Turkistan Islamic Party

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This article is about the Jihadist organization. For the secessionist movement, see East Turkestan independence movement. For the Syrian branch of the Islamic Movement, see Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.

Turkistan Islamic Party
LeadersZeydin Yusup †
Hasan Mahsum †
Abdul Haq[1][2]
Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani †
Abdullah Mansour[3]
Dates of operation1988 – present
Group(s) Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[4]
MotivesAn Islamic state in Xinjiang and the entire Central Asia, eventually Caliphate[5]
HeadquartersIdlib Governorate, Syria (largest operation base)
Active regionsChina (Xinjiang)
Pakistan (North Waziristan)[6] (until 2017)[7]
Afghanistan (Badakhshan)[8]
Central Asia
Syria[9][10][11] (Jisr al-Shughur in Idlib Governorate, Latakia Governorate)
IdeologyUyghur nationalism
Sunni Islamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Salafist jihadism
Separatism
StatusProscribed by the United Nations and multiple other governments; no longer designated as a Terrorist Organization by the US. (see below)
Allies Al-Qaeda[12]
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (splinter faction, allied with main faction until 2015)[13]
Opponents China
 Syria[14]
 European Union
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
 Iran[citation needed]
 Hezbollah[15]
 Pakistan[16][17]
 India
 Jordan
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Mongolia
 Russia
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
 United States[18]
Battles and warsXinjiang conflict War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Syrian civil war
Turkistan Islamic Party
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯兰党
Traditional Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨
Uyghur name
Uyghurتۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى‎

The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) (Arabic: الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني‎, romanized: al-Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī; Uighur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى, romanized: Türkistan Islam Partiyisi; Turkish: Türkistan İslam Partisi) or the Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names,[note 1] is a Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Western China. Its stated goals are to establish an independent state called East Turkestan replacing Xinjiang.[22] The UN Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee has listed ETIM as a terrorist organization since 2002,[23] though the United States removed it from its list of Terrorist Organizations in 2020.[24]

Influenced by the success of the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War, the TIP became prominent in 1990 during the Baren Township riot. The conflict took the form of a jihad which envisioned a similar result to the earlier creation of the First East Turkestan Republic (1933-1934).[25] Their slogans contained anti-Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks, indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan-Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure, radical Salafi jihadism or religious extremism. The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the Chinese government, which deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection. The Chinese government viewed them as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan.[25]

The Syrian branch of the TIP is active in the Syrian Civil War; they are largely grouped in Idlib[26] well organized, battle-hardened and have been instrumental in ground offensives against President Bashar al-Assad's forces in Idlib and other Syrian northern regions.[14]

History[]

Abdul Hameed, Abdul Azeez Makhdoom, and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the Islamic Party of Turkistan in 1940.[27] After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem instructed Hasan Mahsum and other Uyghurs in fundamentalist Islam.[28]

In 1989 Ziyauddin Yusuf (Zeydin Yusup) started the group which was originally called East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP).[27][29] The name in Uyghur was Sherqiy Türkistan Islam Partiyisi (شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى),[30] and in Turkish it was called Doğu Türkistan İslam Partisi.[31] The movement was reshuffled by Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in 1997 into its present incarnation.[32][33] This group was referred to as "East Turkestan Islamic Movement" (ETIM) by the Chinese government but the group itself never used that name.

In 1998, Mahsum moved ETIM's headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[citation needed] The group's infrastructure was crippled after the United States invaded Afghanistan and bombed Al Qaeda bases in the mountainous regions along the border with Pakistan.[citation needed] The leader, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al-Qaeda camp in South Waziristan in 2003.[34] However, ETIM resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment.[35] In 2006, ETIM circulated a video calling for a renewed jihad, and took advantage of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing to gain publicity for its attacks.[19] The ETIM is said[by whom?] to be allied with the Pakistani Taliban (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan),[citation needed] prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants.[36]

The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIM, although China still calls it by the name ETIM and refuses to acknowledge it as TIP.[19][37] The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) but then split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its Islamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists.[38] Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so.[39][40]

In 2008, TIP's Ṣawt al-Islām (Voice of Islam) media arm was created and began releasing video messages.[41] The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" Uyghur: (تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى; Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi).[42][43][44]

In 2013, the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria, its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then, while in Syria it has risen.[41]

Al-Qaeda links[]

The TIP are believed to have links to al-Qaeda and affiliated groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,[45] and the Pakistani Taliban.[46] The US has designated it as having received "training and financial assistance" from al-Qaeda.[47]

University of Virginia associate professor Philip B. K. Potter writes that, despite the fact that "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that prior to 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation."[48][47] Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts.[49][50] However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved to Kabul, in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, while "China’s ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban." The East Turkestan Islamic Movement dropped "East" from its name as it increased its domain.[49]

A number of members of al-Qaeda have expressed support for the TIP, Xinjiang independence, and/or jihad against China. They include Mustafa Setmariam Nasar,[51] Abu Yahya al-Libi,[52][53] and current al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri who has on multiple occasions issued statements naming Xinjiang (calling it "East Turkestan") as one of the "battlegrounds" of "jihad to liberate every span of land of the Muslims that has been usurped and violated."[54][55][56][57][58] Additionally, the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center distributes TIP promotional material.[59]

Andrew McGregor, writing for the Jamestown Foundation in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP’s "strategy" of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."[60]

TIP member Abdul Haq al Turkistani joined al-Qaeda's executive leadership council in 2005[61] and TIP member Abdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed its military commander of its forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.[62] Abdul Haq was so apparently highly placed in al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played an integral role in military planning.[63]

The Uyghurs East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial "Islamic Spring"'s 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri, the chief of Al-Qaeda. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.[64][vague][65] As reported in this article as well.[66]

In the mid-2010s, TIP's relationship to al-Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al-Qaeda in May 2016.[67]

Afghanistan and Waziristan[]

During the 2015 Battle of Kunduz in Afghanistan, there were reports that Islamist militants of Uyghur ethnicity joined the Taliban in their attack although these reports did not mention TIP.[68][69][70][71][72]

In February 2018, airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[73][74][75][76][77] Speaking with Pentagon reporters, U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. James B. Hecker, commander of NATO Air Command Afghanistan was quoted "The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan. The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan, so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban's support networks degrades ETIM capabilities."[76]

After the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, TIP was removed from Badakhshan, as the new Afghan government seeks aid from China.[78]

Syria[]

Main article: Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria

TIP (ETIM) sent the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War as part of a network of al-Qaeda linked groups alongside al-Nusra, most notably in the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive where they were part of the Army of Conquest coalition.[79][80][81]

Ideology[]

The NEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims from Western China." The East Turkestan Islamic Movement's primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan.[22] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".[20]

Structure[]

In October 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges.[82] They are:

Name Aliases Charges Whereabouts
Memetimin Memet (Memetiming Memeti) Abdul Haq Leading the organization, inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007, buying explosives, organizing terrorist attacks against the 2008 Summer Olympics Thought to have been killed in North Waziristan drone attack[83][84] Resurfaced in 2014[1]
Emeti Yakuf
(Ehmet Yakup) 		Abu Abdurehman, Sayfullah, Abdul Jabar Threatening to use biological and chemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[85]

(Memet Tursun Imin) 		Abdul Ali Raised funds for ETIM, tested bombs in the run-up to the Olympics Since 2008, Western Asia

(Memet Tursun Abduxaliq) 		Metursun Abduxaliq, Ansarul, Najmuddin Attacked government organizations, money laundering for ETIM operations, buying vehicles and renting houses for attacks Unknown

(Shamseden ehmet Abdumijit) 		Sayyid Recruiting for ETIM in the Middle East, blew up a Chinese supermarket Unknown

(Akrem Omerjan) 		Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attack Unknown

(Yakup Memet) 		Abdujalil Ahmet, Abdullah, Punjab Sneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods, a failed suicide attack against oil refinery Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[86]

(Tursun Tohti) 		Mubather, Nurullah Organizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics, buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosives Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[86]

Guantanamo Bay detainees[]

Main article: Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay

The United States captured 22 Uyghur militants from combat zones in Afghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked to Al-Qaeda.[87] They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being found No Longer Enemy Combatant,[88] i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, they could not be released back to China because of its human rights record.[89]

Attacks[]

Further information: Xinjiang conflict § Timeline
  • Between 1990-2001, Chinese government has attributed to ETIP over 200 acts of terrorism, which claimed 162 lives and over 440 injured.[90] However, in many Chinese official statements "east Turkestan terrorist forces" are referred to rather than any specific group.[91]
  • Between 1992 and 1998 , 4 Imams of different mosques in Xinjiang were assassinated by ETIM.[92][93]
  • On 25 February 1997, there were three bus bombings in Urumqi, killing nine. Responsibility was claimed by the Kazakhstan-based [94][95] although this was later disputed.[96] No links to TIP were reported.
  • In Beijing's Xidan, a bus bomb killed two people on 7 March 1997 and Kazakhstan-based Uyghur separatists claimed responsibility.[95] The participation of Uyghurs in the bus bombing was dismissed by the Chinese government even while the Turkey-based "Organization for East Turkistan Freedom" boasted to committing the attack.[96][97] No links to TIP were reported.
  • In 2007, ETIM militants in cars shot Chinese nationals in Pakistani Balochistan, which Pakistani authorities believed to be in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July.[98] ETIM miliitants sent a videotape of the attack to Beijing.[citation needed]
  • ETIM also took credit for a spate of attacks before the 2008 Summer Olympics, including a series of bus bombings in Kunming, an attempted plane hijacking in Urumqi,[88] and an attack on paramilitary troops in Kashgar that killed 17 officers.[99]
  • Between July and September 2010, series of suicide bombings occurred throughout China in Factories, apartments and restaurants. Responsibility was claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party[100]
  • On 29 June 2010, a court in Dubai convicted two members of an ETIM cell for plotting to bomb a government-owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods. This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia. The key plotter was recruited during Hajj and was flown to Waziristan for training.[101]
  • In July 2010, officials in Norway interrupted a terrorist bomb plot; one perpetrator was Uyghur, leading to speculation about TIP involvement. New York Times correspondent Edward Wong says that ETIM "give[s] them a raison d'être at a time when the Chinese government has... defused any chance of a widespread insurgency... in Xinjiang."[99]
  • Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.[102]
  • In October 2013, a suicide attack in Tiananmen Square caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries. Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing's recent history. Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack.[103]
  • In March 2014, a knife-armed group attacked passengers at the Kunming's railway station, resulting in 31 civilians dead and +140 injured.[104] No group claimed responsibility. Chinese authorities and state media stated that the attack had been linked to TIP, while other sources were skeptical of this claim.[105][106]
  • Between July and December 2014, a series of riots, bombings, arson and knife attacks in Xinjiang which led to the deaths over 183 people (including civilians, attackers and security forces) and left dozens injured. Chinese authorities attributed attacks to "gangs" and "terrorists".[107][108][109][110]
  • Assassination of Juma Tayir, an Imam in Id Kah mosque was attributed to TIP-insipired militants.[111]
  • On 18 September 2015 in Aksu, a group of knife-wielding terrorists attacked sleeping workers at a coalmine and killed 50 of them. The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed responsibility for the attack.[112]
  • On 30 August 2016, the Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan was targeted in a suicide bombing which left Kyrgyz staffers injured; the attack was later attributed by Kyrgyzstan’s state security service to TIP.[113][114]
  • On 14 February 2017, attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county before killed by police. Chinese authorities stated that the attackers were affiliated with TIP.[115][116]
  • On 14 July 2021, an attack killed 13 people, including 9 Chinese engineers who were working on the Dasu Dam in Kohistan, Pakistan. Asia Times reported that a "joint China-Pakistan investigation" showed ETIM and TTP colluded in the attack,[117] but Reuters and Al Jazeera reported that Pakistan blamed the TTP, with support from Afghan and Indian intelligence services, without mentioning ETIM. The claims were denied by both the Indian government and TTP.[118][119]

 

Terrorist designation[]

Since the September 11 attacks, the group has been designated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union,[120] Kyrgyzstan,[note 2][98][123] Kazakhstan,[124] Malaysia,[125] Pakistan,[126] Russia,[127] Turkey,[128][129] United Arab Emirates,[130][131] the United Kingdom,[132][133] and the United Nations.[134]

The organization was also formerly classified as a terrorist organization under Title 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States since 2002.[135][136] The United States Department of the Treasury has blocked the property and prohibited transactions with the organization according to Executive Order 13224[137] and the State Department has blocked its members for immigration purposes.[138] The U.S. revoked that classification in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[139] China accused the U.S. of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list,[140][141][142] while the U.S. contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims including ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang.[143][144][145]

Analysis[]

In 2009, Dru C. Gladney, an authority on Uyghurs, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where China supported the US-led War on Terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support."[146] The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.[147]

On 16 June 2009, Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular.[148] Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all."[148][dead link] The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.[148][dead link]

Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.[149]

Intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from human rights groups and academics, and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the September 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".[150]

Nick Holdstock, in a 2015 New York Times interview claimed that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.[151] Wall Street Journal claimed that Al-Qaeda was not connected to Uyghurs and claimed that no attacks were performed by ETIM (TIP).[152] French journalist Ursula Gauthier claimed that the ETIM is currently not classified as terrorist by the USA approvingly cited people who called into question whether it is real, suggesting that they are wrongly being blamed by China for violent attacks and she claimed "probably" "abuse, injustice, expropriation" of Uighurs justified retribution in the form of mass slaughter at a coal mine.[153] The "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı" which supports the TIP, cited a Reuters article which claimed that Uyghurs are viewed as terrorists in China.[154] The "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı" praised a TIP member, Hamza (Muhammad Ali Told Rahim), who joined the Turkistan Islamic Party as one of the "mujahideen" fighting in Khorasan (Afghanistan) on 15 December 2006 and returned to Kashgar to participate in the 2011 Kashgar attacks in which he was killed, citing from a Human Rights Watch report which praised Hamza.[155]

Lebanese American political scientist and Al Akhbar columnist As'ad AbuKhalil slammed and criticized western media for not reporting on the massive Turkistan Islamic Party inghimasi participation in the Aleppo offensive (June–August 2016) since it goes against their agenda.[156] He criticized Charles Lister,[157] Fabrice Balanche[158] and New York Times reporter Roger Cohen for this.[159] The Long War Journal confirmed that Al Qaeda affiliated Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party Jihadists fought in Aleppo.[160]

David Volodzko admitted that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party was fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books.[161] Muhanad Hage Ali wrote an exposé on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria.[162]

Andrew McGregor wrote about the Turkistan Islamic Party's presence in North Waziristan.[163] The Uighur fighters were praised by Zawahiri, the leader of Al-Qaeda before a Turkistan Islamic Party performed the Bishkek bombing on 30 August.[164] The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets like the "Islamic Turkestan" magazine and its Telegram channel.[165]

Uran Botobekov from ModernDiplomat has written about the East Turkistan Islamic Movement as well as other Central-Asian jihadist groups in a report titled "Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups"[166][167]

Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about Uyghur convictions in Dubai for East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in 2010.[168]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Since 1999, the organization has officially named itself the "Turkistan Islamic Movement", but in English it is known by its old name and acronym, ETIM.[19][20] Other aliases which the organization has adopted over the years are "East Turkistan Islamic Party", "Allah Party" and "East Turkistan National Revolution Association".[21]
  2. ^ The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003[121][122]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9.
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