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Serbian Progressive Party

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This article is about the contemporary Serbian Progressive Party established in 2008. For the historical Serbian Progressive Party that existed in the Kingdom of Serbia, see Serbian Progressive Party (historical).

Serbian Progressive Party
Српска напредна странка
Srpska napredna stranka
AbbreviationSNS
PresidentAleksandar Vučić
Deputy PresidentJorgovanka Tabaković
Vice Presidents
Parliamentary leaderAleksandar Martinović
Founders
Founded21 October 2008; 13 years ago (2008-10-21)
Split fromSerbian Radical Party
HeadquartersPalmira Toljatija 5, Belgrade
NewspaperSNS Informator
Youth wingYouth Union
Women's wingWomen Union
Membership (2021)750,000[1][a]
Ideology
Political positionBig tent[3][4][a]
National affiliationFor Our Children
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (associate)
International affiliationInternational Democrat Union
Colours  Red   Blue
National Assembly
167 / 250
Cabinet of Serbia
16 / 23
Assembly of Vojvodina
65 / 120
City Assembly of Belgrade
76 / 110
Party flag
Flag of the Serbian Progressive Party
Website
sns.org.rs
^ a: SNS is a catch-all party, but it has been described by many as centrist,[5][6] centre-right[7][8][9] and right-wing.[10][11]

The Serbian Progressive Party (Serbian Cyrillic: Српска напредна странка, romanized: Srpska napredna stranka, abbr. СНС, SNS) is a populist political party in Serbia which has been the ruling party since 2012.

Founded in 2008 as a split from the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), the culmination of a decade-long conflict within the SRS between the party's moderate and hardline wings, the SNS retained the former's conservative outlook while adopting distinct pro-European and neoliberal policies. Tomislav Nikolić served as the party president until he was elected as the president of Serbia in 2012, and after his resignation, former deputy president Aleksandar Vučić was elected as the new president of the party. SNS has won every national-level election since then, winning a majority of seats in 2014 and 2020. With at least 750,000 members as of 2020, SNS is the largest party in Europe by the membership (excluding United Russia).

Ideologically, SNS was formed as a moderate split from SRS, and has been mostly described as a big tent and populist political party. They advocate the accession of Serbia into the European Union, while maintaining the balance with the Eastern and Western powers.

They are the guiding party in the current government coalition which includes left-leaning and right-leaning political parties that support Vučić's policies. As of July 2021, the party holds 167 seats in the National Assembly while the ruling coalition holds 180 out of 250 seats.[12][13]

History

Formation

Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić at the SNS founding convention on 21 October 2008

The conflict between Tomislav Nikolić and Vojislav Šešelj came to light after Nikolić's statement that the radicals in the National Assembly would support the Stabilisation and Association Process into the European Union, which met the resistance from Šešelj and his hardline supporters.[14][15]

Nikolić, who was the head of the parliamentary group and a deputy president of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) since 1992, officially resigned from these posts on 7 September 2008,[15] and on the same day Šešelj demanded to take away Nikolić's seat in the National Assembly.[16] While still being a member of the SRS, Nikolić formed the "Forward, Serbia" (Serbian: Напред, Србијо, romanized: Napred, Srbijo) parliamentary group a day later, in which initially 11 members of the parliament that were a part of SRS participated,[17] rising to 13 and then 15 members in couple days.[18][19]

On September 11, 2008, Nikolić announced that the "Forward, Serbia" parliamentary group will be transformed into a political party.[20][21] Rumors were spread about Aleksandar Vučić joining the newly-founded party, which was confirmed by Nikolić himself to be true on the same day.[20] A day later, the Central Patriotic Administration of SRS dismissed Nikolić and his 18 supporters from the party due to Šešelj's opposition to Nikolić's parliamentary group policies that slowly started to break the SRS apart.[22][23] Then-general secretary Vučić did not participate in the voting that day.[24] Igor Mirović formally left SRS after the voting was concluded, stating his support for Nikolić.[24] On the same day, Šešelj and Dragan Todorović expelled Nikolić's supporters, but demanded to get 18 seats back.[25] Due to this situation, parliamentary seats of SNS and SRS were disputed.[25] Founding members of the "Forward, Serbia" parliamentary group were then-vice president of the National Assembly Božidar Delić, Jorgovanka Tabaković and nine other members.[17] On September 13, 2008, Vučić left SRS and began working with Nikolić on the formation of their political party.[26] Nikolić announced that the newly-founded party will be a party of modern right which will campaign for Serbia's accession to the European Union (EU) and would balance relations with Russia.[26] On September 16, it was announced that the founding assembly will be held on 21 October the same year.[27][28] Nikolić and other high-officials started campaigning and promoting their soon-founded political party which mostly gained attention from former SRS members.[29][30] On September 24, 2008, Nikolić's high-officials confirmed that the party will be named Serbian Progressive Party.[31][32]

In early October, Maja Gojković was denied to participate in the foundation of SNS and because of it she formed the People's Party.[33][34] Nikolić also confirmed that he was in talks with then-president of the Democratic Party of Serbia Vojislav Koštunica and Velimir Ilić to form a patriotic coalition, but was soon after rejected by both of them.[33] On October 10, 2008, the Serbian Progressive Party was registered as a political party.[35] The parliamentary group continued to grow up to 21 members.[36][37] The founding assembly of the Serbian Progressive Party was held on 21 October 2008, in which a 20-man presidency was presented with Nikolić as party president and Vučić as deputy president.[38]

2008–2012: Early years and activism

In early November 2008, the SNS called for a snap parliamentary election to be held by October 2009.[39][40] This proposal was later supported by Čedomir Jovanović, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party.[41] Aleksandar Vučić stated in late November that the Serbian Progressive Party will remain in the opposition.[42]

It was announced in early March 2009 that Serbian Progressive Party was revoked 580 councilor seats in local municipal assemblies.[43] In May 2009, they opposed the change of constitution which they described as frivolous.[44] In June 2009, elections were held in Zemun, which was known to be the stronghold of the Serbian Radical Party, however, the SNS managed to won 34% of the popular vote in the election, while SRS won only 10%.[45] The SNS campaigned against the "Information law" between July and October 2009, which they described as being anti-democratic.[46] In October they campaigned for the resignation of then prime-minister Mirko Cvetković.[47] In early December 2009, elections were held in Voždovac in which the SNS participated.[48] They ended up winning 37.05% of the popular vote and 26 seats in the local assembly.[49][50] Shortly after the election, they formed a government with the DSS–NS coalition.[51] In Kostolac, they won 12% of the popular vote.[52] They have criticized the then-ruling Democratic Party of corruption and obstructing Serbia's way to the European Union.[53][54]

By mid-February 2010, they announced that they have collected over 500,000 signatures for new parliamentary elections to be held.[55] In early March, the SNS stated that the government is pulling the country into a deep crisis.[56][57] Soon after, they announced that they will be holding anti-government demonstrations in Belgrade.[58][59] Couple days after, they announced that they have collected over a million signatures.[60] The Democratic Party made a statement in late September 2010 claiming that the SNS is dangerous as a party to Serbia.[61] In early November 2010, Vučić made a statement claiming that the SNS grew to be the biggest party in the country in just two years.[62] In late December, they announced that they will be protesting due to the worsening political situation in Serbia.[63] The New Serbia party also commented on the situation by stating that they will participate in the protests too.[64] The government responded by inviting the party leaders to a dialogue, however, the dialogue offer was declined by the SNS.[65]

In January 2011, the SNS handed over 304,580 signatures that were collected by the party to change the constitution.[66] In early February, massive protests headed by the SNS began,[67][68] and on 5 February they stated that they will continue protesting unless the government calls early elections to be held.[69][70] The protests continued through March, and in April the anti-government protests began to spread out to other cities in Serbia.[71][72][73][74] During their protests, Tomislav Nikolić made a statement that he expects elections to be held by early December 2011.[75] In October 2011, high-party officials occupied the building of TV Kopernikus.[76] In early November 2011, the SNS published its first party program.[77]

2012–2014: Elections and their first government

SNS stand in Novi Sad during the 2012 election

During the protests in 2011, regular hosts besides the Serbian Progressive Party were also the New Serbia, Strength of Serbia Movement and the Movement of Socialists parties.[78] However, the SNS also initially wanted to participate in the election alone.[79] The protests played a major role in boosting up SNS' popularity,[80] and because of it many polls showed that Nikolić at the time was in lead.[81] In late January 2012, the presidency of New Serbia party confirmed that the SNS–NS–PSS–PS election will be headed by Nikolić on next elections.[82] Amidst previous pressure, Boris Tadić decided to call elections to be held on 6 May 2012,[83] and a week later the Serbian Progressive Party-led coalition was officially formed, under the name of "Let's Get Serbia Moving" (Serbian Cyrillic: Покренимо Србију, romanized: Pokrenimo Srbiju).[84] In April, SNS announced that Tomislav Nikolić is their candidate for president and Jorgovanka Tabaković will be their candidate for the prime minister position.[85][86] Shortly before elections, it was reported that the SNS officially had 340,000 members.[87]

Parliamentary election

Main article: 2012 Serbian parliamentary election

During the parliamentary election, SNS accused the Democratic Party of vote fraud.[80][88] At a press conference that was held on 6 May, the deputy president Aleksandar Vučić stated that they won the election and that they won 24.4% of the vote.[89][90][91] In the end, the coalition ended up getting 24.05% of the popular vote and 73 seats in the parliament while the Serbian Progressive Party gained 55 seats.[92]

Presidential election

Main article: 2012 Serbian presidential election

The presidential election was held on 6 May and later again on 20 May. The first runoff was held on the same day as the parliamentary election but since there was no candidate that won the majority, they ended up calling a second runoff on the 20 May, between the incumbent President Boris Tadić and the Serbian Progressive Party nominee Tomislav Nikolić. On 20 May, Nikolić defeated Tadić after winning 1,552,063 votes in the second runoff of the election.[93]

Leadership change

Nikolić served as the first president of the party between 2008 and 2012.

Following the presidential election, Nikolić stepped down as the president of the party and resigned from it.[94] The Deputy President Aleksandar Vučić served as the Acting President of the party until the successor was elected.[95] Vučić ended up being the only one who ran for the party leadership, and was elected on the 29 September 2012, with Jorgovanka Tabaković as the Deputy President of the party.[96] Later in the December of the same year, the People's Party led by the former Mayor of Novi Sad, Maja Gojković, merged into the Serbian Progressive Party.[97]

Formation of the first SNS-SPS government

The government was officially formed on 27 July 2012 after a majority vote in the National Assembly and was composed of the SNS-led "Let's Get Serbia Moving" coalition, the SPS-PUPS-JS coalition and United Regions of Serbia.[98] Nikolić appointed the President of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) as his Prime Minister while the Deputy President of the SNS, Aleksandar Vučić, was appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia.[99][100][101] One of the main priorities that this government promised was the integration of Serbia into the European Union, normalizing relations with the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo[note 1], fighting against crime and corruption and economic reforms.[102][103] In reality, there were no economic reforms during this period and the government continued practicing the neoliberal economic system, which was implemented by the Democratic Party government in 2008. Initially, the government had 17 ministries and 19 members of the ministries. In September 2013, the government was reshuffled after the United Regions of Serbia moved to the opposition and the government then added one more ministry and three more members.[104][105] This government ended up lasting only for almost two years. In the early 2014, SNS and SPS announced that the government and the parliament will be dissolved because of "insufficient political legitimacy".[106] On the 29 January, President Nikolić formally dissolved the parliament and the next parliamentary election was called to be held on 16 March.[107]

Although the Prime Minister, Ivica Dačić, held the power as the head of the government, many analysts described that Vučić had the most influence in the government because he was the head of the largest party in the governing coalition.[108]

2014–2016: Establishment of the dominance

Parliamentary and Belgrade elections

Belgrade Waterfront scale model, exposed in the building of Belgrade Cooperative

The parliamentary election was held on 16 March, in which the Serbian Progressive Party participated under its big tent coalition that they formed back in 2011. This time, the coalition was renamed to "Future We Believe In" (Serbian: Будућност у коју верујемо, romanized: Budućnost u koju verujemo) and two new parties joined the coalition, the Social Democratic Party of Serbia (SDPS) led by Rasim Ljajić and Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO) led by Vuk Drašković.[109] Vučić gained more support during this period, especially after jailing the billionaire oligarch Miroslav Mišković.[110] The "Future We Believe In" coalition ended up winning a majority of the seats in a landslide, winning 48.35% of the vote and 158 seats in the National Assembly while the SNS alone won 126 seats, marking the first electoral landslide since the 2000 parliamentary election.[111] Since winning a majority vote, Vučić announced that the will be negotiating with leaders of other parties and Socialist Party of Serbia ended up being the only one that accepted the offer to join their government.[112][113]

On the same day, election was held in Belgrade to elect a new Mayor. The election was supposed to take in late 2013 after Dragan Đilas lost a non-confidence motion in the City Assembly, but the Temporary Council headed by Siniša Mali ended up ruling until the election happened. The SNS-led coalition won the election with 43.62% of the vote and 63 seats in the City Assembly. Mali ended up becoming the mayor officially and served that role until 2018.[114]

Second SNS-led government

The second SNS-led government was formed on 27 April 2014 after a majority vote in the National Assembly and was composed of the SNS-led "Future We Believe In" coalition and the SPS-PUPS-JS coalition.[115] Vučić was elected as the Prime Minister and the government was stable for the most of the time.[116] The new SNS-led government adopted new laws that were needed for the future EU membership, and sought to implement a new agreement on normalizing ties with Kosovo[note 1].[117] Their priorities temporarily shifted when the catastrophic floods hit the country and pushing the economy deeper into recession.[118] In 2015, Serbia was named as a semi-consolidated democracy and was still described under the democratic category.[119] The government's plan was to attract foreign investors and to improve its business and environment, but they failed terribly to complete the large privatizations that were promised by SNS. The government ended up initiating a controversial project called Belgrade Waterfront (Serbian: Београд на води, romanized: Beograd na vodi) in 2014 after an agreement with a private investment and development company called "Eagle Hills". The investment is focused on the creation of new luxury city buildings and malls. The project gained attention after many organizations accused the development of money laundering and corruption,[120][121] lack of good urbanists, architects and economists,[122][123][124][125] and demolition of many houses and buildings and in 2016 even a murder happened, which were organized by unknown personas who were never found.[126][127][128][129] Protests were organized following these controversies which were headed by the "Do not let Belgrade d(r)own" organization.[130] The government sought public support for austerity measures and for an arrangement with the International Monetary Fund. In early January 2016, Vučić called for a snap election because he said that "Serbia still needs four more years of stability to enter the European Union" and in March the parliament was officially dissolved.[131]

2016–2020: Elections, protests and new president

2016 parliamentary election

The parliamentary election was held on 24 April,[132] initially scheduled for March 2018 until Vučić called for a snap election in early January 2016. SNS participated again under its big tent coalition that has existed since 2011, this time under the name "Serbia Is Winning" (Serbian: Србија побеђује, romanized: Srbija pobeđuje).[133] They were also joined by the Party of United Pensioners of Serbia (PUPS) led by Milan Krkobabić and Serbian People's Party (SNP) led by Nenad Popović. The coalition ended up winning 48.25% of the vote and 131 seats in the National Assembly while SNS alone won 93 seats[134] but this time they ended up winning more votes than on the last parliamentary election. Vučić announced that the government will be formed in June[135] but due to "external pressure" the government was formed in early August, 109 days after the election was held.[136][137] The Socialist Party of Serbia remained as a government member and this time they were also joined by Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.[138] Non-governmental organizations and all of the opposition parties, except the Serbian Radical Party, accused the ruling party of election theft, and manipulation of votes which the Serbian Progressive Party constantly denied throughout the election.[139][140][141]

Third SNS-led government

Vučić with Putin in 2017

The third SNS-led government was formed on 11 August 2016 after a majority vote in the National Assembly and was composed of the SNS-led "Serbia Is Winning" coalition and the SPS-PUPS-JS coalition, which have been in power since 2012.[142][143] Vučić remained as the Prime Minister and the new government had 16 ministries.[144] During this period, Vučić concentrated power for himself and Serbia has been also experiencing lack of independent media and shift to authoritarianism and because of it, it was described as partly-free.[145][146][147] The SNS-led government continued to display intolerance to criticism from opposition parties, independent media and ordinary citizens and independent government bodies such as Ombudsman.

On the 30 May Vučić resigned from the post of the Prime Minister after the presidential election in which he won and Ivica Dačić assumed the trial post which he held until 29 June.[148][149]

Ideology

Initial and contemporary

The Serbian Progressive Party never had a clear image of its ideology,[150] and because of this it has been widely described as a catch-all party.[151][152][153][154][155] However, the Serbian Progressive Party initially started out as a representation of the moderate wing of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) that criticized Šešelj's radical irredentist and nationalist views and then-ruling Democratic Party, which they accused of corruption.[156][157][158][159] Since coming to power, they have used populist rhetoric.[160]

Nevertheless, the Serbian Progressive Party has been also described as conservative,[161] national-conservative,[162][163] and right-wing populist.[164][165] Vučić's rule, including his leadership of the Serbian Progressive Party, has been described by some academics as pragmatic and opportunist.[166][167][168][169][170]

The economic positions of the Serbian Progressive Party are orientated towards neoliberalism.[171][172][173][174] They have adopted their neoliberal stance prior to the 2012 election,[175] and after coming to power, they have enacted it into practice.[176][177]

Foreign policies and cooperation

Political parties in Serbia

SNS has been accused of having satellite parties, that includes the ruling SNS-led coalition members, numerous minority parties, far-right parties such as the Serbian Radical Party,[178][179] Serbian Right,[180] Serbian Party Oathkeepers,[181] Leviathan Movement,[182] and other parties such as Liberal Democratic Party,[183] POKS,[184] Democratic Party of Serbia,[185] Serbia 21, Civic Democratic Forum, Party of Modern Serbia and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina.[186]

European Union

The Serbian Progressive Party supports the accession of Serbia into the European Union[187] and maintains cooperation with the ruling parties of the countries that are a part of the European Union, such as the Christian Democratic Union in Germany,[188][189] Fidesz in Hungary,[190] and the Freedom Party of Austria.[191] On 24 April 2013, SNS's representatives in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe joined the European People's Party as an associate member.[192]

United States

In its program, the Serbian Progressive Party stated that they advocate maintaining close relations with the United States. In 2012, its leaders met with Rudy Giuliani in Belgrade to discuss foreign consultations.[193][194][195] They have retained good relations with the US presidents since they came to power.[196][197]

China

The Serbian Progressive Party retains strong relations with the ruling Chinese Communist Party, including its leader Xi Jinping.[198][199][200][201] Since 2012, when SNS took power, they have signed multiple party agreements with each other.[198] SNS also addressed Xi Jinping and other high-ranked party leaders multiple times as "brothers" and "saviors" of Serbia.[202]

Russia

The Serbian Progressive Party has been maintaining close relations with Russia and its president Vladimir Putin including the ruling United Russia party since their formation.[203][204] They signed agreements for party cooperation in 2011, 2016 and 2019 to improve Serbia–Russia relations and strategic partnerships in the interests of both nations.[205][206][207]

Neighboring countries

Viktor Orbán and Fidesz have a warm relationship with Aleksandar Vučić and his Serbian Progressive Party, with the foreign minister of Hungary campaigning for Vučić for the 2017 Serbian presidential election.[208] Companies close to the Orbán government have won public contracts with the Serbian government.[209] The Serbian government has also been accused of taking a similar approach to the Hungarian government towards the media.[210] The Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMSZ) has connections to Fidesz[211] and is a member of the EPP like the SNS, and has been supporting the SNS-led government since 2014.[212]

Some have described the Serbian Progressive Party maintaining close cooperation with Milo Đukanović and the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro,[213][214] while Vučić and other officials have denied this claim.[215]

Similar to Fidesz in Hungary, SNS maintains strong connections to parties of the Serbian diaspora in neighboring countries. The New Serb Democracy, Movement for Changes and Democratic People's Party that were a part of the For the Future of Montenegro coalition, were labeled as "Vučić's list" during the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election, the largest number of constituents of the new coalition were present at several meetings in Belgrade during 2019 and 2020 that were organized by Vučić, gathering "leaders of Serb communities" in Serbia's neighboring countries.[216][217][218]

The Serb List in Kosovo retains close links to the government of Serbia and president Aleksandar Vučić[219][220] and the Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia ran together with VMRO-DPMNE in the 2020 North Macedonian parliamentary election. Under VMRO-DPMNE's and Nikola Gruevski's leadership the Northern Macedonia's foreign policy turned to a pro-Russian, pro-Serbian and anti-Western one.[221][222][223][224]

The Serbian Radical Party of Republika Srpska (SRS RS) was originally the Bosnian wing of SRS but the party distanced themselves from the Serbian SRS and has since affiliated itself with SNS. In April 2019, the SRS de facto merged with the Party of Democratic Progress (PDP), which like SNS is a member of the EPP. Srpska also has their own "Serbian Progressive Party" which merged in 2018 with the Serbian Radical Party "9th January", a more radical split of the SRS RS, and the similarly named Serbian Progressive Party of Republika Srpska.

Organization

Aleksandar Vučić, current party president
Serbian Progressive Party membership over time

The party bodies of the Serbian Progressive Party are the assembly, the main board, the president, the deputy president, the vice-presidents of the main board, the presidency, the executive board, the statutory commission, the supervisory board, and the election headquarters.[225]

The assembly is the highest body and it consists of a minimum of 3,200 delegates and a maximum of 4,000 delegates.[225] Delegates can be by function and elected delegates while the delegates by the function are the president, deputy president, members of the presidency, members of the main board, presidents of the council and members of the supervisory board, the statutory commission and the executive board.[225]

The mainboard is the highest decision-making body between the two sessions of the Assembly.[225] The mainboard consists of members by functions and 300 elected members. Members by the function are president, deputy president, vice presidents of the mainboard, members of the presidency, members of the executive board, presidents of the council, president of the statutory commission, president of the supervisory board, president of the information service, international secretary, presidents and commissioners of the city and municipal boards, members of the parliament and mayors.[225][226]

The president represents and manages the party. The deputy president replaces the president in case of his impediment or absence.[225] The vice-presidents of the main board assist the president in performing the functions of the main board.[225]

The presidency is an operational-political body that meets regularly, analyzes the current political situation, takes general political positions and performs other tasks necessary for continuous functioning.[225] The presidency is composed of 50 members.[225] Members of the presidency may be ex officio members and elected members. The members by the function are the president, the deputy president, the vice-presidents of the main board and the president of the executive board.[225][227] The Serbian Progressive Party also has special organizational forms such as the Women Union, Youth Union and the Union of Pensioners.[225] As of 2022, the Serbian Progressive Party is the largest political party in Europe by membership (excluding United Russia).[228][229]

Allegations of crime and corruption

The SNS has been widely accused of connections with crime and corruption, erosion of Serbian rule of law, and a drift towards authoritarianism.[230][231][232]

Freedom House's annual Nations in Transit report from early 2020 reported that due to democratic backsliding, Serbia was no longer a democracy (as it had been classified since 2003) and had become a hybrid regime, in the "gray zone" between "democracies and pure autocracies". The report cited "years of increasing state capture, abuse of power, and strongman tactics employed" by the Serbian president, Aleksandar Vučić. "Although the current SNS-led government came to power in 2012 promising to battle Serbia’s widespread corruption, the problem appears to have worsened, not improved, in the years since."[233]

University of Gothenburg's V-DEM institute deputy director Anna Lührmann said "the indexes of liberal democracy" have drastically deteriorated in Serbia, from 0.53 in 2009 to 0.25 in 2019, ranking it 139th of 179 countries surveyed. This result labeled Serbia an "electoral autocracy", “mainly due to the government's media censorship”, but also “a reduced space for the work of civil societies and academic institutions” and “the concern over the quality of the election system”.[234]

Various media organizations owned by people close to the party have been sold to the state-owned Telekom for prices ten times higher than their estimated worth, effectively transferring public money into the hands of several individuals and placing them into government control. One of the most significant examples is the purchase of Kopernikus Corporation, which was sold for 195.5 million euros, many times higher than what experts estimate its value to be.[clarification needed][235][236] Other examples include Radijus Vektor, which sold for 108 million euros; Wireless Media, sold for 38 million euros; and various acquisitions of minor cable television and internet providers (such as Avcom d.o.o, Belgrade, Radijus Vektor d.o.o, Belgrade, Masko d.o.o, Belgrade BPP Ing d.o.o and Grocka).[237]

The aforementioned acquisitions worsened Telekom's financial situation, and led the company to issue bonds worth 23.5 billion dinars to refinance debts.[238] The Serbian Anti-Corruption Council, however, remained silent.[239] In 2017, Vučić labeled N1, the main independent media organization in Serbia, a "Luxembourg TV with American capital" and a "CIA-controlled TV".[240]

Belgrade Waterfront

The Belgrade Waterfront construction mega-project in central Belgrade attracted further controversy in mid-September 2018 when two workers fell to their deaths from the 22nd floor of a building under construction. According to a report by Equal Times, "the men working illegally were sent away by their bosses and employers, as they didn’t have the proper paperwork".[241]

Five days later, Vučić, who has been named "a leading champion" of the Belgrade Waterfront megaproject ever since he announced it in 2012, suggested that "in the United States a window washer dies every ten seconds". He apologized for the statement after the claim was discovered to have come from the satirical news website The Onion.[242]

The project's ownership and profit was split, with the supposed investor Eagle Hills Properties receiving 68% and the Serbian government receiving 32%. The entire contract was kept secret and is linked with the corruption of government officials.[citation needed] Some critics have asked whether 4 billion euros of foreign direct investment were real, said that the Abu Dhabi-based investor did not participate in the megaproject at all, and that the project was actually used for money laundering. Local architect Ljubica Slavković commented that "A megalomaniac project backed by the promise of Abu Dhabi money is forcefully pushed forward by sidestepping laws and ignoring existing urban fabric, in order to secure the future identity of Serbia and its capital."[243][244][245]

On 24 April 2016, unidentified men wearing balaclavas stormed the Belgrade quarter of Savamala in the middle of the night on Hercegovacka Street and demolished the houses and facilities located there. Savamala has since become a big construction site where the Belgrade Waterfront is being developed, also dubbed a “project of national importance” by the Serbian authorities. Although nearly completed, the Belgrade Waterfront towers are still mainly empty and the apartments there are sold at high prices.

The people who had lived in Savamala before it was demolished are resettled and live in other parts of the city. However, none of them want to publicly speak to the media, because they fear that they will have problems with the new accommodation they have been given in exchange for demolished houses.[citation needed]

In June 2016, the then-Prime Minister, Vučić, accused the top officials in Belgrade of being behind the demolition in Savamala.[246] Marija Mali, the ex-wife of Finance Minister Sinisa Mali, who was the Belgrade mayor at the time, said in an interview for KRIK that her husband had told her that he had orchestrated the entire demolition of "some little shacks to remove clutter for the construction of the capital project". She also claimed that he had become violent since gaining political power, that he physically attacked her in the same month when the demolition occurred, and that he described it as a usual event. In particular, Marija asserted that Sinisa had said: "I had a problem, some people did not want to move out. I organized the action of cleansing. People came in the middle of a night, they kind of ravaged something there. I didn't do anything terrible, but, you know, I organized it all, I orchestrated the action."[247][248] He later denied these accusations.

Disputes over the nature of this project have led to large-scale protests in Belgrade and a new citizens' association, dubbed Do not let Belgrade d(r)own (Serbian: Не да(ви)мо Београд).

Murder of Oliver Ivanovic

On Tuesday, 16 January 2018, Oliver Ivanovic was about to enter his office when an Opel Astra stopped behind him and a passenger fired six bullets into his back.

The Special Prosecution Office of Kosovo in early December 2019 filed an indictment against six persons (including a police officer, Markovic) as accomplices in the crime. It also named two controversial Serbian businessmen—Zvonko Veselinovic and Milan Radoicic—to have masterminded the murder. None of them are, however, available to Kosovo authorities, so technically they could not be indicted.

Ivanovic's murder additionally complicated the political situation in Serbia: the opposition relied on the fact that media under Vučić's control were running a defamation campaign against the victim for months before the murder, including an allegation that he was "an enemy of the Serbian people". Meanwhile, independent media published a picture of the president's brother, Andrej Vucic, sitting with Veselinovic at some private party, while Radoicic was seen as a guest attending one of the president's addresses in parliament—but the hypothesis still lacks hard evidence to substantiate the claim.

On the other side, the Serbian regime repeatedly accused certain Albanian politicians (most often Kadri Veseli, former UCK commander and former speaker of the Kosovo parliament) for masterminding Ivanovic's murder and even named one Albanian former criminal, Florim Ejupi, as the likely perpetrator.[249]

Presidents of the Serbian Progressive Party

No. President Birth–Death Term start Term end
1 Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić, official portrait.jpg 1952– 21 October 2008 24 May 2012
2 Aleksandar Vučić Aleksandar Vučić 2019 (cropped).jpg 1970– 24 May 2012 Incumbent

Electoral performance

Parliamentary elections

Year Leader Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalition Status
2008 Tomislav Nikolić Split from the Serbian Radical Party
21 / 250
 Increase 21 — opposition
2012 940,659 24.05%
58 / 250
 Increase 37 PS government
2014 Aleksandar Vučić 1,736,920 48.35%
128 / 250
 Increase 70 BKV government
2016 1,823,147 48.25%
93 / 250
 Decrease 35 SP government
2020 1,953,998 60.65%
157 / 250
 Increase 64 ZND government
2022

Provincial elections

Year Leader Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalition Status
2012 Igor Mirović 185,309 18.33%
22 / 120
 Increase 22 PS opposition
2016 428,452 44.48%
63 / 120
 Increase 41 SP government
2020 498,495 61.58%
76 / 120
 Increase 13 ZND government

Presidential elections

Year Candidate 1st round popular vote % of popular vote 2nd round popular vote % of popular vote
2012 Tomislav Nikolić 2nd 979,216 25.05% Won 1,552,063 49.54%
2017 Aleksandar Vučić 1st 2,012,788 55.06% N/A — —
2022

Years in government (2012–)

Positions held

Major positions held by Serbian Progressive Party members:

# Office name Officeholder(s) Timespan
1
 President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić 2017–present
2
 Tomislav Nikolić 2012–2017[b]
3
 Prime Minister of Serbia Ana Brnabić 2017–present[c]
4
 Aleksandar Vučić 2014–2017
5
 President of the National Assembly of Serbia Maja Gojković 2014–2020
6
 Nebojša Stefanović 2012–2014
7
 President of the Government of Vojvodina Igor Mirović 2016–present
8
 Mayor of Belgrade Zoran Radojičić 2018–present[d]
9
 Siniša Mali 2014–2018[e]
10
 Governor of the National Bank of Serbia Jorgovanka Tabaković 2012–present

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognised as an independent state by 97 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 112 UN member states have recognised Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.
  1. ^ A newer source differs from this number, since a signatory noticed that the membership number is "over 800 thousand but below one million".[2]
  2. ^ Nikolić left the Serbian Progressive Party after he was elected as the president of Serbia in 2012 and continued to be aligned with them.
  3. ^ Brnabić was appointed by Vučić as the new prime minister and served as an independent but SNS-aligned until 2019, when she joined the party.
  4. ^ Radojičić is serving as an independent politician but was nominated in the 2018 election by SNS and has remained aligned with them ever since.
  5. ^ Mali was a leading member of the Temporary Council that ruled Belgrade between November 2013 and April 2014.

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    • Adam Fagan, Petr Kopecký, ed. (2017). The Routledge Handbook of East European Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781317418870. ... Similar patterns could be found in Republika Srpska, where Milorad Dodik and his Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) has been dominant since 2006, and in Serbia, where the populist Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) of ...
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