Tropheryma whipplei

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"Tropheryma whipplei"
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Class:
Actinobacteria
Order:
Family:
"Tropherymataceae"

Nouioui et al. 2018[1]
Genus:
"Tropheryma"[2]

La Scola et al. 2001[3]
Species:
"T. whipplei"
Binomial name
"Tropheryma whipplei"
La Scola et al. 2001[3]
Synonyms

"Tropheryma whippelii" Relman et al. 1992

"Tropheryma whipplei", formerly called "Tropheryma whippelii",[4] is a bacterium and the causative organism of Whipple's disease,[3] and rarely, endocarditis.

While "T. whipplei" is categorized with the Gram-positive Actinobacteria, the organism is commonly found to be Gram-positive or Gram-indeterminate when stained in the laboratory.[3] Whipple himself probably observed the organisms as rod-shaped structures with silver stain in his original case.[5]

History of the name[]

No name was given to the organism until 1991, when the name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed after sections of the bacterial genome were sequenced.[6] The name was changed to Tropheryma whipplei in 2001 (correcting the spelling of Whipple's name) when the organism was deposited in bacterial collections.[3]

Pathogenesis[]

Genome structure[]

Several strains of "T. whipplei" have been sequenced.[7][8]

Genomes of intracellular or parasitic bacteria undergo massive reduction compared to their free-living relatives. With a genome size of less than 1 Mb, T. whipplei is a prime example of genome reduction among Actinobacteria. Other such examples include Mycoplasma for Firmicutes (the low G+C content Gram-positive), Rickettsia for alpha proteobacteria, and Wigglesworthia and Buchnera for gamma proteobacteria.[9]

Some of the largest virions like Megavirus chilensis, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and mimivirus are comparable in size to miniature bacteria like T. whipplei and Rickettsia conorii.

References[]

  1. ^ Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk H-P, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M. (2018). "Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Front. Microbiol. 9: 2007. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMC 6113628. PMID 30186281.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ From Greek τροφή trophê, "nourishment, food" and ἔρυμα eruma, "fence, a defence against, barrier".
  3. ^ a b c d e La Scola B, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Altwegg M, Mallet MN, Raoult D (July 2001). "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 4): 1471–9. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. PMID 11491348.
  4. ^ Liang Z, La Scola B, Raoult D (January 2002). "Monoclonal antibodies to immunodominant epitope of Tropheryma whipplei". Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9 (1): 156–9. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.156-159.2002. PMC 119894. PMID 11777846.
  5. ^ Whipple GH. (1907). "A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues". Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 18: 382–91.
  6. ^ Relman D, Schmidt T, MacDermott R, Falkow S (1992). "Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease". N Engl J Med. 327 (5): 293–301. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. PMID 1377787.
  7. ^ Raoult D, et al. (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res. 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  8. ^ Bentley, SD.; Maiwald, M.; Murphy, LD.; Pallen, MJ.; Yeats, CA.; Dover, LG.; Norbertczak, HT.; Besra, GS.; et al. (Feb 2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. PMID 12606174. S2CID 8743326.
  9. ^ https://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/8/1800.full


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