Leskovac

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For other uses, see Leskovac (disambiguation).
Leskovac
Лесковац
City
City of Leskovac
Clockwise from top: Panoramic view of Leskovac city centre, Freedom Monument, Memorial Park, Holy Trinity Church, National Theatre, Cultural Centre
Clockwise from top: Panoramic view of Leskovac city centre, Freedom Monument, Memorial Park, Holy Trinity Church, National Theatre, Cultural Centre
Flag of Leskovac
Flag
Coat of arms of Leskovac
Coat of arms
Location of the city of Leskovac within Serbia
Location of the city of Leskovac within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°00′N 21°57′E / 43.000°N 21.950°E / 43.000; 21.950Coordinates: 43°00′N 21°57′E / 43.000°N 21.950°E / 43.000; 21.950
Country Serbia
RegionSouthern and Eastern Serbia
DistrictJablanica
Settlements144
Government
 • MayorGoran Cvetanović(SNS)
Area
[1]
Area rank5th in Serbia
 • Urban31.27 km2 (12.07 sq mi)
 • Administrative1,025 km2 (396 sq mi)
Elevation
228 m (748 ft)
Population
 (2011 census)[2]
 • Rank5th in Serbia
 • Urban
126,883
 • Urban density4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Administrative
144,632
 • Administrative density140/km2 (370/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
16000
Area code+381(0)16
Car platesLE
Websitewww.gradleskovac.org

Leskovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Лесковац, pronounced [lě̞skɔ̝v̞at͡s]) is a city and the administrative center of the Jablanica District in southern Serbia. According to the 2016 census, the city urban area has 63,964 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 144,632.

Etymology[]

Leskovac was historically called Glubočica, later evolving into Dubočica. These interchangeable variants derived from the Serbian word's, "glib", meaning mud and "duboko", meaning deep. Untamed rivers would often flood the area leaving swamps that once dried would spout hazelnut trees, or "leska" in Serbian, whilst "vac" is a common Slavic suffix, hence Leskovac. During Ottoman rule the town was referred to in Turkish as Leskovçe or Hisar (Turkish translation; fortress).[3][4]

History[]

Early period[]

Archeological findings on Hisar Hill, located at the rim of Leskovac valley between the Jablanica and  Veternica rivers, have established continual habitation between the Bronz Age until the 19th century. Hisar served as a fortification for many centuries and its surrounding plateau are abundant in Iron Age pottery largely associated with the Brnjica culture.[5] Other archeological findings associated with the Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Greeks, Romans and Celts lay within Leskovac's surrounds.[6][7][8] The Roman Empire conquered the area in the 1st century BC and would remain the dominant power until Slavic invasion and settlement in the late 6th and early 7th centuries, with the Serbs solidifying their presence.

Leskovac as seen from Hisar Hill

The area Glubočica, later Dubočica and a synonym for Leskovac was first mentioned in the 12th century as lands bestowed upon the Nemanjić dynasty by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The settlement of Leskovac per se was first mentioned by name in 1348 as an endowment by Serbian Emperor Dušan the Mighty to the Hilendar Monastery.[9][10][11][12][3] The vicinity of modern-day Leskovac was contested territory during a series of conflicts fought between the Bulgarian Empire and medieval Serbian states between the 9th and 14th centuries.[13][14][15][16]

The Battle of Dubočica took place on September 24, 1454, between the Serbian Despotate and the invading Ottoman Empire, and ended in a Serbian victory. Brankovic's Serbia was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire during the 1st half of the 15th century and was repeatedly invaded, eventually becoming part of the Ottoman state.

Ottoman rule[]

Leskovac was annexed by the Ottomans in 1454 and allotted to the Rumelia Eyalet, severely disenfranchising the Serbs, now classed subordinate within the Rum Millet. The Nahija of Dubocica (later Leskovac) became part of Kruševac Sanjak with Leskovac possessing one of six kadiluk. Ottoman conquest brought oriental acculturation to Leskovac, significantly influencing architecture, cuisine, customs, dress and language. Endowments by the ruling Ottoman aristocracy which financed the construction of mosques, tekije, madrasa, meter and Turkish baths greatly contributed to the process of partial Islamization. During this period Leskovac was regarded for its quality horse tack, tanning, smithing and weaving. The townsfolk worked as craftsman, merchants and peri-urban farmers, residing in separate Serbian Orthodox and Muslim mahallah's whilst affluent Muslim families held prominent real estate and owned farmland. This cosmopolitan milieu was supplemented by officials, clergy, sipahi, and soldiers interlaced with Jewish, Greek, Vlach, Albanian and Ragusan traders. During Ottoman rule Leskovac was known in Turkish as Leskovçe, or more commonly Hisar (Turkish translation; fortress), and for its annual 15-day long fair.[17][18][19]

Depiction of Serbian urban life in the Ottoman Empire.

Leskovac was severely damaged by fire in 1595 and again in 1690. In the Ottoman-Austrian War the  towns Serbs overwhelmingly sided with Habsburg forces on arrival in 1689. Following the failed uprising many Serbs migrated north after the Ottomans recaptured Leskovac, razing the Serbian quarters as reprisals for collaboration. In 1790 Sultan Selim III administrative reforms granted Leskovac the seat of its own Eyalet governed by Şehsuvar Abdi Pasha, who was succeeded by his son Ismail Pasha in 1830, until the Leskovac Eyalet was annexed to the Niš Eyalet in 1839. The Serbian population of Leskovac (along with other south Serbian towns and villages) took part in the failed rebellion of 1841. During the Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Leskovac lost one third of its population comprising approximately 5,000 Muslims (mostly Slavs and Albanians) that fled the advancing Serbian Army and cheta who liberated Leskovac on December 24, 1877 ending 424 years of Ottoman rule.[19][18][20]

From Turkish kasaba to Serbia's Little Manchester[]

Serbian Army celebrating the liberation of Leskovac in 1877

Before 1877 Leskovac had a total population of 46,500, of which 22,500 were Serbs and 24,000 Albanians.[21] The urban Muslim population of Leskovac consisted of Albanians and some Turks of whom a part were of Albanian origin.[22] During the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878) the Muslim population of Leskovac fled to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo and resettled in cities of Macedonia and Kosovo, in particular Pristina were they dominated trade.[22]

Leskovac became part of Serbia after the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, at which time Serbia also became fully independent from the Ottoman Empire. Full independence from the Ottoman Balkans initially had a negative impact on trade. However, by the end of the 19th century, the town of Leskovac was famous across the Balkans for its workshops which turned hemp into rope. Leskovac was known as Leskofça during Ottoman rule and was bounded to Niş sanjak until 1878.

Soon there were three watermill-driven lace producers in the region. In 1896, the founders of these companies pooled their resources and bought factory equipment for the production of woollen cloth from the German Empire. This was the first factory on the outskirts of the town. In 1903, a factory for hemp processing was built on the riverbank north of the old town centre. Amidst the First Serbian Uprising of the Serbian revolution (1804–1815), a forbidden Serbian Orthodox church was built in the town, through tricking the Turkish lords that the building would instead serve as a residence for the town-priest, and added a chimney, hence its name Odžaklija (Chimney).

Child labour in the Leskovac textile industry, circa 1914.

World War I and Bulgarian Occupation[]

Following the Serbian campaign of 1915 Leskovac fell within the Bulgarian occupational zone. This period was marked by harsh repression with attempts at Bulgarisation of the local inhabitants. Numerous crimes were committed on the Leskovac citizenry with 2,000-4,000 victims being executed and a great many more massacred in the surrounding region.[23][24][25][26] During the occupation Leskovac was also adversely affected by a typhus epidemic and widespread malnutrition.[27] Bulgaria capitulation to the Entente on 30 September 1918, and Leskovac was liberated on 7 October 1918 in an offensive lead by Field Marshal Petar Bojović's 1st Serbian Corps, which repelled the Austro-Hungarian 9th and German 11th Divisions. Cheering crowds gathered to welcome the Serbian Army's Dinarska and Dunavska divisions as they entered the city accompanied by French cavalry units.[28][29]

The Freedom Monument, erected in 1927 on the 50th anniversary of emancipation from Ottoman rule, honouring the liberators and defenders of Leskovac in the Balkan Wars and WWI.

The "Golden Age" of Leskovac[]

In 1922, the Teokarević family opened a wool cloth factory in the small town of Vučje near Leskovac. By 1938, the private textile factories of Leskovac town employed 2,560 workers. In the 1870s, there were thousands of hemp-processors in Leskovac, producing up to 150,000 cartloads per year. The city was once known as "Little Manchester", because of its 19th-century textile industry which was second only to that of Manchester, England. From 1929 to 1941, Leskovac was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Facade of the former Vlajčić Soap & Cosmetics factory built in 1926

World War II and Allied bombing[]

Main article: World War II in Yugoslavia
WWII memorial park and "Goddess of Victory" statue

During the World War II, the city was part of German-occupied Serbia. It was heavily bombed by the Allies in 1944, with estimates of civilian casualties varying from over a thousand to six thousand.[30][31] The heaviest bombing occurred on September 6, 1944 when most of the central part of the town was destroyed.[32] The date is marked annually in the city.

Fitzroy Maclean the head of the British military mission to the Partisans wrote ..... as we watched the whole of Leskovac seemed to rise bodily in the air in a tornado of dust and smoke and debris, and a great rending noise fell on our ears. ..... What was left of Leskovac lay enveloped in a pall of smoke; several buildings seemed to be burning fiercely. Even the Partisans seemed subdued. This was part of Operation Ratweek to attack the enemy withdrawal, and air reconnaissance had confirmed the presence of a strong concentration of armour and motor transport there, although he said the use of 50 ‘Heavies’ or Flying Fortresses did seem rather like taking a sledge-hammer to crack a walnut..[33]

Socialist era[]

Built in 1961, the Leskovac exhibition complex was designed to showcase the cities textile industry.

The city continued to be a major textile center until the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, but due to the economic isolation of Serbia resulting from ethnic wars, its remote location, and failure to privatize the mills, the industry collapsed resulting in depression of the economy in the area.[34]

Leskovac City Park

On 12 April 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia a bridge near Leskovac (Grdelička klisura) was destroyed by a NATO aircraft as a passenger train was crossing. The act was highly condemned with the bridge being struck twice (the train itself having been bombed from the first attack).

21st Century[]

The Roštiljijada barbecue and entertainment festival is Leskovac's main tourist attraction.

Contemporary Leskovac has become synonymous with Serbian culinary culture, particularly the national dishes of pljeskavica and ćevapi. The annual Roštiljijada grilled meat barbecue festival held since 1989 is the cities biggest tourist attraction drawing in thousands of visitors from both Serbia and abroad.[35][36][37][38]

The once thriving textile industry of Leskovac has all but collapsed with only a small number of businesses still in operation. The effects of globalisation coupled with political sanctions have led to significant economic decline. Local businesses were sluggish in transitioning from a predominantly state capitalist economy towards greater deregulation and privatisation during the 2000s. Despite a modest increase in mostly foreign capital enterprise with some government support issues of corruption, high unemployment, ageing workforce and community, unreported employment, and population decline still persist.[39][40][41]

Geography[]

Leskovac is situated in the heart of the vast and fertile valley of Leskovac (50 km (31 mi) long and 45 km (28 mi) wide), the small Veternica river, at the foot of Hisar, in the central part of the Leskovac valley. Leskovac lies at an altitude of 228 meters, in a basin that covers 2,250 km2 (869 sq mi). Around the valley are mountains Radan and Pasjača the west, Kukavica and Čemernik in the south and Babička Gora, Seličevica and Suva Planina to the east.

Climate[]

Leskovac has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with long, hot summers and short but cold, cloudy winters.

hideClimate data for Leskovac (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.5
(94.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		43.7
(110.7) 		41.3
(106.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		43.7
(110.7)
Average high °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average low °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.3
(57.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −30.5
(−22.9) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.4
(41.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−30.5
(−22.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.2
(1.66) 		45.7
(1.80) 		45.9
(1.81) 		60.5
(2.38) 		55.8
(2.20) 		64.1
(2.52) 		44.2
(1.74) 		47.3
(1.86) 		51.4
(2.02) 		51.1
(2.01) 		61.9
(2.44) 		55.2
(2.17) 		625.4
(24.62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13 13 12 13 13 11 8 7 9 10 12 14 137
Average snowy days 9 8 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 35
Average relative humidity (%) 82 77 70 68 69 68 65 66 73 77 81 83 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.6 90.1 145.6 168.0 224.3 255.3 296.8 288.6 207.4 147.3 85.4 50.9 2,026.1
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[42]

Rivers[]

The largest river in the region of Leskovac is the South Morava River, which flows south to north. Tributaries of the South Morava are: the Vlasina river, which collects water from Lake Vlasina and flows through Crna Trava and Vlasotince; the Veternica river, which flows through Leskovac; the Jablanica river, which springs from the foot of Goljak and flows through Medveđa and Lebane; the Pusta (Deserted) river, which starts on Radan mountain, fills Lake Brestovačko and flows through Bojnik. The river Vučjanka, which springs from the Kukavica mountain, flows through Vučje and is a tributary of the Veternica river. Also known in the Leskovac region are Kozaračka, Predejanska, Kopašnička and Sušica rivers.

Demographics[]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18789,718—    
188410,878+1.90%
189012,211+1.95%
189512,989+1.24%
190013,973+1.47%
193117,636+0.75%
1948113,158+11.55%
1953121,311+1.40%
1961134,250+1.27%
1971147,487+0.94%
1981159,001+0.75%
1991161,986+0.19%
2002156,252−0.33%
2011144,206−0.89%
2016138,132−0.86%
Source: [43]
Panoramic view of Leskovac from Hisar Hill

According to the 2011 census results, there are 144,206 inhabitants in the city of Leskovac.

Ethnic groups[]

In 2011 the city's population was 95,784 of whom majority are Serbs. Other significant ethnic groups include Roma, Macedonians and Yugoslavs. In January 2007, there were an estimated 500 persons of Chinese origin living in Leskovac.[44] Apart from the city proper, there are 143 populated places in the city, of which the largest are Vučje and Grdelica, classified as "urban" (town) in census, with about 3000 residents each.[2]

Ethnic composition of Leskovac as declared in the census (2011)

  Serbs (92.66%)
  Roma (5.34%)
  Other (1.99%)

The ethnic composition of the city administrative area:[45]

Ethnic group Population %
Serbs 133,623 92.66%
Roma 7,700 5.34%
Macedonians 291 0.20%
Montenegrins 192 0.13%
Bulgarians 91 0.06%
Yugoslavs 88 0.06%
Croats 55 0.04%
Albanians 20 0.02%
Slovenians 19 0.01%
Muslims 19 0.01%
Germans 19 0.01%
Hungarians 16 0.01%
Greeks 16 0.01%
Others 2,061 1.43%
Total 144,206

Vast majority of the people are Orthodox Christians (96%). There are also 3% Muslims, chiefly among local muslimani and Romani people. The rest are atheists or follow other religions. At one time the second largest city in Serbia, today Leskovac is blighted by economic problems with many working age people migrating out of the area.[34]

Subdivisions[]

Siroka carsija (Wide square), Leskovac

There are 144 villages located within the municipality:

Culture[]

Traditional dress and dance.
National Museum of Leskovac

Events[]

Roštiljijada[]

Roštiljijada (Barbecue week) is a grilled meat festival that has been organized in Leskovac for many years and takes place annually at the beginning of September. During the event, the main boulevard is closed for traffic for five days, and food stands are put up along the streets. The event brings visitors from all over Serbia as well as tourists. According to the TOL (Tourism Organization of Leskovac) in 2013, over 700,000 people visited the event.[46] The organisers hold competitions, such as making the biggest burger, the Pljeskavica. The festival is the highlight of the season in Leskovac.

International Carnival[]

In 2009 Leskovac officially became an International Carnival city, admitted by The Association of European Carnival cities, which has over 50 members from Europe and America. The Leskovac Carnival is held at a time of Roštiljijada festival. Around 1200 people take part in the carnival, of which one-third part from abroad. The City Government considered separating this event in 2010. as a special tourist event which will be introduced as a special offer of the city.

Theater Marathon[]

Leskovac National Theater

Theater Marathon takes place every year in November and lasts 9 days. It runs performances of National Theaters from all over Serbia. This event takes place in the National Theater in Leskovac.

Leskovac International Film Festival[]

The first Leskovac International film festival was held in 2008. The idea of the film in the city is not that new. In 1996, a group of enthusiasts, with chairman Rade Jovic, organized the Festival which were shown films of domestic production. Today, many years later, Leskovac host an International Film Festival. The Festival presents awards in 3 categories:

  • "Golden hazelnuts" - Best Director
  • "Hazelnut leaf" - critics awards
  • "Vox populi" - Audience Award.

Cultural heritage[]

Church of the Holy Trinity
Odžaklija, the secret church
Bora Piksla house, built in 1850, today a museum and rare example of Ottoman architecture in Leskovac.

Sports[]

Leskovac has a proud sporting history and is home to several teams, including football club's GFK Dubočica, FK Sloga Leskovac, basketball team KK Zdravlje, and handball team RK Dubočica 54.

Economy and infrastructure[]

Economy of Leskovac is diverse, but it is still somewhat stagnating as a city in whole. Overall, industry has a minor growth, but its growth is safe and in the future, industry will certainly face another growth that will increase its status among Serbia's largest cities. Its main industry is light industry such as textile, household commodities and medical industries. Leskovac has mine of lead and zinc called "Leskovac Lece".

The first boom occurred after WW1 and lasted until 1941. It was "succeeded" in the late 1940s. During so called "Yugoslav economic miracle" (1950s – c.1980) Leskovac has developed into not just regional, but textile center in entire Southeast Europe. It became known as "Serbian Manchester". Leskovac Lece was constructed during that era. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Leskovac was severely damaged like no other city in Europe at the time.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[47]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 249
Mining and quarrying 18
Manufacturing 10,709
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 306
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 627
Construction 1,142
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 5,002
Transportation and storage 1,211
Accommodation and food services 1,007
Information and communication 311
Financial and insurance activities 339
Real estate activities 139
Professional, scientific and technical activities 896
Administrative and support service activities 466
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,513
Education 2,402
Human health and social work activities 2,671
Arts, entertainment and recreation 403
Other service activities 544
Individual agricultural workers 1,459
Total 31,415

Transportation[]

Leskovac is a traffic junction. International trains traveling from Europe to Skopje, Thessalonica and Athens pass through this city. Nineteen trains stop in Leskovac every day. The railway came to Leskovac in 1886. Leskovac today has one of the newest and most modern railway stations in Serbia.

Bus traffic is also very well developed, bearing in mind that Leskovac has been criss-crossed with roads. The most important is the E75 road which connects the borders of Hungary and North Macedonia. Regional roads lead from Leskovac to Priština, Pirot and Bosilegrad. The distance from Leskovac to Niš is 45, to Belgrade 280, and to Sofia 155 kilometres (96 miles).

Leskovac has a regional airport, which is commonly used for sporting and agricultural flights. Also in summer the airport is used for air taxi. The nearest international airport is Niš Constantine the Great Airport located 45 km (28 mi) north of the city.

Environment[]

Leskovac was the first city in Serbia which had a sanitary landfill. Željkovac depot spreads over 80 hectares and is made by all European standards. In the landfill there is a center for atmospheric water purification, center for the selection and disposal systems for the detection of all types of pollution. Company Por Werner and Weber for Serbia, began construction of the center for collecting and recycling waste, and is the first city in the Balkans, where starting this job.

Notable residents[]

International relations[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Twin towns — sister cities[]

Leskovac is twinned with:[48][49]

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria Elin Pelin, Bulgaria
  • North Macedonia Kumanovo, North Macedonia
  • Bulgaria Kyustendil, Bulgaria
  • China Lanzhou, China
  • Slovenia Novo Mesto, Slovenia
  • Croatia Pazin, Croatia
  • Bulgaria Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • Serbia Prizren, Serbia
  • Bulgaria Silistra, Bulgaria
  • Belgium Verviers, Belgium
  • Serbia Zrenjanin, Serbia

See also[]

  • Leskovac Airport

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. p. 450. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kad je Leskovac bio deo unije, veće od današnje Evropske". juGmedia (in Serbian). 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  4. ^ "LESKOVAC JE BIO 423 GODINE MUSLIMANSKI GRAD". ARHIV STAV (in Bosnian). 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
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  6. ^ Stojic 1986, 61–62. YU
  7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-07-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  10. ^ Trajković, Dragoljub (1968). Glubočica u novijim istoriografskim i drugim podacima: kritički osvrti, prikazi i beleške (1946-1966). Narodni muzej. p. 10.
  11. ^ Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines. Naučno delo. 1996.
  12. ^ Trajković, Dragoljub M. (1961). Nemanjina Dubočica.
  13. ^ (https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html)
  14. ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (29 December 1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081493. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 48
  16. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 54
  17. ^ Jagodić, Miloš (1998-12-01). "The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878". Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires. 2 (Vol. II, n° 2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.265. ISSN 1279-7952.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kad je Leskovac bio deo unije, veće od današnje Evropske". juGmedia (in Serbian). 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "LESKOVAC JE BIO 423 GODINE MUSLIMANSKI GRAD". ARHIV STAV (in Bosnian). 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  20. ^ Jagodić, Miloš (1998-12-01). "The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878". Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires. 2 (Vol. II, n° 2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.265. ISSN 1279-7952.
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Further reading[]

  • Stojančević, V. (1980) Leskovac za vreme Prvog srpskog ustanka. in: Stojančević V. [ed.] Leskovčani za vreme Prvog srpskog ustanka 1804–1813, Leskovac, 267-8
  • Stojančević, V. (1980) Prvi srpski ustanak i leskovački kraj. in: Stojančević V. [ed.] Leskovčani za vreme Prvog srpskog ustanka 1804–1813, Leskovac, 67-8

External links[]

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