People's Radical Party

People's Radical Party Народна радикална странка Narodna radikalna stranka
Leader	Nikola Pašić Sava Grujić Stojan Protić Aca Stanojević
Founded	8 January 1881 (1881-01-08)
Dissolved	30 November 1945 (1945-11-30)
Headquarters	Belgrade
Newspaper	Samouprava
Ideology	Yugoslavism Serbian nationalism Conservatism Until 1890s: Radicalism Socialism
Political position	Centre-right to right-wing Until 1890s: Left-wing
Sister party	Serb People's Radical Party (1905–18)
Politics of Serbia Political parties Elections Politics of Yugoslavia Political parties Elections

The People's Radical Party (Serbian: Народна радикална странка, romanized: Narodna radikalna stranka, abbr. НРС or NRS) was the dominant ruling party of Kingdom of Serbia and later Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from the late 1880s until 1928.

History[]

The founding of the party was related to the circle of Serbian youth followers of Svetozar Marković and Nikola Pašić in Zurich. The leaders of this group proposed a political programme in which they called for:

• change of constitution
• freedom of the press and open politics
• judicial independence
• reform of the education system
• enhanced local self-government

The first main assembly of the People's Radical Party was in July 1882 in Kragujevac. The Radical's program, inspired by French Radicalism, was adopted, and Nikola Pašić was elected as the president of the central committee. The Radical Party had its own daily (Samouprava, "Self-Government"), which was critical of the ruling monarchy, demanding democracy, public liberties and liberal reforms of the bureaucratic system. The Radical leaders, mostly Swiss and French-educated (Nikola Pašić, Pera Todorović, Pera Velimirović, Jovan Djaja, Andra Nikolić, Ranko Tajšić, Lazar Dokić, Raša Milošević, Sima Lozanić, Đura Ljočić, Gliša Geršić, Svetomir Nikolajević, Kosta Taušanović, etc.) with other urban and provincial elites (Stojan Protić, Adam Bogosavljević, Aca Stanojević, Lazar Paču, Dimitrije Katić, Sava Grujić), were the first that successfully mobilized Serbian peasantry and the provincial middle classes (including teachers, peasant leaders and priests). Among others, Radicals attracted important intellectuals, diplomats and university professor, such as Milovan Milovanović, Milenko Vesnić, Mihailo Vujić, Đorđe Simić, Jovan Žujović.

In September 1883, the Timok Rebellion broke out in eastern Serbia when King Milan Obrenović declared that peasants' arms should be confiscated by the army. He charged the Radicals that with their article Disarmament of the people's army in Samouprava, they had encouraged the peasants to refuse to give up their weapons. The rebellion was set down in ten days. Most of the party head committee was captured in the aftermath, apart from Pašić himself and a few others, who escaped to the Principality of Bulgaria. The régime sentenced many of these Radicals to death, including those who in absentia. However, after some time, amnesty was given to certain Radicals who agreed to enter Obrenović's government in 1887.

The Radicals were instrumental in the adoption of the 1888 Serbian Constitution, which established parliamentary democracy, almost all of the political program. The parliamentary rule was introduced, rights were guaranteed as well as the freedom of citizens and local self-government. Radicals disposed of, after 1889, with almost 80 percent of the popular vote. The Radicals were ardent supporters of unification of all Serb-inhabited lands in the Balkans and adopted the slogan "Balkans to the Balkan nations". In foreign policy, strongly anti-Austrian, it was mostly Russophile and Francophile, supporting the Franco-Russian Alliance and the Triple Entente.

After the compromise with the Crown in 1901, the younger group within the People's Radical Party formed a dissident faction in 1901 that in 1905, after failed reconciliation efforts with Pašić emerged as a new political party, the "Independent Radical Party", led by Ljubomir Stojanović and Ljubomir Davidović that was in power only in 1905 and 1906. After the Great War, Independent Radicals were transformed into the Republican and Democratic Party.

After the return of the Karađorđević dynasty to the throne of Serbia in 1903 (following the May Overthrow), under the newly elected king Peter I Karađorđević, a single-chamber National Assembly was introduced, and the new 1903 Constitution was slightly revised version of the 1888 Constitution, annulled by Aleksandar I Obrenović in 1894. Serbia became a parliamentary and constitutional monarchy. After the revolutionary government in 1903, the Radicals of Pašić formed several governments that began the important reforms of the nation.

The Radical governments led the Kingdom of Serbia through its Golden Age (1903-1914), as well as through the First World War. An organization known as the Yugoslav Committee signed the Corfu Declaration in 1917 with Nikola Pašić, which called for the formation of a South Slavic state. After the war, the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs was formed from lands previously part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the Croatian Parliament and others. However, Prince Alexander, citing the Corfu Declaration, declared the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The Croatian Parliament voted to incorporate itself into the National Assembly of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, and it was represented by it. The representatives of the National Assembly agreed to merge with the Kingdom of Serbia.

While a multi-ethnic state, the Kingdom's prime ministers from 1918 to 1928 were all Serbian with the People's Radical Party holding the prime ministry for eight of the years. In the National Assembly, outdated electoral rules and Yugoslav police actions against opponents of the régime^[1] favoured the Radical Party. For example, in the 1923 elections, the party received a quarter of the kingdom's vote, but census results from 1910 assigned Serbia a greater representation, and the Radical Party took just over a third of the Assembly's seats.

After Pašić's death in 1926, Aca Stanojević became the party's president. In 1929, King Alexander declared a personal rule banning the People's Radical Party and others. Certain members of the party entered into Alexander's governments, and Stanojević called for the end of the royal dictatorship and the return to parliamentary democracy and local self-government.

Radical Prime Ministers[]

Electoral performance[]

Kingdom of Serbia[]

Year	Leader	Popular vote	% of popular vote	# of seats	Seat change	Coalition	Status
	Nikola Pašić	Unknown		72 / 170	72	–	government
1884				14 / 174	58	–	opposition
1886				78 / 160	64	–	government
				78 / 208	0	–	government
Mar 1888				156 / 208	78	–	government
Nov 1888				500 / 628	422	–	government
1889		158,635	87.88%	102 / 117	320	–	government
		Unknown		102 / 116	0	–	government
Mar 1893				57 / 128	45	–	government
May 1893				126 / 136	69	–	government
1895				2 / 240	124	–	opposition
				254 / 254	252	–	government
				1 / 194	251	–	opposition
Sep 1903		95,883	36.00%	75 / 160		–	government
1905		88,834	30.20%	55 / 160	20	–	opposition
1906		157,857	42.70%	91 / 160	36	–	government
1908		175,667	43.60%	84 / 160	7	–	government
1912		182,479	39.80%	84 / 160	0	–	government

Kingdom of Yugoslavia[]

Year	Leader	Popular vote	% of popular vote	# of seats	Seat change	Coalition	Status
1920	Nikola Pašić	284,575	17.7%	91 / 419	91	–	government
1923		562,213	25.9%	108 / 312	17	–	government
1925		702,573	28.8%	123 / 315	15	–	government
1927	Aca Stanojević	742,111	31.9%	112 / 315	9	–	government
1931		Banned		0 / 305	112	–	opposition
1935		Did not participate		0 / 370	0	–	opposition
1938		1,643,783[a]	54.1%[a]	306 / 371 [a]	306[a]	JRZ	government
1945		Election boycott[b]		0 / 354	306	–	opposition

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
• Alex N. Dragnich, Nikola Pašić, Serbia and Yugoslavia, New Brunswick, New Jersey 1974.
• Alex N.Dragnich, The Development of Parliamentary Government in Serbia, East European Monographs, Boulder Colorado 1978.
• Michael Boro Petrovich, The History of Modern Serbia 1804-1918, 2 vols. I-II, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York 1976.
• Gale Stokes, Politics as Development. The Emergence of Political Parties in Nineteenth-Century Serbia, Durham and London, Duke University Press 1990.
• Milan St.Protić, «The French Radical Movement and the Radical party in Serbia. A Parallel Analysis of Ideologies», in: Richard B. Spence, Linda L. Nelson (eds.), Scholar, Patriot, Mentor. Historical Essays in Honor of Dimitrije Djordjević, East European Monographs, Boulder Colorado 1992.