Zaječar

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Zaječar
Град Зајечар
City
City of Zaječar
Зграда Музеја у Зајечару 01.jpg
Felix Romuliana 5.jpg
Црква у Зајечару, храм Пресвете Богородице 01.jpg
Zaječar spomenik.jpg
Istorijski arhiv Timočka krajina Zaječar 3.jpg
Zgrada Skupštine Opštine Zaječar.jpg
From top: National Museum, Archaeological site Gamzigrad, Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Central park, Historical archive, City Hall
Coat of arms of Zaječar
Coat of arms
Location of the city of Zaječar within Serbia
Location of the city of Zaječar within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°55′N 22°18′E / 43.917°N 22.300°E / 43.917; 22.300Coordinates: 43°55′N 22°18′E / 43.917°N 22.300°E / 43.917; 22.300
Country Serbia
RegionSouthern and Eastern Serbia
DistrictZaječar
Settlements41
Government
 • MayorBoško Ničić (SNS)
Area
[1]
 • Urban97 km2 (37 sq mi)
 • Administrative1,069 km2 (413 sq mi)
Elevation
134 m (440 ft)
Population
 (2011 census)[2]
 • Urban
38,165
 • Urban density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
 • Administrative
59,461
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
19000
Area code+381(0)19
Car platesZA
Websitewww.zajecar.info

Zaječar (Serbian Cyrillic: Зајечар, pronounced [zâjɛtʃar]; Romanian: Zaicear or Zăiceari) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the city administrative area has a population of 59,461 inhabitants. Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the festival dedicated to contemporary art ZALET.

Name[]

In Serbian, the city is known as Zaječar (Зајечар); in Romanian as Zaicear, Zăiicer (archaic name), Zăiceri, Zăicear or Zăiceari; in Macedonian as Заечар and in Bulgarian as Зайчар (Zaychar).

The origin of the name is from the Torlak dialect name for "hare" = zajec / зајец (in all other Serbian dialects it is zec / зец, while in Bulgarian it is "заек / zaek"). It means "the man who breeds and keeps hares".

Folk etymology in Romanian, gives "Zăiicer" as meaning "the Gods are asking (for sacrifice)".

Early renderings of the city in English used Saitchar.

History[]

Ancient[]

Three Roman Emperors were born in the city of Zaječar: Galerius (r. 293–311), Maximinus (r. 305–312) and Licinius (r. 308–324).

Felix Romuliana.

The Late Roman fortified palace compound and memorial complex of Gamzigrad-Romuliana at the outskirts of Zaječar was commissioned by Emperor Caius Valerius Galerius Maximianus, in the late 3rd and early 4th century. It was known as Felix Romuliana, named after the Emperor's mother Romula. The site consists of fortifications, the palace in the north-western part of the complex, basilicas, temples, hot baths, memorial complex, and a tetrapylon. The site offers a unique testimony of the Roman building tradition marked by the ideology of the period of the . The group of buildings is also unique in its intertwining of ceremonial and memorial functions. The relation between two spatial ensembles in this site is stressed by the tetrapylon which is placed on the crossroads between the worldly fortification and palace on the one side and the other-worldly mausoleums and consecration monuments on the other.

Middle Ages[]

Slavs entered the region during the 7th century, and the tribe living in the area was called Timočani. During the Middle Ages, the area of Zaječar was contested between Bulgaria, Hungary and Serbia. During periods in the 9th-11th centuries and the 13th century the territory of modern-day Zaječar was a part of the Bulgarian Empire. [3][4][5][6][7] It finally fell under Ottoman rule during the first half of the 15th century. The oldest preserved rendering of Zaječar listed in an Ottoman defter dates from 1466. At the time, there were only eight extended families (zadrugas) living there.

Modern[]

In the First Serb Uprising, Hajduk Veljko Petrović liberated the area from Ottoman rule in 1806. The Ottomans retook the area in 1813 but finally ceded it to Serbia in 1833.

The population of the city and of the area to the south of it was partly Bulgarian, as the Serbian ethnographer Milan Đ. Milićević recognized. The city actively participated in the Serbo-Turkish War of 1876-1878. In 1883, it was partially engulfed in the famous Timok Uprising, a reaction against a governmental order to confiscate peasants' firearms and against a law replacing the militia with a standing army.

Bulgaria occupied Zaječar from 1915 to 1918, during the First World War. From 1929 to 1941, the city was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The German army occupied Zaječar on 14 April 1941, during the Second World War; it was administered as part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia from 22 April 1941. Zaječar was liberated on 7–8 October 1944 in a joint operation by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.[8]

Climate[]

Zaječar has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), that's very close to a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

hideClimate data for Zaječar (1981–2010, extremes 1961–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.4
(83.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		40.4
(104.7) 		44.7
(112.5) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		44.7
(112.5)
Average high °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.6
(85.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		11.0
(51.8)
Average low °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		5.1
(41.2)
Record low °C (°F) −29.0
(−20.2) 		−23.6
(−10.5) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−29.0
(−20.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.4
(1.51) 		39.8
(1.57) 		40.6
(1.60) 		53.2
(2.09) 		52.4
(2.06) 		58.1
(2.29) 		56.3
(2.22) 		43.9
(1.73) 		44.3
(1.74) 		48.0
(1.89) 		52.3
(2.06) 		54.0
(2.13) 		581.4
(22.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11 10 11 12 12 10 8 7 8 9 11 12 122
Average snowy days 8 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 28
Average relative humidity (%) 79 75 71 69 69 68 64 66 71 78 81 82 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.7 92.2 129.3 165.7 223.4 254.1 286.5 266.4 188.0 125.8 72.9 55.9 1,932
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[9]

Settlements[]

Aside from the urban area of Zaječar, the city administrative area includes the following settlements:

Demographics[]

Park and monument
Historical population
YearPop.±%
194862,887—    
195364,907+3.2%
196168,616+5.7%
197173,147+6.6%
198176,681+4.8%
199172,763−5.1%
200265,969−9.3%
201159,461−9.9%
Source: [10]

According to the 2011 census, the city of Zaječar has a population of 59,461 inhabitants, while the urban area has 38,165 inhabitants. The city has an urban area of over 97 km².

Ethnic groups[]

The ethnic composition of the city:[11]

Ethnic group Population %
Serbs 51,291 86.26%
Vlachs/Romanians 2,856 4.80%
Romani 753 1.27%
Romanians 204 0.34%
Bulgarians 181 0.30%
Macedonians 148 0.25%
Montenegrins 98 0.16%
Yugoslavs 89 0.15%
Croats 71 0.12%
Albanians 40 0.07%
Muslims 28 0.05%
Gorani 28 0.05%
Slovenes 23 0.04%
Others 3,651 6.14%
Total 59,461

Economy[]

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[12]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 243
Mining and quarrying 464
Manufacturing 1,710
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 178
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 236
Construction 306
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 2,011
Transportation and storage 592
Accommodation and food services 394
Information and communication 158
Financial and insurance activities 196
Real estate activities 15
Professional, scientific and technical activities 367
Administrative and support service activities 349
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,147
Education 990
Human health and social work activities 1,322
Arts, entertainment and recreation 156
Other service activities 234
Individual agricultural workers 676
Total 11,473

Society and culture[]

Sport[]

Zaječar hosted 2006 Serbian triathlon championship. The city has two sport-recreation centers, "Popova plaža" and "SRC Kraljevica" home of ŽRK Zaječar, while a third, "Kotlujevac", is under reconstruction.

Theatre[]

Zaječar is home to the "Zoran Radmilović" theatre built 2 February 1947 under the name of the "Oblasno narodno pozorište". The first play ever performed in the new theatre was "Žita cvetaju". The theatre was renamed during its 45th (1992) anniversary as "Zoran Radmilović" to celebrate a famous and beloved actor who was born there. Every year, this theatre is home to the "Dani Zorana Radmilovića" art festival.[13]

ZA*73T[]

The Festival of Contemporary Art ZALET (stylised as ZA*73T) organizes manifestations, such as exhibitions, concerts, literary evenings and experimental theater, with innovative and progressive aspects of artistic expressions: performance, art comics, low-fi video, video-art, conceptual art, the synthesis of fine and conceptual arts.

Gitarijada[]

Gitarijada (Serbian Cyrillic: Гитаријада, trans. Guitar fest) is a musical festival held during the summer in order to promote demo bands. Held since 1969, Gitarijada is one of the longest-lasting festivals in Serbia and in South Eastern Europe. The festival started its life in Zaječar during 1970. Some of notable bands from Serbia such as Bjesovi & Galija were winners in the Gitarijada competition during the '80s and '90s. The programme of the Gitarijada festival has several parts. Demo battles as a main item, with performances of famous artists and art exhibitions involving themes like rock, blues, metal and similar ones. So far, Gitarijada has reached its 50th birthday and it is considered to be the biggest rock festival in South Eastern Europe.

Education[]

Elementary schools

  • OŠ "Desanka Maksimović"
  • OŠ "Ljuba Nešić"
  • OŠ "Djura Jakšić"
  • OŠ "Ljubica Radosavljević Nada"
  • OŠ "Hajduk Veljko"
  • OŠ "Vladislav Petković Dis"
  • OŠ "Vuk Karadžić"
  • OŠ "Jeremija Ilić Jegor"
  • OŠ "Dositej Obradović"
  • OŠ "15.maj"
  • OŠ "Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj"

High schools

  • Gymnasium (since 1836)
  • Medical Assistant/Nurse high school
  • Technical high school
  • Business Assistant and Accountancy high school
  • Machine technician high school
  • Secondary Music School

University education

The city is the seat of the Megatrend University Faculty of Management; Business School of Management.

Twin cities[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Zaječar is twinned with:

  • Bulgaria Vidin, Bulgaria
  • Romania Calafat, Romania

Notable citizens[]

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Zaječar area.

  • Galerius, Roman Emperor, born in, or of a family origin from, Gamzigrad, near Zaječar, where he built the city of Felix Romuliana.
  • Licinius, Roman Emperor, born in Moesia, near Zaječar
  • Vetranio, Roman Emperor, born in Moesia, near Zaječar
  • Hajduk Veljko Petrović, one of the leaders of the First Serbian Uprising, was born in Lenovac near Zaječar c. 1780.
  • Nikola Pašić, a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and diplomat, was born in 1845 in Veliki Izvor, then in the vicinity, and today a suburb, of Zaječar.
  • sr:Đorđe Genčić, Interior Minister during the reign of Alexander I of Serbia, Mayor of Niš in 1894-1899, was born in Zaječar. In his family house in Belgrade the Nikola Tesla Museum is housed today.
  • Svetozar Marković, political theorist and activist, was born in Zaječar in 1846.
  • Simo Matavulj, novelist and short story writer, briefly taught at the Zaječar gymnasium
  • Zoran Radmilović, comedy and character actor (theatre), was born in Zaječar in 1933.
  • Mirko Cvetković, Ph.D., Prime Minister of Serbia 2008-2012
  • Ivana Sert, Serbian-Turkish TV personality, model, and fashion designer.
  • fr:Slobodan Misic-Brenda, a Canadian handball coach, was born in Brusnik near Zaječar in 1942.
  • Dragan Stanković, volleyball player, European champion and World championships bronze medalist.
  • Boban Marjanović, basketball player for Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Serbian national basketball team.
  • , handball player with international career (Germany, Austria, Turkey, Hungary), played for Serbian National handball Team on World Championship 2013 in Spain.

See also[]

References[]

References
  1. ^ "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  2. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  3. ^ Ivanišević 2013, p. 450.
  4. ^ (https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html)
  5. ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (29 December 1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081493. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 48
  7. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 54
  8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-03-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  10. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  11. ^ "ETHNICITY Data by municipalities and cities" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  12. ^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Zajecar - Arhiva". Zoran Radmilovic. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Sources

External links[]

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