United States sanctions against China

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The United States government applies sanctions against the Chinese government and key members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The US maintained embargoes against China from the inception of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1972. An embargo was reimposed by the US following the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989. In 2020, the US imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against several Chinese government officials, in response to allegations of a genocide against the Uyghur population in Xinjiang and human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Tibet.

Sanctions in the early PRC (1949–1979)[]

After the establishment of Communist rule in China in 1949, an embargo against the sale of military technology or infrastructure, previously levied against the Soviet Union, was expanded to include the newly established People's Republic of China.[1] Following the onset of the Korean War, further trade restrictions were imposed.[2][better source needed] The trade embargo was lifted under President Richard Nixon in 1972 right before the PRC opening up its economy and established official relations.[3]

Sanctions after the Tiananmen Square protests[]

Following the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the Bush Sr. administration imposed an arms embargo against the PRC after the massacre of the protesters.[4]

Ban of Huawei and ZTE equipment[]

In August 2018, President Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.[5][6][7][8]

In addition, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".[9] This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.[10][11][12][13] Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.[14][15]

Currency manipulator[]

In August 2019, the United States Treasury designated China a currency manipulator,[16][17][18] which resulted in China being excluded from U.S. government procurement contracts.[16] The designation was withdrawn in January 2020 after China agreed to refrain from devaluing its currency to make its own goods cheaper for foreign buyers.[19]

Sanctions under Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act[]

Main article: Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act

On July 9, 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, including CCP Politburo member Chen Quanguo, Zhu Hailun, Wang Mingshan (王明山) and Huo Liujun (霍留军). With sanctions, they and their immediate relatives are barred from entering the US and will have US-based assets frozen.[20]

Sanctions under Hong Kong Autonomy Act[]

Main articles: Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Executive Order 13936

In August 2020, Chief Executive Carrie Lam and ten other Hong Kong government officials were sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury under an executive order by President Trump for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy.[21][22][23] The sanction is based on the Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Lam would be listed in the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

On December 7, 2020, pursuant to the order, the US Department of the Treasury imposed sanctions on entire 14 Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress of China, for "undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting the freedom of expression or assembly".[24]

Prohibition of investment in companies linked to China’s military[]

On November 12, 2020, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13959, titled "Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". The executive order prohibits all U.S. investors (institutional and retail investors alike) from purchasing or investing in securities of companies identified by the U.S. Department of Defense as "Communist Chinese military companies."[25][26] As of January 14, 2021, 44 Chinese companies were identified. Five of these companies are to be delisted by the New York Stock Exchange by March 2021.[27] On January 13, 2021, the executive order was amended to require divestment from the companies by November 11, 2021.[28]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Cain, Frank (March 1, 2020). "America's trade embargo against China and the East in the Cold War Years". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 18 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1057/s42738-019-00037-7. S2CID 216500361. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2020 – via Springer Link.
  2. ^ "Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  3. ^ Chen, Xin-zhu J. (2006). "China and the US Trade Embargo, 1950–1972". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 13 (2): 169–186. JSTOR 44288827. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2020-10-23 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ "U.S. and European Union Arms Sales Since the 1989 Embargoes" (PDF). www.gao.gov. April 28, 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  5. ^ "Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech". 13 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  6. ^ "New defense bill bans the U.S. Government from using Huawei and ZTE tech". Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  7. ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210428130514/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1601016/president-signs-fiscal-2019-defense-authorization-act-at-fort-drum-ceremony/#:~:text=Trump%20today%20signed%20the%20%24717,forces%20by%2015%2C600%20service%20members Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (2018-08-13). "Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  9. ^ "Addition of Entities to the Entity List". Federal Register. 2019-05-21. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  10. ^ Webster, Graham (May 18, 2019). "It's not just Huawei. Trump's new tech sector order could ripple through global supply chains". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  11. ^ "Tech stocks slide on US decision to blacklist Huawei and 70 affiliates". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  12. ^ Kuo, Lily; Siddiqui, Sabrina (2019-05-16). "Huawei hits back over Trump's national emergency on telecoms 'threat'". The Guardian. Washington. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  13. ^ "US places China's Huawei and 70 affiliates on trade blacklist". South China Morning Post. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  14. ^ Satariano, Adam; Zhong, Raymond; Wakabayashi, Daisuke (2019-05-20). "U.S. Tech Suppliers, Including Google, Restrict Dealings With Huawei After Trump Order". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  15. ^ [1]
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Shalal, Andrea; Lawder, David; Wroughton, Lesley; Brice, Makini (August 5, 2019). "U.S. designates China as currency manipulator for first time in decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  17. ^ "Treasury Designates China as a Currency Manipulator" (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. August 5, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  18. ^ "Trump pressured Mnuchin to label China 'currency manipulator', a move he had previously resisted". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  19. ^ "US reverses China 'currency manipulator' label". BBC News. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  20. ^ "US sanctions Chinese officials over Xinjiang 'violations'". www.bbc.com. July 9, 2020. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  21. ^ "US sanctions Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam, police chief and 9 other top officials for 'undermining autonomy'". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  22. ^ Macias, Amanda (7 August 2020). "U.S. sanctions Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam for carrying out Chinese 'policies of suppression'". CNBC. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  23. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Individuals for Undermining Hong Kong's Autonomy". United States Department of the Treasury. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  24. ^ "SPECIALLY DESIGNATED NATIONALS LIST UPDATE". 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  25. ^ Pamuk, Humeyra , Alexandra Alper, Idrees; Alper, Alexandra; Ali, Idrees (2020-11-13). "Trump bans U.S. investments in companies linked to Chinese military". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  26. ^ "Executive Order on Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". The White House. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  27. ^ He, Laura (March 1, 2021). "Wall Street is kicking out yet another big Chinese company". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  28. ^ "Trump bolsters ban on U.S. investments in China". Reuters. 2021-01-14. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
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