. & Sano, A. (2020). "Pipistrellus sturdeei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T17365A22123157. Retrieved 10 July 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Acevedo, P., & Cassinello, J. (2009). Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal Review, 39(1), 17-32.
^ BirdLife International (2013). "Gallirallus lafresnayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Westrip, J. (2016) Nukupuu (Hemignathus lucidus) is being split: list H. lucidus as Extinct and H. affinis and H. hanapepe as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)?
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Ixobrychus novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Rhodacanthis flaviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa lanaiensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T103823431A119549974. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Ciridops anna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Leary, T.; Helgen, K.; Hamilton, S. (2020). "Nyctimene sanctacrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14961A22008025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14961A22008025.en. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ Turvey, S.T. & Dávalos, L. 2019. Oligoryzomys victus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T15255A22357957. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T15255A22357957.en. Downloaded on 11 March 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Bowdleria rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Cabalus modestus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Psittacula wardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Chloridops kona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Porphyrio mantelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Traversia lyalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Rhodacanthis palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Glover, A. (1942), Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 205-206.
^ IUCN
^ Timm, R., Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Lacher, T. 2017. Oryzomys nelsoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T15583A22388135. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en. Downloaded on 11 March 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Drepanis pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy. Cranium 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.
^ Sipko, T.P. & Kholodova, M.V. (2009) Fragmentation of Eurasian moose populations during periods of population depression. Alces, Vol. 45: 25-34
^ Platenberg R., Powell R. (2016). "Borikenophis sanctaecrucis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T40791A115177079. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ IUCN
^ NatureServe Explorer
^ Burbidge, A.; Dickman, C. & Johnson, K. (2008). "Chaeropus ecaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008.old-form url
^ NatureServe
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Hemignathus sagittirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Hochkirch, A. (2014). "Melanoplus spretus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51269349A55309428.en.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Mergus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Turnagra tanagra". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728820A94997902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728820A94997902.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Caracara lutosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Microgoura meeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T22691086A39248835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22691086A39248835.en.
^ Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax Temminck, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes". Zoological Science. 26 (11): 765–70
^ Yoshiyuki M., Imaizumi Y., Record of Canis hodophirax Temminck, 1839 captured in the garden of the Castle of Fukui, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
^ Morita M., Yagi H., 2015, Size estimation of so-called "Chichibu wild dog" from photographs: comparison with known structures and application of super-impose method., ISSN 1345-1987, Animate (12), pp. 1–10 (pdf)
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Turnagra capensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705595A94026176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705595A94026176.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Anthornis melanocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Drepanis funerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Barrie, Heather; Robertson, Hugh (2005). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (Revised ed.). Viking.
^ Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M; Cowling, SJ, eds. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
^ Mey, Eberhard (1990): Eine neue ausgestorbene Vogel-Ischnozere von Neuseeland, Huiacola extinctus (Insecta, Phthiraptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 224(1/2): 49-73
^ IUCN
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Zosterops strenuus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ NatureServe
^ Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski: Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008
^ "Hibiscadelphus wilderianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T30397A9536660. 1998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30397A9536660.en.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Quiscalus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Vasconcelos R (2013). Chioninia coctei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Oceanodroma macrodactyla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2013). "Charmosyna diadema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Haematopus meadewaldoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Greenberg, J. (2014) A Feathered River Across the Sky: The Passenger Pigeon's Flight to Extinction. New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-62040-534-5.
^ Fuller, E. (2014). The Passenger Pigeon. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16295-9.
^ Williams, G. R. & Harrison, M. (1972): The Laughing Owl Sceloglaux albifacies (Gray. 1844): A general survey of a near-extinct species. Notornis 19(1): 4-19.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Sceloglaux albifacies". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Bangs, E.E. et al. (1982) "Effects of increased human populations on wildlife resources of the Kenai Peninsula." In Transsactions of the Forty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, ed. Kenneth Sabol (Washington, D.C., 1982)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis fusca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710511A94249210. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Carbyn, L.N. et al. (1995) Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. University of Alberta Press, 620 pages.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chambers, S. M., Fain, S. R., Fazio, B., & Amaral, M. (2012). An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses. North American Fauna, (77), 1-67.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Conuropsis carolinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dysmorodrepanis munroi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ Marshallia grandiflora NatureServe
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Parker, W.T. (1990) Red Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 110 pages.
^ Maurice Kottelat & Jörg Freyhof (2008) Coregonus fera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species v. 2015-4
^ A Biological Survey of North Dakota, Vernon, B. (1926) North American Fauna, Number 49: pp. 150–156.
^ Cook (6 July 1964). "News Release" (PDF). Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Department of the Interior. p. I. Retrieved 26 January 2018. Extinct Mammals of the United States: Plains wolf, Canus lupus nubilus (1926) — Great Plains
^ Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Wayne, Robert K. (2004). "FAST TRACK: Legacy lost: Genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus)". Molecular Ecology. 14 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02389.x. PMID 15643947. S2CID 11343074.
^ BirdLife International (2012). "Ptilinopus mercierii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione fraithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103829706A119553201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en.
^ IUCN
^ NatureServe
^ Storer, T.I. & Tevis, L.P. (1996) California Grizzly. University of California Press, 335 pages.
^ Harper, F. (1945) Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 850 pages.
^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Castro-Arellano, I. 2018. Neotoma bryanti ssp. anthonyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T14576A124171511. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14576A124171511.en. Downloaded on 11 March 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopecoenas salamonis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T22691056A93301654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691056A93301654.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People’s Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]
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[Ecnomiohyla-493] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2019. Ecnomiohyla rabborum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T85341796A54357363. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en. Downloaded on 20 July 2019.

[NHM-494] Katie Pavid (2019) "Death of George the tree snail marked the first extinction of 2019". Natural History Museum. Published January 15, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2019.

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