Ug99

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Puccinia graminis
Stem rust close up.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Pucciniomycetes
Subclass:
Incertae sedis
Order:
Pucciniales
Family:
Pucciniaceae
Genus:
Puccinia
Species:
P. graminis
Subspecies:
P. graminis tritici
Variety:
Ug99

Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), which is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide.[1] In 2005 the noted green revolution pioneer Norman Borlaug brought great attention to the problem, and most subsequent efforts can be traced to his advocacy.[2] It can cause up to 100% crop losses and is virulent against many resistance genes which have previously protected wheat against stem rust.

Although Ug99-resistant varieties of wheat do exist,[2] a screen of 200,000 wheat varieties used in 22 African and Asian countries found that only 5-10% of the area of wheat grown in these countries consisted of varieties with adequate resistance.[1]

The original race of Ug99, which is designated as 'TTKSK' under the North American nomenclature system, was first detected in Uganda in 1998[3] and first characterised in 1999[3] (hence the name Ug99) and has since been detected in Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Yemen, Iran, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa,[4] and Egypt. There are now 13 known races of Ug99.[5] They are all closely related and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, but differ in their virulence/avirulence profiles and the countries in which they have been detected.[1]

Genetics[]

Ug99 is the product of a type of somatic nuclear exchange event which has not been observed in other stem rust races.[6] During this event and thereafter the nuclei have not experienced recombination.[6]

Gene resistance[]

Ug99 and its variants differ from other strains of the Black Stem Rust (BSR) pathogen due to their ability to overcome resistance genes in wheat that have been durable against the BSR pathogen for decades.[7] These resistant Sr genes, of which 50 are known, give wheat different resistances to stem rust.[3] The virulence in Uganda was virulent against Sr31 and is specific to Ug99.[3] The massive losses of wheat that have occurred have been devastating, but in recent years the wheat rust epidemic has been effectively controlled through selection and breeding for additional Sr genes.[3]

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) researchers are testing genes to determine their Ug99 resistance, which will ultimately aid in the development of wheat varieties that will be able to fight off the rust. Resistance has been identified in a small number of spring wheat land races from North America - 23 out of 250 races with adult plant resistance, 27 out of 23,976 SNPs conveying APR, and only 9 races having seedling resistance.[8] This resistance was present prior to Ug99 pathogen challenge being present in NA to drive selection.[8] USDA has stated that they are now studying winter wheat land races where resistance is more probable.[citation needed] Due to the fact that the screening of the winter races is more challenging, results from the studies are not expected for another five to seven years.[when?]

In addition to the research being conducted by the USDA, The United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), along with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, announced in February 2011 that they will be granting $40 million to a global project led by Cornell University to combat virulent strains of Ug99.[9] The five-year grant to the Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat (DRRW) project will support attempts to identify new resistance genes as well as reproduce and distribute rust resistant wheat seeds to farmers.[9]

There has been a continuous process of development of new resistant cultivars and failure of those cultivars. This demonstrates the need for continuous improvement.[10]

Races[]

There are 13 races of Ug99, which (under the North American nomenclature system) have the designations TTKSK, TTKSF, TTKST, TTTSK, TTKSP, PTKSK, PTKST, TTKSF+,[4] TTKTT, TTKTK, TTHSK, PTKTK, and TTHST.[5] They are all closely related and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor.[1]

TTKSK[]

Also known as PTKS.[11] The first Ug99 race to be characterised.[12][11] Like most Ug99 races, and unlike other stem rust varieties, it is virulent against the Sr gene Sr31;[12][11] also virulent against Sr38.[11] Avirulent against Sr24.[12][11] It was found in Uganda[11] in 1999, Kenya[12] in 2001,[5] Ethiopia in 2003,[5] Sudan and Yemen in 2006,[5] Iran in 2007,[5] and Tanzania[1] in 2009,[5] Eritrea in 2012,[5] and Rwanda and Egypt in 2014.[5]

Sr14 does not protect seedlings against TTKSK[13] but does provide moderate resistance at later stages.[13]

TTKSF[]

First detected in South Africa in 2000,[5] Zimbabwe 2009,[5] and Uganda in 2012.[5]

TTKST[]

Discovered in Kenya in 2006[12] was the first Ug99 race found to be virulent against Sr gene Sr24.[1][12] TTKST is now the predominant stem rust race in Kenya.[1]

Sr14 is effective against TTKST.[13]

TTTSK[]

First detected in Kenya in 2007,[5] Tanzania in 2009,[5] Ethiopia in 2010,[5] Uganda in 2012,[5] and Rwanda in 2014.[5]

TTKSP[]

First detected in South Africa in 2007.[5]

PTKSK[]

First detected in Ethiopia in 2007,[5] Kenya in 2009,[5] Yemen in 2009,[5] and South Africa in 2017.[5][14]

PTKST[]

First detected in Ethiopia in 2007,[5] Kenya in 2008,[5] South Africa in 2009,[5] Eritrea and Mozambique and Zimbabwe in 2010.[5]

TTKSF+[]

First detected in both South Africa and Zimbabwe in 2010.[5] Virulent against Sr9h.[15][16][17]

TTKTT[]

First detected in Kenya in 2014.[5]

TTKTK[]

First detected in Kenya,[5][18] Rwanda,[5][18] Uganda,[5][18] Eritrea,[5] and Egypt[5][18] in 2014.

TTHSK[]

First detected in Kenya in 2014.[19] Differs from the original (TTKSK) by avirulence against Sr30.[19] Similar to TTHST.[19]

PTKTK[]

First detected in Kenya in 2014.[19] Differs from PTKSK by virulence against SrTmp.[19] Differs from TTKTK by avirulence against Sr21.[19]

TTHST[]

First detected in Kenya in 2013.[5]

Timeline[]

1993[]

  • There is some evidence that race TTKSK may have been present in Kenya.[20]

1998[]

  • Severe stem rust infections observed in Uganda. Ug99 identified, characterised as having virulence on Sr31 and named.[20]

2000[]

2001[]

2003[]

2006[]

2007[]

2008[]

2009[]

2010[]

2013[]

2014[]

Geographic spread[]

China[]

Although Ug99 has not yet reached China,[22] other stem rust races already have,[22] and an effort is under way to marry resistance against present races with future needs for resistance against Ug99 whenever it arrives.[22]

Lebanon[]

Although Sr5, Sr21, Sr9e, Sr7b, Sr11, Sr6, Sr8a, Sr9g, Sr9b, Sr30, Sr17, Sr9a, Sr9d, Sr10, SrTmp, Sr38, and SrMcN are no longer effective in Lebanon, Sr11, Sr24, and Sr31 still are which is diagnostic for the absence of Ug99 from Lebanon.[23]

Iraq[]

Detected in Iraq in 2019.[5]

South Asia[]

As of 2013 it was the US Director of National Intelligence's assessment that Ug99 would arrive in South Asia soon, in the following few years. This was expected to cause worldwide supply disruptions because, although productivity was growing in Eastern Europe and could theoretically fill that gap, governments worldwide had shown a readiness to forbid exports.[24] However as of April 2021 South Asia remains unaffected.[5]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Singh, Ravi P.; (ORCID 0000-0002-4676-5071) (Scopus 7407264239); Hodson, David P.; (ORCID 0000-0002-7691-0102); Huerta-Espino, Julio; (ORCID 0000-0001-8334-9862) (Scopus 35726525800) (RID N-9840-2018); Jin, Yue; (Scopus 7404458506) (RID D-4612-2015); Bhavani, Sridhar; (ORCID 0000-0002-4091-2608); Njau, Peter; Herrera-Foessel, Sybil; Singh, Pawan K.; Singh, Sukhwinder; Govindan, Velu (8 September 2011). "The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production" (PDF). Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 49 (1): 465–481. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 21568701. S2CID 24770327. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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