Triballi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Triballi (Greek: Τριβαλλοί, romanized: Triballoí) were an ancient tribe whose dominion was around the plains of modern southern Serbia,[1][2] northern part of North Macedonia and western Bulgaria, at the Angrus and Brongus[3] (the South and West Morava) and the Iskar River, roughly centered where Serbia and Bulgaria are joined.[2]

The Triballi were a Thracian tribe that received influences from Celts, Scythians and Illyrians.[4][5]

History[]

The written sources on the Triballi are scarce but the archaeological remains are abundant. The scientific research of the Triballi was boosted with Fanula Papazoglu's book The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times (1968 in Serbia, 1978 in English). Other historians and archaeologists who wrote on the Triballi include  [sr], Dragoslav Srejović, Nikola Tasić, Rastko Vasić, Miloš Jevtić and, especially, Milorad Stojić (Tribali u arheologiji i istorijskim izvorima, 2017).[6]

Based on the archaeological findings, the history of the Triballi can be divided in four periods: Proto-Triballian (1300–800 BC), Early Triballian (800-600 BC), Triballian (600–335 BC) and period from 335 BC until Roman conquest.[6]

In 424 BC, they were attacked by Sitalkes, king of the Odrysae, who was defeated and lost his life in the engagement.[7] They were pushed to the east by the invading Autariatae, an Illyrian tribe; the date of this event is uncertain.[3]

In 376 BC, a large band of Triballi under King Hales crossed Mount Haemus and advanced as far as Abdera; they had backing from Maroneia and were preparing to besiege the city when Chabrias appeared off the coast, with the Athenian fleet,[3] and organized a reconciliation.[7]

In 339 BC, when Philip II of Macedon was returning from his expedition against the Scythians, the Triballi refused to allow him to pass the Haemus unless they received a share of the booty. Hostilities took place, in which Philip was defeated[3] and wounded by a spear in his right thigh, but the Triballi appear to have been subsequently subdued by him.[8][3]

After the death of Philip, Alexander the Great passed through the lands of the Odrysians in 335-334 BC, crossed the Haemus ranges and after three encounters (Battle of Haemus, , ) defeated and drove the Triballians to the junction of the Lyginus at the Danube.[3] 3,000 Triballi were killed, the rest fled. Their king Syrmus (eponymous to Roman Sirmium) took refuge on the Danubian island of Peukê, where most of the remnants of the defeated Thracians were exiled. The successful Macedonian attacks terrorized the tribes around the Danube; the autonomous Thracian tribes sent tributes for peace, Alexander was satisfied with his operations and accepted peace because of his greater wars in Asia.

They were attacked by Autariatae and Celts in 295 BC.[9]

The punishment inflicted by Ptolemy Keraunos on the Getae, however, induced the Triballi to sue for peace. About 279 BC, a host of Gauls (Scordisci[10]) under Cerethrius defeated the Triballi with an army of 3,000 horsemen and 15,000 foot soldiers. The defeat pushed the Triballi further to the east.[11] Nevertheless, they continued to cause trouble to the Roman governors of Macedonia[3] for fifty years (135 BC–84 BC).

The Illyrian Dardani tribe settled in the southwest of the Triballi area in 87 BC. The Thracian place names survives the Romanization of the region.[12]

Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) registers them as one of the tribes of Moesia.[13]

In the time of Ptolemy (90–168 AD), their territory was limited to the district between the Ciabrus (Tzibritza) and Utus (Vit) rivers, part of what is now Bulgaria; their chief town was Oescus.[3]

Under Tiberius, mention is made of Triballia in Moesia; and the Emperor Maximinus Thrax (reigned 235–237) had been a commander of a squadron of Triballi. The name occurs for the last time during the reign of Diocletian, who dates a letter from Triballis.[3][14]

Legacy[]

Exonym of Serbs[]

The Seal of the Serbian Parliament, 1805
Golden pitcher from Vratsa

The term "Triballians" appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages, referring to Serbs, as the Byzantines sought to create an ancient name for the Serbs.[15][16][17][18][19][20] Some of these authors clearly explain that "Triballian" is synonym to "Serbian".[21][22][23][24][25] For example, Niketas Choniates (or Acominatus, 1155–1215 or-16) in his history about Emperor Ioannes Komnenos: "... Shortly after this, he campaigned against the nation of Triballians (whom someone may call Serbians as well) ..."[26] or the much later Demetrios Chalkondyles (1423–1511), referring to an Islamized Christian noble: "... This Mahmud, son of Michael, is Triballian, which means Serbian, by his mother, and Greek by his father."[27] or Mehmed the Conqueror when referring to the plundering of Serbia.[28]

Mihailo Vojislavljević succeeded as Knez of "Duklja" in 1046, or as his realm was called by contemporary Cedrenus: "Triballorum ac Serborum principatum".[29] According to George Kedrenos (fl. 1050s) and John Skylitzes (fl. 1057), he was the Prince of Triballians and Serbs (Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων...αρχηγός[30]/ Τριβαλλῶν καὶ Σέρβων...ἀρχηγός).[31]

In the 15th century, a coat of arms of "Tribalia", depicting a wild boar with an arrow pierced through the head (see Boars in heraldry), appeared in the supposed Coat of Arms of Emperor Stefan Dušan 'the Mighty' (r. 1331–1355).[32] The motif had, in 1415, been used as the Coat of Arms of the Serbian Despotate and is recalled in one of Stefan Lazarević's personal Seals, according to the paper Сабор у Констанци.[33] Pavao Ritter Vitezović also depicts "Triballia" with the same motif in 1701[34] and Hristofor Zhefarovich again in 1741.[35]

Marin Barleti (1450–1513), wrote in his biography of Skanderbeg (published between 1508–10), that father of Skanderbeg's mother Voisava was a "Triballian nobleman" (pater nobilissimus Triballorum princeps).[36] In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper Debar that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" (Bulgari sive Tribali habitant).[37]

With the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, the Parliament adopted the Serbian Coat of Arms in 1805, their official seal depicted the heraldic emblems of Serbia and Tribalia.[38]

Even though the two names were used as synonyms by some Byzantine sources and certain heraldic inheritance, Serbian official historiography is not equalizing the Serbs and the Triballi, nor does it fabricate a cultural continuity between the two.[6]

Tribals and Tribalia are often identified in a historical context with Serbs and Serbia, as these interpretations refer only to Laonikos Chalkokondyles of the 15th century, who often resorted to archaisms in his historical writings that have come down to us (Mizi, Illyrians, etc.) to indicate the subjects of the individual rulers, without attaching ethnic meaning to their content.

Romanian geographic name[]

In Romania, "Tribalia" refers to the Timok Valley region split between Serbia and Bulgaria in which a Romanian population lives.[39]

Archaeological findings[]

Bulgaria[]

  • A male grave at Vratsa, with a female Thracian suttee.[citation needed] Dated to the 4th century BC, the royal tomb contains beautiful goldwork, like pitchers and wreaths.[6]

Serbia[]

Archeological findings prove that the Triballi inhabited the Morava Valley (Great Morava and South Morava) region in the Iron Age.[40]

References[]

  1. ^ Papazoglu 1978, p. 58-61.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b George Grote: History of Greece: I. Legendary Greece. II. Grecian history to the reign of Peisistratus at Athens, Vol 12, 1856 "...from the plain of Kossovo in modern Servia northward towards the Danube..."
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Triballi". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 261.
  4. ^ Alexander the Great at War: His army - His battles - His Enemies (General Military) by Ruth Sheppard, 2008, page 69, "... for savagery and their contact with the Scythians, Illyrians and Celts left influences upon the Triballi, and these influences may be ..."
  5. ^ The Thracians 700 BC–AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, 2001, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, page 6
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sofija Petković, Milorad Stojić (20 January 2018). "Tribali - najstariji stanovnici Srbije" [Triballi - the oldest inhabitants of Serbia]. Politika-Kulturni dodatak (in Serbian). pp. 06–07.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest at Google Books
  8. ^ Interpreting a Classic: Demosthenes and His Ancient Commentators at Google Books
  9. ^ The Thracians by Ralph F. Hoddinott, 1981, ISBN 0-500-02099-X, Chapter "South and para-Dunavian Thrace", "Thracian art in the valley of the Lower Danube", page 197
  10. ^ Appianus
  11. ^ "Theodossiev" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  12. ^ "BALCANICA XXXVII" (PDF). Belgrade. 2007. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  13. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History at Google Books
  14. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 22, (1956) p. 465
  15. ^ Stuck Whilhelm (Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus), Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus, Lugduni, 1577, p. 51
  16. ^ John Foxe (1517–1587) Acts and Monuments, Published by R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, London, 1837, vol. 4, p. 27
  17. ^ "Balkan history - Thracian tribes". eliznik.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  18. ^ The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus at Google Books
  19. ^ Fanula Papazoglu (1978). The Central Balkan Tribe in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Hakkert. ISBN 978-90-256-0793-7. The Triballi lived deep in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula, between the lower course of the Southern Morava and the ... many centuries later, learned Byzantine writers, seeking the ancient name for the Serbs, chose the term Triballi as the ...
  20. ^ Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 44. Naučno delo. 2007. The Serbs were often called Triballi by Byzantine authors.
  21. ^ Potter, G. R. (1938). "Reviews of Books". The English Historical Review. 53 (209): 129–131. doi:10.1093/ehr/LIII.CCIX.129. JSTOR 554790.
  22. ^ Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks Page 65, 77: "Triballians = Serbs"
  23. ^ The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus, p. 48, at Google Books: "The Triballians are the Serbs"
  24. ^ The Journal of Hellenic studies Page 48: "Byzantine historians [...] calling [...] Serbs Triballians"
  25. ^ Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography, p. 228, at Google Books: "Serbs (were) Triballians"
  26. ^ Historia ed J. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae historia ..., Berlin, DeGruyter, 1975, chapter "Reign of Lord Ioannes Komnenos", pp. 4-47 (in medieval Greek language)
  27. ^ D. Chalkocondyles (Chalkondyles) cited in C. Paparrigopoulos History of the Greek nation, Athens, 1874, vol. 5, p. 489, in Greek language.
  28. ^ History of Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 115, at Google Books
  29. ^ Cedrenus II, col. 338
  30. ^ Georgius (Cedrenus.); Jacques Paul Migne (1864). Synopsis historiōn. Migne. p. 338. Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων
  31. ^ Skylitzes 475.13-14
  32. ^ The first Serbian uprising and the restoration of the Serbian state, p. 164
  33. ^ "- О грбу Града :: Званичан сајт града Крагујевца". kragujevac.rs. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  34. ^ Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, 1701
  35. ^ Balkanika, Issue 28, p. 216
  36. ^ Noli 1947, p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps"
  37. ^ Barletius (1537). De vita, moribus ac rebus. pp. 139–140.; Barletius, l. V, fo. 62: "Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera, ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate, tum similitudine morum contingens. Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"
  38. ^ East European quarterly, Volume 6, p. 346
  39. ^ Sandu Timoc, Cristea (2007). Poezii populare de la românii din Timoc: nord-estul Serbiei și nord-vestul Bulgariei (in Romanian). Editura Ager. ISBN 9789737961426.
  40. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-07-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^ "Praistorijska kopča". b92.net. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  42. ^ "www.jasatomic.org.yu - Katastrofalna poplava u mestu Jaša Tomić opština Sečanj (BANAT)". Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  43. ^ Srejović, D (1989). "Tribalski grobovi u Ljuljacima" [Tribal graves in Ljulaci]. Starinar (in Croatian) (40–41): 141–153. INIST:6505462.

Sources[]

External links[]

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