Toronto van attack

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Toronto van attack
Attack location is located in Toronto
Attack location
Attack location
Attack location (Toronto)
LocationNorth York City Centre, North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DateApril 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)
1:22 p.m.–1:32 p.m. (EDT)
Attack type
Vehicle-ramming attack, mass murder, misogynist terrorism
WeaponChevrolet Express van
Deaths11 (including one victim who died in 2021)
Injured15
MotiveNotoriety;[1][2] incel ideology[1]
ConvictedAlek Minassian
VerdictGuilty of 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder
[Interactive fullscreen map]

The Toronto van attack was a domestic terrorist vehicle-ramming attack that occurred on April 23, 2018, when a rented van was driven along Yonge Street through the North York City Centre business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The driver, Alek Minassian, targeted pedestrians, killing 11 and injuring 15, some critically.[3][4] The incident is the deadliest vehicle-ramming attack in Canadian history.[5][6][7][8][9]

The attack started at the intersection of Yonge Street and Finch Avenue and proceeded south along the sidewalks of Yonge Street to near Sheppard Avenue. Nine of the eleven deceased victims were women.[10][4] Minassian was taken into custody just south of the crime scene, after leaving the van and reportedly attempting to commit suicide by cop. The arrest was made at 1:32 p.m. EDT, seven minutes after the first 9-1-1 call reporting the incident was made.[11]

The attack is characterized as misogynist terrorism because it was motivated by revenge for perceived sexual and social rejection by women. At the time of his arrest, Minassian described himself as an incel to police and in prior social media postings.[12] Minassian pleaded not criminally responsible to the 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder in November 2020, but was found guilty on all counts in March 2021.[13] The judge stated in Minassian's guilty verdict that "working out his exact motivation for this attack is ... close to impossible" but she "was inclined to accept" assessments by multiple expert witnesses that Minassian likely lied to police and that notoriety was his main motivation, although misogyny or incel ideology may have played a role.[1]

Incident[]

The first 9-1-1 call reporting pedestrians being hit was received at 1:25 p.m. Eastern Time.[14][15] At Finch Avenue, a white Chevrolet Express van, rented from Ryder, ran a red light, then drove southbound on the west-side sidewalk of Yonge Street, striking multiple pedestrians.[15][16] The van continued along the sidewalk for several more blocks, hitting additional pedestrians.[17][18] Security camera video from a local business shows the van reaching Tolman Street, which is one block south of Finch Avenue, at 1:24 p.m. At one point, the van re-entered the roadway due to the narrowness of the sidewalk, but at Park Home Avenue, the van again drove onto the sidewalk, hitting pedestrians in front of Mel Lastman Square, a civic plaza on the west-side of Yonge Street, 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) south of Finch Avenue (16 blocks).[19]

Paramedics were dispatched immediately to the site, and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was activated as an emergency centre. Nine people died at the scene. At 8:15 p.m., the Toronto Police Service (TPS) announced that a tenth person had died. An eleventh individual died 3 1/2 years later, on October 28, 2021, after being paralyzed from neck down and never leaving the hospital.[20][21]

aerial view of Mel Lastman Square looking west from across the street
Mel Lastman Square in June 2015

A single police officer in traffic control capacity,[22] TPS constable Ken Lam, intercepted the damaged van, which was stopped on the north sidewalk on Poyntz Avenue, just west of Yonge Street and two blocks south of Sheppard Avenue, about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) south of where the attack began. Lam stopped his cruiser near the van and confronted the suspected driver, later identified as Alek Minassian, standing near the opened driver-side door.[17][23]

During the confrontation, Minassian repeatedly drew his hand from his back pocket and pointed a dark-coloured object toward the police officer as if it were a pistol.[23][24][25] Lam ordered Minassian to drop to the ground, while Minassian tried repeatedly to provoke the officer to kill him, demanding he be shot "in the head!" when the officer warned him he may be shot. Lam then went to his cruiser and turned off its siren. As Minassian and Lam advanced towards each other, the officer recognized that the object in Minassian's hand was not a gun, holstered his pistol, and took out his baton to avoid the use of unnecessary lethal force. Minassian then dropped the object from his hand, lay down on the ground and surrendered to Lam. He was arrested at 1:32 p.m.[26]

Victims[]

#Torontostrong memorial in Olive Square, North York, April 27, 2018

The eleven victims killed in the attack, ranging from 22 to 94 years old, were:

  • Beutis Renuka Amarasinghe, 45, nutritionist[27]
  • Andrea Knafelc Bradden, 33, Slovenian-Canadian account executive[28]
  • Geraldine Brady, 83, Avon saleswoman[29]
  • So He Chung, 22, University of Toronto student[30]
  • Anne Marie D'Amico, 30, financial analyst[31][32]
  • Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Forsyth, 94, retiree[33]
  • Chul Min "Eddie" Kang, 45, chef[34]
  • Ji Hun Kim, 22, Seneca College student from South Korea[35]
  • Munir Najjar, 85, Jordanian retiree visiting family[36]
  • Dorothy Sewell, 80, retiree[27][34]
  • Amaresh Tesfamariam, 65, nurse (She initially survived the attack, but was paralyzed from neck down and never left the hospital. She died on October 28, 2021, as a result of her serious injuries.)[21]

Fifteen others were injured, including Robert Anderson, Amir Kiumarsi, Aleksandra Kozhevinikova, Mavis Justino, Morgan McDougall, Jun Seok Park, Samantha Peart, So Ra, Catherine Riddell, Sammantha Samson, Beverly Smith and Yunsheng Tian.[37]

Perpetrator[]

Alek Minassian
Born (1992-11-03) November 3, 1992 (age 29)[38]
OccupationSoftware developer
Criminal statusDetained, awaiting sentence
Conviction(s)10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder
Criminal charge
Military career
Service/branchCanadian Army
Years of service0 (released before any training took place)
RankPrivate (recruit)
Service numberC23249161

Police identified the suspect as Alek Minassian, who had no prior criminal history.[39][40] His father, Vahe, had moved from Armenia to Canada and worked as a software developer and his mother, Sona, was from Iran and had a job at an IT company.[41] Minassian was also a software and mobile app developer.[42]

According to his LinkedIn profile, he was a student at Seneca College in North York from 2011 to 2018 and lived in Richmond Hill. Minassian had attended Sixteenth Avenue Public School, an elementary school in Richmond Hill, in a special education class.[43][42] His former classmates at Thornlea Secondary School in Thornhill described him as "not overly social" and "harmless".[26][44] Minassian attended a special needs class for students within the autism spectrum while at Thornlea Secondary School;[45] Minassian's mother is quoted as saying in a 2009 article that her son has Asperger syndrome.[46]

In late 2017, Minassian enrolled in the Canadian Armed Forces for two months, before requesting voluntary release after 16 days of recruit training.[47] A senior military official said that Minassian "wasn't adapting to military life, including in matters of dress, deportment and group interactions in a military setting" and "there were no red flags and nothing that would point to anything like this."[48]

Following the attack, a Facebook post made by Minassian was uncovered in which he identified himself as an incel ("involuntary celibate").[26][49] The state of involuntary celibacy refers to being unable to find sexual partners[50] and its subculture consists of primarily male online communities.[51][52] The post, dated shortly before the beginning of the attack on April 23, allegedly read:

Private (Recruit) Minassian Infantry 00010, wishing to speak to Sgt 4chan please. C23249161. The Incel Rebellion has already begun! We will overthrow all the Chads and Stacys! All hail the Supreme Gentleman Elliot Rodger![9][53]

"Chad" and "Stacy" are nicknames used on incel-related forums within 4chan and Reddit, to refer to popular, attractive, sexually active men and women, respectively.[54][55] The term "Incel Rebellion" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "Beta Uprising" or "Beta Male Uprising", which refers to a violent response to sexlessness.[56] Elliot Rodger was the mass murderer behind the 2014 Isla Vista killings in California, and someone whom Minassian claimed to have had contact with up until the days before the 2014 attacks.[57][58][59] Rodger intended to target attractive women and sexually successful men, which led to him being posthumously idolized by some people on misogynistic online fringe communities, including several incel websites.[60] Facebook, Inc. verified the account as Minassian's.[26][58] A source in the Department of National Defence told media that C23249161 was Minassian's military identification number during his army training.[61]

Legal proceedings[]

On April 24, 2018, Minassian appeared without a lawyer before the Ontario Court of Justice in a Toronto courthouse, shackled and wearing a white prison jumpsuit. He was charged with 10 counts of first degree murder and 13 counts of attempted murder and ordered not to contact any of the alleged attempted murder victims.[39][62] His father, Vahe Minassian, attended the hearing. He told reporters that he had not spoken to his son.[63] Minassian was charged with three additional counts of attempted murder on May 10: a total of 16 counts.[64] He later retained Toronto criminal defence lawyer Boris Bytensky to represent him.[65] His trial was initially scheduled for February 10, 2020,[66] later moved to March 2,[67] and later moved to April 6, but was postponed again because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, to November.[12][68]

The trial began on November 10, 2020 and was conducted over Zoom due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[69] Minassian, who had already admitted to planning and carrying out the attack, pleaded not criminally responsible to the 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder.[70][71] During testimony on November 12, a psychiatrist retained by Minassian's defence team stated in a report that Minassian's "autistic way of thinking was severely distorted in a way similar to psychosis," despite Minassian not being technically psychotic.[72] Attempts by Minassian and his defence to claim that he was not responsible for his actions due to his autism garnered criticism from autism rights advocates, who expressed concerns that the trial might worsen stigmas towards autistic people.[1]

In the decision, Ontario Superior Court Justice Anne Molloy wrote that Minassian seemed to be motivated by the desire for notoriety, and referred to him as "Mr. Doe" so as to avoid giving him further recognition.[1] She wrote, "It is almost impossible to tell when Mr. Doe is lying and when he is telling the truth. Working out his exact motivation for this attack is likewise close to impossible," but that "nevertheless, I am inclined to accept the assessment of all of the experts that Mr. Doe did lie to the police about much of the incel motivation he talked about and that the incel movement was not in fact a primary driving force behind the attack."[1] She also rejected his attempt to use his autism as a defence.[2] On March 3, 2021, Minassian was found guilty on all counts in a verdict that was given by Molloy and streamed live on YouTube.[73] The judge deferred sentencing until 2022, to await the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in the appeal of Alexandre Bissonnette on whether prisoners can be made to serve murder sentences consecutively.[74]

Aftermath[]

The Toronto subway and bus services in the area were immediately closed or rerouted by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).[23] Parts of Yonge Street were cordoned off until late on April 24, 2018 for the police investigation.[75][76][18] Civic buildings in the area were closed late April 23 and remained closed throughout April 24. Area businesses were allowed to remain open, but in areas of pedestrian deaths, those fronting on Yonge Street were allowed access from only the rear entrances.[77] Many businesses in the most affected areas chose to close down for all of April 24, while some opened at different times of the afternoon of April 24. The area was fully open and transit services resumed by April 25.

Security was heightened around a meeting of G7 security ministers being held in Toronto in advance of the 44th G7 summit in La Malbaie, Quebec.[78] The ministers were briefed on the attack shortly after it occurred and the day after the attack, the meeting's agenda included discussion on "soft targets", terrorism and social media, and online youth radicalization.[79] The incident was included in the 2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada.[80] Faisal Hussain, the alleged perpetrator of the 2018 Toronto shooting had also developed an interest in inceldom prior to his attack but police found no evidence of radicalization.[81]

Sporting events[]

Around the Air Canada Centre, roads were closed and blocked off with dump trucks, due to safety concerns for fans gathered at Maple Leaf Square to watch the National Hockey League playoff game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins on the evening of April 23.[82][83] A moment of silence was observed during the game in sympathy for the victims.[84]

Concrete barriers were put up along the edge of the northern sidewalk along Bremner Boulevard in front of the Rogers Centre, due to the same safety concerns prior to the Toronto Blue Jays baseball game against the Boston Red Sox on April 24, 2018.[85] Prior to the game, the Blue Jays honoured a few of the first responders in a ceremony, which included a video memorial for the victims of the attack followed by a moment of silence.[86]

Reactions[]

Memorial scene in Mel Lastman Square, April 27, 2018
#Torontostrong vigil in Mel Lastman Square, April 29, 2018

Many domestic leaders expressed their support and condolences in the immediate aftermath of the attack, including Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,[87] Opposition Leader Andrew Scheer,[87] Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne,[16] and Toronto Mayor John Tory.[88]

Constable Ken Lam was lauded as a hero for his measured use of force to achieve a non-fatal resolution of his confrontation with Minassian, despite Minassian's seeking suicide by cop.[89] Lam insisted that he was simply performing his duty.[90][91]

Lighting at the CN Tower and the 3D Toronto sign at Nathan Phillips Square were colourless and dimmed for the evening of April 23, 2018. Flags were placed at half-mast at most government locations in Toronto and surrounding municipalities.[92]

An impromptu memorial at Olive Square Park on the east-side of Yonge Street, directly across the street from where the attack began, was started by a local resident at 5:15 p.m. of the same day for people to place flowers and express their grief in writing.[93] The person who started the memorial indicated that all the other public spaces along Yonge Street, including Mel Lastman Square, were cordoned off by police tape so he chose Olive Square which was not cordoned off.[94] Small memorials ranging from a few bunches of flowers to about two dozen bunches of flowers, plus paper messages, photographs and candles in some cases, were established at each location from just south of Finch Avenue to just south of Park Home Avenue where a pedestrian was killed (at the southwest corner of Yonge Street and Park Home Avenue two victims were killed).[95] Next to the fountain at the entry to Mel Lastman Square, where the greatest number of people were struck (at least two killed), another memorial gradually grew to become a hub memorial almost as large as the one at Olive Square.[95]

#TorontoStrong[]

Several crowdfunding campaigns were set up to raise money for the expenses of the victims' families.[96][97] To better coordinate crowdfunding, the City of Toronto established the #TorontoStrong Fund to support victims and their families, first responders, and those affected by trauma.[98] The hashtag was reused in memoriam of the victims of a fatal mass shooting that occurred in the Danforth on July 22 of the same year.

Several vigils were held in the following week. A small vigil was held at Lastman Square on the evening of April 24.[99] Another was held by the Toronto Korean Community Association on April 27 at Lastman Square. An official #TorontoStrong Vigil was held by the City of Toronto on April 29, attended by several thousand.[100][99] It began with a march from Yonge Street and Finch Avenue and ended with a gathering at Lastman Square. Speaking at the gathering were community leaders and the event was attended by Prime Minister Trudeau, Governor General Julie Payette, Premier Wynne, Quebec Premier Philippe Couillard, and Mayor Tory.[101][102]

The two main impromptu memorials at Olive Square Park and Mel Lastman Square were decommissioned on June 3, 2018, and later replaced with a temporary plaque. Mayor John Tory announced plans to erect a permanent memorial for the attack.[103]

On June 13, 2018, the #TorontoStrong's volunteer steering committee announced the appointment of former Toronto mayor Barbara Hall as fund administrator. She was tasked with distributing the money raised for the victims and survivors.[104]

By December 2018, over CA$4 million from the fund had been distributed to victims and families of both the van attack and the Danforth shooting.[105]

See also[]

  • 2018 Toronto shooting – known locally as the Danforth shooting and encouraged the same #TorontoStrong hashtag
  • École Polytechnique massacre – the second deadliest mass shooting in Canada, which was also motivated by misogyny[106]
  • Crime in Toronto
  • Controversial Reddit communities, which includes the subreddits /r/incels and /r/braincels, both of which are since banned for condoning violence, rape, and harassment towards women; the latter subreddit was created to circumvent the ban of the former
  • 2020 Nova Scotia attacks – the deadliest mass shooting in Canada
  • 2020 Toronto machete attack – a terrorist attack in Toronto that was also motivated by misogyny
  • London, Ontario truck attack – a 2021 vehicle-ramming attack that targeted and killed four Muslims

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Rozdilsky, Jack L.; Snowden, Edward (March 4, 2021). "Toronto van attack: Guilty verdict, but Canada still needs to tackle ideological violence". The Conversation. Retrieved March 19, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b Carter, Adam (March 3, 2021). "Judge finds Toronto van attack killer guilty of murder". CBC News (in American English). Retrieved March 19, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Tait, Melissa. "Toronto van attack: What we know about the lives lost, the suspect and more". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Golding, Janice (November 4, 2021). "'It's so sad, heartbreaking': Nurse paralyzed after Toronto van attack dies". CTV News. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  5. ^ Austen, Ian; Stack, Liam (April 23, 2018). "Toronto Van Plows Along Sidewalk, Killing 9 in 'Pure Carnage'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  6. ^ "Canada's Trudeau says security unchanged after Toronto van attack". France 24 (in American English). April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  7. ^ "A Grim History of Mass Killings in Canada". Toronto Star. April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018 – via PressReader.com.
  8. ^ "A history of violence on Canadian soil". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  9. ^ a b Madhani, Aamer; Bacon, John (April 24, 2018). "Toronto van attack suspect Alek Minassian's Facebook account praised mass killer". USA Today. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  10. ^ Porter, Catherine (April 27, 2018). "Eight of 10 Victims in Toronto Van Rampage Were Women". New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  11. ^ Gillis, Wendy; Powell, Betsy (April 25, 2018). "Rampage victims mainly women". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 26, 2018 – via www.pressreader.com.
  12. ^ a b Wilson, Codi. "Toronto van attack trial postponed again, Alek Minassian's lawyer confirms". CTV News. Toronto. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  13. ^ Gillies, Rob (March 3, 2021). "Man who used van to kill 10 pedestrians in Toronto guilty". The Associated Press. Retrieved March 19, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "9 dead, 16 injured after van strikes pedestrians in North York". CBC News. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  15. ^ a b Passifiume, Bryan; Connor, Kevin; Stevenson, Jane (April 23, 2018). "10 dead, 15 wounded when van hits pedestrians near Yonge and Finch". Toronto Sun. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  16. ^ a b Kassam, Ashifa; Cecco, Leyland (April 23, 2018). "Toronto incident: suspect in custody after van ploughs into crowd, killing nine". The Guardian. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  17. ^ a b McLean, Jesse; Welsh, Moira; Palamarchuk, Andrew (April 23, 2018). "10 dead, 15 hurt as van mows down pedestrians along Yonge St.; suspect named". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  18. ^ a b Ha, Tu Thanh; Gray, Jeff; Hayes, Molly (April 23, 2018). "Massive investigation into Toronto van attack will shut down parts of Yonge Street for days". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  19. ^ Hui, Ann; Friesen, Joe; Moore, Oliver; Norman, Heather (April 23, 2018). "Twenty-five minutes of horror on Yonge Street: How the Toronto van attack unfolded". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  20. ^ "Sunnybrook receives injured from Yonge and Finch". sunnybrook.ca. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. April 23, 2018.
  21. ^ a b "'A huge loss': Yonge Street van attack victim Amaresh Tesfamariam missed 'every day'". Toronto.com. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  22. ^ Gillis, Wendy; Moon, Jenna (April 25, 2018). "Arresting officer Ken Lam wonders: 'Did I make the right decision?'". Toronto Star.
  23. ^ a b c Rocha, Veronica; Ries, Brian (April 23, 2018). "Van strikes pedestrians in Toronto". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  24. ^ Hayes, Molly; Friesen, Joe; Moore, Oliver (April 23, 2018). "Ten people dead, 15 injured after van hits pedestrians in north Toronto". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  25. ^ Sabur, Rozina; Riley-Smith, Ben; Guly, Christopher; Crilly, Rob (April 23, 2018). "Suspect named after van ploughs into pedestrians in Toronto leaving ten dead and 15 injured". The Telegraph (in British English). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d "What we know about Alek Minassian, alleged driver in deadly Toronto van attack". CBC News. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  27. ^ a b Sanchez, Ray; Vera, Amir (April 25, 2018). "These are the victims of the Toronto van attacks". CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  28. ^ Gibson, Victoria (April 30, 2018). "Andrea Bradden is remembered in communities across the GTA". Toronto Star. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  29. ^ Gibson, Victoria (April 30, 2018). "Geraldine Brady remembered as a 'lifelong friend' with a 'positive attitude and smile'". Toronto Star. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  30. ^ Abedi, Maham (April 26, 2018). "Toronto van attack victim identified as So He Chung, 22". Global News. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  31. ^ Dangerfield, Katie (April 24, 2018). "First of 10 victims killed in Toronto van attack identified as Anne Marie D'Amico". Global News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  32. ^ Agular, Bryann; Kerr, Jaren (May 2, 2018). "Anne Marie D'Amico 'lived her life to the fullest,' brother says in eulogy". Toronto Star. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  33. ^ Joseph, Rebecca (April 25, 2018). "Betty Forsyth, 94-year-old woman who loved to feed the birds, named as victim in Toronto van attack". Global News. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  34. ^ a b Wilson, Codi; Goodfield, Kayla (April 25, 2018). "Three of ten victims killed in North York van attack identified". CP24. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  35. ^ "All 10 of those killed in Toronto van attack identified". CBC News. CBC News. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  36. ^ Gibson, Victoria; Gordon, Andrea (April 24, 2018). "Jordanian man confirmed dead in Toronto van rampage". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  37. ^ Mandel, Michele (April 24, 2018). "Toronto van attack suspect charged with 10 counts of first-degree murder". Ottawa Sun. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  38. ^ Dempsey, Ann (May 11, 2018). "'I was like, how did he get a van?' Inside the life of Alek Minassian, the Toronto van rampage suspect no one thought capable of murder". Toronto Star.
  39. ^ a b Powell, Betsy; Pagliaro, Jennifer; Gillis, Wendy (April 24, 2018). "Most victims in van rampage on Yonge St. were women, police say". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 24, 2018. Minassian was ordered not to have contact with any of the 13 attempt murder victims and when asked if he understood, he sharply said, "Yes."
  40. ^ Goodfield, Kayla; Wilson, Codi (April 23, 2018). "Van attack that killed 10 people in North York was 'definitely deliberate': police". CP24.
  41. ^ Laidlaw, Katherine (April 22, 2019). "The man behind the Yonge Street van attack". Toronto Life. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  42. ^ a b Humphreys, Adrian; Edmiston, Jake (April 24, 2018). "Toronto van attack suspect Alek Minassian's interest in 'incel' movement the latest sign of troubled life". National Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  43. ^ Bell, Stewart (April 25, 2018). "'He wasn't a terrorist': Those who knew Alek Minassian struggle to explain the Toronto van attack". Global News.
  44. ^ Agencies (April 24, 2018). "Deadly Toronto van driver: What we know about Alek Minassian". GulfNews. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  45. ^ Monsebraaten, Laurie (April 26, 2018). "'We're not a violent group of people': Ex-classmate of Alek Minassian speaks out about autism". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  46. ^ Grimaldi, Jeremy (April 24, 2018). "Alleged attacker Alek Minassian may have mental health issues". Richmond Hill Liberal. Metroland Media Group. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  47. ^ Frisk, Adam (April 24, 2018). "Toronto van attack: What we know about suspect Alek Minassian". Global News. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  48. ^ "Facebook post linked to Toronto van attack points to insular, misogynistic world of 'incels'". CBC. April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  49. ^ "Why some 'incels' are celebrating accused in Toronto van attack". CBC. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  50. ^ Koulouris, Theodore. "Online misogyny and the alternative right: debating the undebatable." Feminist Media Studies (2018): 1–12.
  51. ^ Mezzofiore, Gianluca (April 25, 2018). "The Toronto suspect apparently posted about an 'incel rebellion.' Here's what that means". CNN. Retrieved April 26, 2018. "Incel" is short for "involuntarily celibate." It's a movement made up almost entirely of men who claim they "can't have sex despite wanting to," according to incels.me
  52. ^ Daigle, Thomas (June 19, 2020). "Canadians among most active in online right-wing extremism, research finds". CBC News.
  53. ^ Makuch, Ben. "Exclusive: Toronto van attack suspect Alek Minassian was a member of the Canadian Army". VICE News. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  54. ^ Boyd, Brian (April 27, 2018). "Pathological Incel misogyny and myth of male oppression". The Irish Times.
  55. ^ Wendling, Mike (April 24, 2018). "What is an 'incel'?". BBC News. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  56. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (April 25, 2018). "Incel, the misogynist ideology that inspired the deadly Toronto attack, explained". Vox. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  57. ^ Fox, Chris (April 24, 2018). "Facebook post connected to van attack suspect's profile references 'Incel Rebellion'". CP24 (in Canadian English). Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  58. ^ a b O'Kane, Josh (April 24, 2018). "Facebook post connected to suspect in van rampage cites 'incel rebellion'". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  59. ^ Dickson, EJ (September 27, 2019). "How the Toronto Van Attack Suspect Was Radicalized by Incels". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  60. ^ "Elliot Rodger: How misogynist killer became 'incel hero'". BBC News. April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  61. ^ Yang, Jennifer; Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 25, 2018). "Number cited in cryptic Facebook post matches Alek Minassian's military ID: Source". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  62. ^ Wilson, Codi (April 24, 2018). "Suspect in Toronto van attack charged with 10 counts of first-degree murder, 13 counts of attempted murder". CTV News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  63. ^ Dube Dwilson, Stephanie (April 24, 2018). "Alek Minassian's Parents & Family: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Alek's father, Vahe Minassian, was also there, sitting in the front row as the charges were read against his son. Vahe was stunned and cried inside the courtroom. ... He told reporters that he had not spoken to his son, and he appeared heartbroken.
  64. ^ "Accused in van attack charged with 3 more counts of attempted murder". CBC News. May 10, 2018.
  65. ^ May 10, CBC News · Posted; May 10, 2018 4:00 AM ET | Last Updated. "Accused in deadly Toronto van attack charged with 3 more counts of attempted murder | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  66. ^ Canadian Press (January 31, 2019). "Case of Toronto van attack accused Alek Minassian put over". Toronto Sun.
  67. ^ "Toronto van attack trial for Alek Minassian to begin March 2, delayed due to 'red tape'". globalnews.ca. December 16, 2019.
  68. ^ "Murder trial for man accused in Toronto's van attack set for November". globalnews.ca. June 3, 2020.
  69. ^ "Trial for man behind Toronto's van attack to be conducted over Zoom, judge says". cp24.com. October 28, 2020.
  70. ^ "Alek Minassian says he's not criminally responsible for Toronto van attack". toronto.ctvnews.ca. November 10, 2020.
  71. ^ "Toronto van attack: 'Incel' killer Minassian pleads not criminally responsible". BBC News (in British English). November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  72. ^ "Alek Minassian's autism distorted his thinking 'in a way similar to psychosis' ahead of Yonge St. van attack, defence claims". thestar.com. November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  73. ^ "Alek Minassian found criminally responsible for Toronto van attack, guilty on all 26 counts". toronto.ctvnews.ca. March 3, 2021.
  74. ^ "Court to wait until 2022 to sentence man who killed 10 people in Toronto van attack". Global News. The Canadian Press. May 31, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  75. ^ DeClerq, Katherine (April 23, 2018). "Investigation into deadly van incident closes roads in North York". CP24. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  76. ^ @TorontoPolice (April 23, 2018). "It is anticipated that investigators will be on scene for several days, leading to road closures. Alternate routes instead of Yonge Street are Beecroft Road and Doris Avenue" (Tweet). Retrieved April 23, 2018 – via Twitter.
  77. ^ Breen, Kerri (April 24, 2018). "Toronto van attack: road closures remain in effect Tuesday morning". Global News.
  78. ^ Brewster, Murray (April 22, 2018). "G7 ministers sit down in Toronto to a full plate of world troubles". CBC News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  79. ^ Brewster, Murray (April 24, 2018). "G7 security ministers gathered in Toronto discuss 'soft targets' and online radicalization after van attack". CBC News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  80. ^ "2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada". www.publicsafety.gc.ca. December 21, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  81. ^ Humphreys, Adrian (June 21, 2019). "Toronto Danforth mass shooter's long dark obsession with death, violence and 'incel' ideology". National Post.
  82. ^ News Staff (April 23, 2018). "Security Heighten Outside Air Canada Centre Prior Maple Leafs Game". 680news.com. 680 News. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  83. ^ 52 Division, Toronto Police Service (April 23, 2018). "Air Canada Centre and Maple Leaf Square, Traffic restrictions and security enhancements". torontopolice.on.ca (Press release). Toronto Police Service.
  84. ^ Nielsen, Kevin (April 23, 2018). "Maple Leafs hold moment of silence for victims of Toronto van attack". Global News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  85. ^ Wilson, Codi (March 29, 2018). "New security measures in place for Blue Jays' home opener". cp24.com. CP24. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  86. ^ "Blue Jays honour victims of deadly van attack with brief tribute". toronto.ctvnews.ca. CTV News Toronto. April 24, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  87. ^ a b CTV News staff (April 23, 2018). "Trudeau, Wynne react to Toronto van attack". CTV News. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  88. ^ "'Nobody's seen anything like this': 10 dead, 15 injured in north Toronto van ramming attack". CBC News. April 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  89. ^ Kassam, Ashifa (April 26, 2018). "Toronto police officer hailed as hero for arresting suspect without firing shot". The Guardian. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  90. ^ Burman, Dilshad; Pereia, Diana (April 25, 2018). "Arresting officer in Toronto van attack doesn't want to be called a hero". City News. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  91. ^ Madhani, Aamer (April 26, 2018). "Toronto cop who arrested van attack suspect without firing a shot insists he's no hero". USA Today. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  92. ^ Abadi, Mahem (April 23, 2018). "Toronto sign dimmed, flags lowered to honour victims of deadly van attack". Global News.
  93. ^ "Local resident starts memorial outside scene of van attack". CityNews. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  94. ^ Kennedy, Brendan (April 27, 2018). "The day Yonge St. became a war zone: How the van rampage unfolded moment by moment". Toronto Star.
  95. ^ a b Brown, Ian (April 29, 2018). "'This is what large cities do with tragedy': Walking the route of the attack to understand Toronto's pain and healing". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  96. ^ DH Toronto staff. "GoFundMe campaigns launch to raise funds for victims of Toronto van attack". dailyhive.com.
  97. ^ Saminather, Nichola (April 26, 2018). "Canadian Muslim charities lead fundraising for Toronto van attack victims". www.reuters.com. Reuters.
  98. ^ Jones, Alexandra (April 26, 2018). "#TorontoStrong Fund raises more than $893,000 in first 48 hours". Toronto Star.
  99. ^ a b Wilson, Codi (April 25, 2018). "City of Toronto to hold vigil for victims of van attack". cp24.com. CP24.
  100. ^ Wilson, Codi (April 25, 2018). "Latest van attack victim identified as single mom originally from Sri Lanka". cp24.com. CP24.
  101. ^ Pagliaro, Jennifer; Mendleson, Rachel (April 29, 2018). "'It hasn't broken us' — #TorontoStrong vigil filled with messages of grief and resilience". Toronto Star.
  102. ^ "Trudeau, Couillard join thousands in remembering victims at Toronto Vigil". CTV News Montreal. The Canadian Press. April 29, 2018.
  103. ^ "Toronto plans permanent memorial for victims of deadly van attack". The Globe and Mail. June 3, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  104. ^ Martinelli, Andrea (June 13, 2018). "#TorontoStrong Fund names former Mayor Barbara Hall as administrator" (Press release). City of Toronto.
  105. ^ "#TorontoStrong Fund distributed to victims and families of Yonge Street van attack and the Danforth shooting". toronto.ca (Press release). City of Toronto. December 7, 2018.
  106. ^ "Polytechnique massacre remembered in Montreal". CBC News. December 6, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""