Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
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1922–1936 | |||||||||||||||||
![]() Flag
![]() Emblem (1923–1936)
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![]() Location of the Transcaucasian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union | |||||||||||||||||
Capital | Tiflis | ||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Armenian Azerbaijani Georgian Russian | ||||||||||||||||
Government | Federal Soviet socialist republic | ||||||||||||||||
Legislature | |||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||
• Established | 12 March 1922 | ||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 5 December 1936 | ||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||
1922 | 186,100 km2 (71,900 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
Currency | Transcaucasian ruble, Soviet ruble | ||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Russia |
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.
The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR establishing the Soviet Union in 1922. The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.
Names in the local languages[]
- Armenian: Անդրկովկասի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Դաշնային (Ֆեդերատիվ) Հանրապետություն
- Andrkovkasi Khorhrdayin Soc‘ialistakan Dashnayin (Federativ) Hanrapetut‘yun
- Azerbaijani: Zaqafqaziya Sosialist Federativ Sovet Respublikası
- Georgian: ამიერკავკასიის საბჭოთა ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა
- Amierk'avk'asiis Sabch'ota Pederatsiuli Sotsialist'uri Resp'ublik'a
- Russian: Закавказская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика (ЗСФСР)
- Zakavkazskaya Sotsalisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika (ZSFSR)
History[]
The roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918, following the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation. Competing ethno-national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later, in April 1918.[1]
The three successor states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, lasted until the end of the Russian Civil War that was being fought across the mountains, when they were invaded by the Red Army and sovietized. Following the proposal by Vladimir Lenin the three now Soviet Republics, the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922. On 13 December that year, the First transformed this federation of states into a unified federal state and renamed it into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, though keeping formally the autonomy of its constituent republics. The congress also adopted the constitution, appointed the (the highest legislative body between congressional sessions), and the Council of People's Commissars (the government). Mamia Orakhelashvili, a Georgian Bolshevik leader, became the first chairman of the Transcaucasian SFSR's Council of People's Commissars.[2] Tbilisi was the capital of the republic.
The republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on 30 December along with the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Belorussian SSR. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved and divided again among the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs.[3]
Autonomous republics within TSFSR[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/300px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png)
After the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Abkhazia, hitherto an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia, was declared a Soviet Republic, the SSR of Abkhazia, in March 1921 by the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee. However the republic's relations with Georgia and Russia were not formally settled.[4] On December 16, 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR, which defined its status as a treaty republic (Russian: договорная республика) and established a military, political and financial union between the two Soviet republics, subordinating the SSR of Abkhazia to the Georgian SSR. Thus, through Georgia, Abkhazia joined the TSFSR and was initially on an equal footing with the other republics of the federation.[5] On February 19, 1931, Abkhazia's republican status was downgraded to that of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.[6]
The Adjar ASSR was established on July 16, 1921 within the Georgian SSR as a consequence of the Treaty of Kars. The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire between Georgia and Turkey. According to the agreement the northern half with significant Georgian Muslim population would become part of the Soviet Georgia but granted autonomy.
Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in Nakhchivan, an area bordering Armenia, Turkey and Iran, which was claimed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis. After the occupation of the region by the Red Army, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared with "close ties" to the Azerbaijani SSR. The Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars established the Nakhchivan region as an autonomous republic under the protection of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.[7]
Heads of state[]
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Name | Dates | Party |
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Nariman Narimanov | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
Polikarp Mdivani | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Georgia |
Aleksandr Myasnikyan | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Armenia |
Name | Dates | Party |
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Nariman Narimanov | 1922-1925 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
Gazanfar Musabekov | 1925-1938 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
Name | Period | For |
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Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time) | 1922–1927 | Georgia |
Samad aga Aliyev | 1922–1929 | Azerbaijan |
Sarkis Hambartsumyan | 1922–1925 | Armenia |
Sarkis Kasyan | 1927–1931 | Armenia |
Filipp Makharadze (1st time) | 1927–1928 | Georgia |
Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time) | 1928–1931 | Georgia |
Gazanfar Musabekov | 1929–1931 | Azerbaijan |
Filipp Makharadze (2nd time) | 1931–1935 | Georgia |
1931–1935 | Armenia | |
Sultan Majid Afandiyev | 1931–1936 | Azerbaijan |
1935–1936 | Armenia | |
Avel Enukidze | March–May 1935 | Georgia |
Filipp Makharadze (3rd time) | 1935–1936 | Georgia |
Stamps and postal history[]
![]() | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2011) |
Before 1923, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan issued each its own postage stamps. The Transcaucasian Federation began issuing its own stamps on September 15, 1923, and superseded the separate republics' issues on October 1.
The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia overprinted with a star containing the five-letter acronym of the Federation inside the points. Massive inflation having set in, this was followed by an issue of the Federation's own designs, four values of a view of oil fields, and four with a montage of Soviet symbols over mountains and oil derricks, values ranging from 40,000 to 500,000 rubles. The 40,000 rubles and 75,000 rubles were then surcharged to 700,000 rubles. On October 24, the stamps were re-issued with values from 1 to 18 gold kopecks. Starting in 1924, the Federation used stamps of the Soviet Union.[8]
A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Russian Empire
A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Democratic Republic of Armenia
1923 40,000-ruble stamp
1923 two-kopeck stamp
Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today, with 1998 prices in the US$1–2 range, although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US$200.[citation needed] As might be expected from a short period of usage, used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen.
See also[]
- Kars Republic
- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Far Eastern Republic
- Don Republic
- Kuban People's Republic
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
- Republics of the Soviet Union
- Komancza Republic
Notes[]
- ^ Suny 1994, pp. 191–192
- ^ Suny 1994, p. 245
- ^ Закавказская федерация Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.)
- ^ Saparov 2015, pp. 50–57
- ^ Hewitt 1993, p. 271
- ^ Blauvelt 2007, p. 212
- ^ Text of the Treaty of Kars
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171214163509/http://www.stampworldhistory.com/country-profiles-2/asia/transcaucasia-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5/ Retrieved 12 August 2018.
Bibliography[]
- Blauvelt, Timothy (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", Nationalities Papers, 35 (2): 203–232, doi:10.1080/00905990701254318
- Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne (January 2018), "Soviet Federalism at Work: Lessons from the History of the Transcaucasian Federation, 1922-1936", Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 65 (4): 529–559
- Hewitt, B.G. (1993), "Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership", Central Asian Survey, 12 (3): 267–323, doi:10.1080/02634939308400819
- Lang, David Marshall (1962), A History of Modern Georgia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
- Saparov, Arsène (2015), From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41-565802-7
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Early Soviet republics
- Communism in Armenia
- Communism in Azerbaijan
- Communism in Georgia (country)
- Former countries in Western Asia
- Former socialist republics
- History of the Caucasus under the Soviet Union
- Modern history of Azerbaijan
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Modern history of Armenia
- Modern history of Georgia (country)
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
- States and territories established in 1922
- States and territories disestablished in 1936
- 1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
- 1936 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
- 1922 establishments in Asia
- 1936 disestablishments in Asia
- 1922 establishments in Europe
- 1936 disestablishments in Europe
- 1920s in Armenia
- 1930s in Armenia
- 1920s in Azerbaijan
- 1930s in Azerbaijan
- 1920s in Georgia (country)
- 1930s in Georgia (country)
- Armenian-speaking countries and territories
- Azerbaijani-speaking countries and territories
- Russian-speaking countries and territories
- Former polities of the interwar period